Armyand Nuvy

E- Manud of

MILITARY GOVERNMENT
AND CIVIL AFFAIRS
, 22 December, 1943

I
 22 December 1943.
This manual, War Department Field Manual 27-5 and
Navy Department OpNav 50E-3, supersedes War Depart
ment Field Manual 27-5, 30 July 1940. .
G. C. MARSHALL, E. J. KING,

Chief of Stafl, U. S. Army. Commander in Chief,

U. S. Fleet,
and Chief of Naval Ofierations.
OFFICIAL:

J. A. ULIO, By:W. S. FARBER,

Major General, Rear Admiral,

Th,i b*rdent Gelaeral. Sub Chief of Naval Operations.

 Table of Contents

XCCiiO,~ Pa?Y7Qw$lk PtrYc

I. GENERAL.
1: Definitions: Military Government, Occupied
Territory, and Civil Affairs ___- -_- __-____ --_ 1
2. Military Contra1 by Agreement or Convention- 2
3. Occasion for Military Govcrnmcnt as a Right
or Obligation in Enemy, Allied, Neutral, and
Domestic Territories ___-__ - _____ - _________
4. Object of Control of Civilian Populations---,,
5. Degree of Control- ---- ---------- _-_-_____
6. Period of Control ____________ - _.__--_ --__-
7. Authority for Control _____________________
8. Exercise of Control a Command Responsibility,
9. General Principles and Policies in Conduct of
Civil Affairs-- -_____ - _______-____________
a. Military Necessity...---,-------__.---
b. Supremacy of Commanding Of&r---,*
c. Civil ht%nirs Jurisdiction _____.__ --___
d. Economy of Personnel _--___ -__- _____
e. Plcxibility _____ --ll_-_l__._-l._---l__
f. Continuity of Policy------ ____._. I_.-__
g. Trcntrnent of Population l____l_____l
( 1) Must bc just and rcasonnblc-
(2) Will vary with conditions---,
(a) Hostile or nonhostile
populations -_ll-_l-___
(b) Hostngcs and reprisals to
bc avoided _--_ - ___-_-_
(c) USC of farce against
crime, violators cnti tlcd
to trial ____-_I_-__._.__..._
h. Retention of Bsisting Laws, Customs,
and Political Subdivisions -----------
i. Retention of Local Govcrnmcnt Dcpart
mcnts and Oficials, ___.-__-_.--______
(1) Abolition of unnccessnry gov
crr1111cnt ofices -I-^_ --, ---_
(2) Suspension Of Icgislativc
bodir?)l---------l-----_--
Ill
 1, GENERAL-Continued.
CJ,~~~~~~~ principles and Policies hl ~OrldUct of
Civil Affairs-Continued.
is Retention of Loc>ll GC~VC~~IllllC!Ilt DallZrt

mcnts and Oificials---Continued.

(3) Removal of high r:~nkilW of
ficials ______ --___-_---...-- 9 !
(4) Retention of subordinntc! Of
ficials _______ -___- _..--- -.- 9 :
(5) rraining of inhnbitnrlts ior
loen governmclnt------.---.-. 9
(6) Control of inhnbitants throUgh
their own off&& _____.---- 10 I*
(7) Exclusion of local oficinis and
orga.nizntions from any part in
policy formation ___-_--.---
(8) Civil affairs oirccrs to SupC~
vise, not operate ___cl-l _-_- III /
(9) Protection for local ofliciids- 10 i
t
(10) Relations of civil a&&s of
ficers with officials and orgnni-
zntions _____ -- _______ - ____ 10 j
j. Treatment of Political Pdsoncrs------ I
k. Economics--- _____------__-__---- ~I_ :: j
(1) Immediate need for cquhnble
distribution of dnily ncccs
sit&-- ____ - _____ - __-__lll
(2) Need for checking ccononlic
pIans after occupntion-----
(3) steps necessary far rapid
executiofi of economic plnnal
1. Health---- ______I_ -_-_- _______--1
m. Respect for Religious Customs and
Organizations _____-__.______ ---_-.II
n. Annulment of Discriminatory LWS--.-.
o. Freedom of Speech and Press __-__,_. I.__
p. Preservation of Archives and Records-....
q. Mail and Documents----- _-______...
r. Preservation of Shrines and Art _-__-_,,.
11. CIVIL AFFAIRS RESPONSIBILITIES.
lo. Army-Navy Division of Responsibility__--___ 13 i
11. Conditions Likely to be Met itI Occupied 1
~~rh-ics ---_--. --_-_- _-____________ 14. ;
12. Functions of Civil Affairs Oacers to ~<:~>,t
These Conditions----- _________-__ L ____... ,I 15
a. Political and Administrntivr --_.,, ..._-_. 15 I

W
 II. CIVIL AlFAIRS RESPONSIBILITIES-Con,
12. Punctions of Civil Affairs Oficers io Meet
These Conditions-Continued,
b. Mnintcnnnce OFLaw and Order-----... 15
C. Supervision of Military and Civil
Courts - _____ -___- ______________ 16
d. Civilian Defcnsc _________ - ___r_l__ 16
e. Civilian Supply _____ -- __-.______ -__ 16
f. Public Hcnlth and Snnitntion------
g, C:cnsorshipl---__--___ ___________ :;
11. C~onrlnlnnicntions-.. _______________ 17
i. T~~tlSpOfti~tiO~l -_- _____________-_ 17
j. Port Duties _-__-_ -- _____ - ________
k. Public Utilities ________ - _____ --__ :::
1. Money and Bnnlh~g--l _--_ - ____ --_ 18
m. Public Finnncc _________ - _________ 18
n. Commodity Control, Prices, and
Rationing -- _________-___________ 18
0. Agriculture _---_-----_----_______ 18
p. Industry and Mnnufacturc---____--- 18
q, Commcrcc and Tmclc--- __________
1. L&or ...----.ll-l---____ - --_____ -_ :8
s. Custody and Adnhistrntion of Prop-
CITY ----------_---I__cI-------- 19
t. Inforn~ation __-__ -__-- __-________ 19
u. Disposition, or Relocation of Displaced
Persons and Enemy Nntiotuh----- 19
v. Education --_ ______-___ - _-_____- 19
. w. Public Wclfarc.. _______I__ -_-_-__ 20
x. Records ____.--____I_ - _LI__________ 20
y. Misc~lhncous _____________ r._.__-__ 20
III. ORGANIZATION OP MILITARY GQVERN
MENT.
13. Gcncral Chntrol for the Army and for the
Navy, Plnnning and Policic:s-- __.___I______ 22
a. Undnr Joint Chiefs of St& for Joint
Milihry Govermnrnt _,_ll_l___l__ -__ 22
b. Under Corubiucd Chiefs of Staff for
Conhincd Military Govr!rnnlent_---, 22
14,. Plnnning xncl Poni~ulntion of Policy Within
the War nnd Navy Dcl,nrt!Hcllts---~.-.--..I,,, 23
n. Jhc! Civil hRilil*S Divisiuil in the Of-
Act of the Chief of Stnn, War Dcpnrt
mcnt --_ ._..-____ _.-l -__-_ -_-I._-I_ 29
b. The Oflicc! for Chxxpitrd Arcas, Un+r
the Vicr Chic~f of Naval Opixxtiona,
Navy Drpnrt~ncnt __I_ aiv.__...____..__- 23
V
MENT-Continued.
15. Theater Commanders Responsibility for Final

and Detailed Planning and Operation of

Military Government Under General Direc-

tives from Higher Authority -I_-__-_ L-- ___- 23

16. Types of Civil Affairs Organizarion----,____ 24

a. Operational -------------_________
b. Territorial----L ________ -- _______ 5:
17. Advantages and Disadvantages of JZach Type- 24

18. Organization of Military Government in Com-

bat Areas-----------------------------_ 27

19. Organization of Military Government in Rear

Areas--------------------------------- 28

20. Organization of Military Government Within

a Task Force --_-___ --- -______ -__ _-___ 30

21. Theater of Operations----- __l_____l______ 30

a, During the Campaign ---__-_ - __-__ 30

b. After Cessation of Hostilities ________ 30

22. Civil Affairs Staff Sections -__-__ -- ________ 31

a. Civil Affairs Staff Sections Created bi

Theater Commander----- ________ 31

b. Duties of Chief of Civil Affairs Staff

Section ...c-.-----------_--- ________
23. Organization of Civil Affairs Section------- 3;
a. Magnitude and Character of Duties
_ will Vary from One Territory to

Another -----_---____---_________ 32

b. Internal Organization to Perform

Duties will Include Provision for---- 32

(1) Administrative officers---- 17

(2) Functional officers ________ 35
(3) Civil affairs officers from

other services in joint mili-

tary government- __-_____ 33

(4) Civil affairs officers from

other nations in combined

military government _______ 34,

24. Civil Affairs Chain of Command ___________ ,34

25. Personnel of Civil Affairs Group ______-____f 34.
a, Number, Rank, and Specialization of

Personnel in Various Areas _________ 34

b. Categories of Personnel Required--- 34

Xcotiotb PUf/O
III. ORGANIZATION OF MILITARY GOVERN
MENT-Continued,
26. Occupational Military Police, Marines, and
Shore Patrol- ___-________ -_- _____ -_- ____ 35
a. Provision, Organization and Equip
ment Similar to Those of Rear Area
Military Police Units----- ______ --_ 35
b. Assignment and Command-.--- _____ 36
c. Authority to Make Arwsts ____ -___- 37
IV. PERSONNEL.
27. Planning and Procuremqnt of Personnel----, 37
a. Theater Commanders Responsibility
for Estimates of Requirements and
Requisitions for Civil Affairs Pcrson
nel---------------------------- 37
b. Assignment of Civil Affairs OfIicers
by Echelons- ____-__ - ___I_L__ ----_ 38
28. Types and Qualifications of Civil Affairs
Personncl_-_-------I_I------_-____-___ 38
a. General Types and Qualifications--- 38
b. Qualifications of Chief or Deputy of
Large Staff Section or Field Grdup-- 38
c. Qualifications of Chiefs of Small Sec
tions and Field Groups, and Executive
\ Oficbrs ___- ______ -___---_-_- ___... 38
d. Qualifications of Staff Assistants-.--- 39
e. Qualifications of Administrative Serv
ices Personnel--- -______ - __-___ -- 39
f. Qualifications of Functional Oficcrs- 39
29. Training l___l_______ L- _____-.______.___ - 39
a.. Training in the United Stntrs of Ad
ministrative and Specialist Pcrsomwl
in Schools of Military Govcrnmcnt of
the Army and Navy-Occupational
Police r_lll____l_______l_l_----- --._ 39
b. Further Training Conducted in
Theater as Function of Commnnd-...-.. 39
V. PLANNING.
30. Gcncral Planning for Control of Civil Afl$irs
in Occupied Areas a Responsibility of Com
mnndcrs Assigned to the Planning of Mili
tary Qpcrations-- ____- -_-- ____ - _____II-_ 4.0
31. Sources of Information for Planning _._l.__-l- 40

VII
 V. PLANNING--Continued.

32, Responsibility for Plans __________ - ____ -__- - 42

a. War and Navy Departments Respon

sible for Integration of Plans Under
Joint Chiefs of Staff and for Liaison
with Federal Civilian Agencies----- 42
b. In Theater of Operations Each Officer
Charged with Civil Affairs Control
Responsible for Planning for his Area
in Accordance with Directives, from
his Commander---- _____ -___---__ 42
33. Form of Civil Affairs Orders-------------- 42
a. Of Theater and Task Force Com
manders ---------__--____-_----- 42
b. Of Military Administrative Area Com
manders------------------------ 4.3
C. Of Operational Unit Commanders-- 43
d. Of Chief Civil Affairs Officers------ 43
e. Distribution of Civil Affairs Orders-- 43
34. Content of Civil Affairs Orders----------- 4.3
a. General --_-----_--_--__-------- 43
b. Detail--------------- _______ --__ 43
VI. PROCLAMATIONS, ORDERS, ORDINANCES,
AND INSTRUCTIONS.
35. Initial Proclamation-----------~--~-----~. 45
a. Preparation in Advance------ _____ 45
b. Form, Character, and Language---- 45
c. Contents __- ___- --- ____ ---___-___ 46
d. Publication -_------------------__ 47
3G. Further Proclamations and Ordinances--...-- 48
a. .Issuance------------------------- 4,S
b. Form, Character, and Language _____ 48
c. Contents ------------------______ 48
d. Delegation of Authority ____________ 49
e. Publication -----_- ____ -- _____ --- 49
37. Orders and Instructions ______-___________ 49
VII. MILITARY COMMISSIONS, PROVO ST
COURTS, AND CLAIMS.
38. Theater Commander Establishes All------- 50
39, Types _________ -----------___- ____ -_-_ 50
a, Customary-Military Commissions for
Serious Cases and Provost Courts for
Minor Cases------ ______________ 50
b. Special for Trial of Juveniles, Traflic
Cases, and Other --_-____ - ___- ---__ 51
40. Composition of Commissions, Customary and
Special Courts _____ - _______________-____ 51
VIII
 a
tYecliotb Pwq71'apR PUQ@
VII. MILITARY COMMISSIONS, PROVOST
COURTS, AND CLAIMS-Continued.
4.1. Appointing Alltllorities-__-_--_------L ____ 52

4a2. Jurisdiction of Commissions and Courts----- 53

a. Gencml __-__-____ -- _______ -- ____ 53

b. Over Persons--------_----__ ----- 53

C. Over Offenses Directly Affecting Mili

tary Govclnment----------------- 53

d. Over Offenses Against Local Criminal

Laws --------------------1______ 53

e. Over Civil Casts __________________ 53

43. Bail n Matter of Discretion-------------- 54

4.4,. Procedure---------_------------------- 54

General-Uniformity, Rules of Evi

dence, Witnesses ________I -_------ 54

Commissions--Follow General Courts

Martial -__---___-___- ___________ 55

Provost Courts-Follow Su m m ar y
Courts Martial _____ - ____ ----- ____ 55

Specinl Courts ____--_.-______ -- ____ 55

Trials-Necessity for Dispntch------ 55

Counsel-Accused Allowed to Rctnin

Counsel _-____________ -__----___ 55

Witnesses-Attcndancc Compelled-- 55

Interpreters and Language-------- 55

Court Reporters _________ - ______ -_ r

Previous Convictions of Accused----- is
45. Scntcnccs and Penalties by Commissions and
Courts -------------------------------- 56

4,6. Records, Type for Commissions nnd Courts-- 57

47. Review Provided to Correct Injustices------, 58

4.8. Clnims Commissions--- -____ -_--_-_------_ 58

a. General Appointed by Theater Com

mandcr _-- ___-- - _-______________ 58

b. Investigntion &tics __--_ _--__-,-__ I._ 59

c. Scttlcmcnt of Glnims-Army Pro

ccclurc _--l_------_-_--l-------- 59

d. Scttkmcnt of Claims-Navy Pro

cedurc _I_._,__...______._I_l_l__l -_-_ GO

INDEX _I.__ - _I_____ --_-- ----_--_______--_---1111--~.-- 62

Intentionally

Left

Blank
 I
This mnnual supersedes FM 27-5, 30 July 1940, including
Change No. 1, 22 December 1942.

SECTION I
GENERAL
1. MILITARY GOVERNMENT-CIVIL AFFAIRS.
, a. Military Government. The term military gov
ernment is used in this manual to describe the supreme
authority exercised by an armed force over the larids,
property, and the inhabitants of enemy territory, or allied
or domestic territory recovered from enemy occupation, or
from rebels treated as belligerents. It is exercised when an
armed force has occupied such territory, whether by force
or by agreement, and has substituted its authority for that
of the sovereign or a previous government. Sovereignty is
not transferred by reason of occupation, but the right of
control passes to the occupying force, limited only by inter-
national law and custom. The theater commander bears
full responsibility for military government. He iy, thcre
for?, usually designated as military governor, but may
delegate both his authority and title to a subordinate
commander.
b. Occupied Territory. The term occupied terri
tory is used to mean any area in which military govern
ment is cxerciscd by an armed force. It does not include
territory in which an armed force is located but has not
assumed supreme authority.
c. Civil Affairs. The term civil aflairs is used to
describe the activities of the government of the occupied
area and of the inhabitants of sucl~ an arca cxccpt those of
an organized military character. Civil affairs control
describes the supervision of the activities of civilians by an
armed force, by military government, or otherwise. The
term civil affairs oflkers designates the military officers,
who, under the military govcmor, are engngcd in the con
trol of civilians.
1
2. MILITARY CONTROL BY AGREEM.ENT OR CON.
VENTION. An armed fo?ce may exercik control over
civilians to a lesser degree than under military government
through grant of, or agreement with, the recognized gov
crnment of the territory in which the force is located,
usually made prior to entering the territory, but subject to
modification by the government and the military com
mander as circumstances require. In such casts military
necessity has not required the assumption of supreme
authority by the armed forces, but limited control over
civilians is exercised in accord with these grants, or agree
mcnts and the territory is not considered reoccupied.
While this manual is primarily intended as a guide to
military government, some of the principles set forth may be
applied in these other situations as circumstances indicate.

3. OCCASION FOR MILITARY GOVERNMENT. Mili

tary government must be established either by reason of
military necessity as a right under international law, or as
an obligation under international law. In this connection,
attention should be given to the following considerations:
a. Military necessity may require an armed force to
establish military govcrnmcnt to assist in the accomplish
ment of its military objective. The right in such cases is
rccognizcd by international law.
b. As the military occupatibn of enemy territory suspends
the operation 01 the enemys civil government, it is an
obligation under international law for the occupying force
to exorcise the functions of civil government in the restora
tion and maintcnancc of public order. Military govcm
ment is the organization which eserciscs these functions.
An armed force in territory other than that of an enemy
likewise has the duty of establishing military government
when the government thereof is absent or unable to
maintain order,
c. These reasons, concurrently as well as singly, may
dictate the establishment of military govcrnmcnt.
d. Military govcrnmcnt is not confined to belligerent
occupation. Military necessity may require its establish
2
 ment in such4 areas as the following, with or without the

consent of the existing or a prior government:

(1) Allied or neutral territory which has been dominntcd

or occupied by the enemy.
(2) Technically neutral or allied territory actually un
,friendly or hostile.
(3 ) Genuinely allied or neutral territory, the occupation
of which is essential to a military operation.
(4) Domestic territory recovered from enemy OCCUR
tion or from rebels treated as belligcrcnts.

4. OBJECT OF CONTROL. The object of civil nfIairs

control through military government is to assist military
operations, to further national politics, and to fulfill the
obligation of the occupying forces under intcrnntional law.
This assistance is rendered by maintaining order, promoting
security of the occupying forces, prcvcnting intcrfcrcnce
with military operations, reducing active or passive snbo
tage, relieving combat troops of civil administration, and
mobilizing local resources in aid of military objectives and
carrying out governmental policies of the ZJnitccl States
which usually arc predetermined. Furlhcr, the cficicnt
conduct of a military govcrnmcnt as a part of one militxry
operation will promote -military and political objcctivos in
connection with future operations.

5. DEGREE OF CONTROL, The occupz~~~tmay clclrwcl

and enforce from the inhabitants of the occupied arca such
obedience as may be necessary for the p~~rpos~~s of wr,
the maintenance of law and order, and the prolxr :Iclnrin
istration of the area under the unusual circurnstnnccs of
hostile occupation. In return for such obc~dkntx~, the *
inhabitants should be granted freedom from all ~~tmo~w
sary or unwarranted intcrfcxcncc with their individlr:\l
liberty and property rights. Under military govrrn~lrt:nt
the degree of control maintained by thr: occul)yin~ BREWS
varies grcakly according to the rclatinns which l\;tv(! l>r(q*i
ously existed between the govermncnt of eho o(:(:ul)yillg
forces and the government of the territory occul)ic:d, rhea

3
 existing attitude of oflicials and inhabitants, the project&d
military operations, and k~ent military, political, eco.
nomic and other pertinent circumstances. In the territory
of an enemy, rigid control of civil affairs is necessary if the
bbjectives of military government are to be achieved. In
neutral, allied, or domestic territory, sufficient cooperation
from the officials and inhabitants may be obtained to
permit greater latitude for action by local officials under
broad policies and general supervision of the occupying
forces, particularly in those governmental fields lcast im
portant to the military forces in current or pending opera
tions! In any territory, as conditions approach normal, the
control exercised by a military government will be relaxed,
the supervision of the occupying force will become less
direct, and supreme authority will finally be released to a
recognized sovereign power.
I
I 6. PERIOD OF CONTROL. The period of time during
/ which military government or civil affairs control is main-
tained will vary, depending on whether military operations
arc continuing, the USC or nonuse of the area as a base for
future operations, whether the territory is bclligercnt or
otherwise, the degree of cooperation of the inhabitants, the
national policy regarding the futilre position of the terri
tory, and other military and political considerations. As
long as military opcrntions continue, some degree of control
will be ncccssary. Military govcrnmknt may etiend beyond
such operations until it nchicves the ends of national policy
toward which the operations arc directed.

7, AUTHORITY FOR CONTROL. Military government

is exercised by virtue of and in accordance with rules of
international, law. Authority for the exercise of such con
trol is derived from the mere fact of occupation or from
some form of agreement such as an armistice, a convention,
, or a treaty. The more important of these rules are set
1 forth in the military manuals of the leading civilized
1 countries and ,in international treaties, such as the Hague
i Convention No. IV, i907 (Annex Sec. III). The rules
I
/ 4
Which govern the armed forces of the United States arc
set forth in the War Department manual FM 27-10.
While the Hcgue rules apply legally only to enemy tcrd
tory, as a matter of policy they arc gcncrally applied to
other territories occupied by United States ~OIYXS.

8. EXERCISE OF CONTROL A COMMAND RESPONSI

BILITY. The exercise of civil affairs control is a c~nmmnd
responsibility. In occupied territory the commander, by
virtue of his position, has supreme legislative, osccutivc,
and judicial authoritjr, limited only by the laws and cus
toms of war and by directives from higher authority.

9. GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND POLICIES IN THE

CONDUCT OF CIVIL AFFAIRS. *
a. Military Necessity. The first consideration at all
times is the prosecution of the military operation to a suc-
cessful conclusion. Military necessity is the primary undcr
lying principle for the conduct of militq governmcnt.
So long as the operation continues, it is the duty of thr
commanding officer to exercise such control and to t&c.
such steps in relation to the civil population as will attaiu
the paramount objective.
b. Supremacy of Commanding Officer. It follows
from the basic principle of military necessity that tllc
theater commander must always have full rcsponsibilit)
for military government,
c. Civil Affairs Jurisdiction. The paramount illtt:rrst
of the combat ofker is in military operations. Thc: para
mount interest of the civil affairs of?iccr is in dealing \yitl]
civilian relationships of concern to the co~nmancl~~~. sut+
interest will be expressed in restoring law and o&r :mcl
in returning to the civilian population certain facilities ~)1:
services and restoring living conditions to norm:ll, ins;crf:lr
as SUCK activities will not tend to intcrfcrc with military
operations. Whether intcrfcrcncc with military oprr:~.ti(>lls
will result shall bc dctcrmincd by the couunanding of&:(ar
after giving consideration to the rclcornnlcnd3tiolls of lljs
combat and civil affairs oficcrs.
s

\
 d. Economy of Personnel. Since cficicnt control of
the civilian population ancl mobilizntion Of local civiliall
manp~wcr will lessen the need for garrison ~OPXS,adequate
civil affairs personnel will in the hlg lWl prom an Won.
omy. The stimulation and sUpCrViSi011 Of production and
use of local resources will lilccwise make savings in Shippi~~g
and q~ply. All plans and practices Of military govern.
ment should be adopted with this in view 2nd at lcast the
minimum necessary number of Amy and Navy personnel
trained in civil affairs bc providccl., The duties of civil
e affairs officers should bc conlincd whcrcvcr possible to
supervision.
e. Flexibility. The administration of civil aPTairs bvill
vary widely in different arcas dcpcncling Up011 III:UIY hctoq
including the nlilitary forces present and their disl>osition,
the structure of the native governmnt, the geography of
the arca, the economic instructions, tl~ chnractcristics of
I the pcoplc and their officials, the dcgrcc of control which
may be necessary, the prcscncc or nbs~r~c of civilian of&
cials, the dcgrce of destruction of 10~~1 resources, the pcrson-
nel available, and the basic policies to be fdlow~d, includ
ing the contcmplatcd post-war position of the territory.
It will probably vary widely everl in the ~nme territory
from one tirnc to another as when the thrcnt of combat
deklines or ceases. It follo\vs that the utmost flexibility
must be provided in tlw l&ul~ and in the ccmduct of civil
affairs.
f. Continuity of Policy, Tllc ndministtxtion of civil
affairs in occupied territory should bc so l~lnnncd and
conducted that a rcasonnblc dcgrcc of continuity of policy
and pcrsonncl will result. PrCqucllt clmngcs of policies
and orders will injure the cflectivcncss and prcstigc of the
administration, while frcqu&t chan~cs of pcrsonncl Will.
dcprivc the occupying forces of the services of ofikcrs when
they hnvc bccornc of grcatcst v&c.
g. Treatment of Population. (11 Intrrnntinnnl law
rcquircs and military ncccssity cliclntcs just and rcasonablc
trcstnmt of the inhabitants of occupied territory to mini
mize their bclligcrcncy and obtain their coolxmtion. The
6
 Cooperation of the inhabitants, where it can be sccurcd, is
of direct advantage to the occupying forces in maintaining
public order and accomplishing the objective of military
government. While the welfare of the inhabitants ~110dd
be considered also for humane reasons and should bc safc-
guarded as far as military requirements permit, the primary
purposes of just trentincnt are to fncilitatc the military
operations and to meet obligations imposed by law, Proper
treatment will be of direct benefit to the occupying forces
in preventing chaos, promoting order, and in the procurc
ment of labor, services, and supplies. It will have 3
favorable influence upon the present and future attitude of
the population toward the United States and its allies. It
will provide incentive to populations of other tcrritorics to
accept, our future occupation. Such a policy, liowcvcr,
should not affect the imposition of such restrictive or
punitive measures as may be necessary to accomplish the
objectives of military government in any arca, but cspccially
in one in which the population is aggrcsxivcly hostile and
engages in active and passive sabotage.
(21 The treatment of the population of any occupied
territory will vary, depending upon the nttitudcs of the
people toward the occupying forces; their dcgrcc of coopcr-
ation with these forces; the dcgrcc of their industrial,
ec,onomic, political and moral deveIopment; and the
political, diplomatic, and military policy of our govcrmncnt
toward the government of the territory occupiccl. Thc
civil affairs officers should bccomc fully informed conccrl1
ing the local population and their customs, institutions and
attitudes, and should direct military control in the light of
the local situation and requircrncnts. Xn consid(*ring tll(:
treatment of populations in occupied areas> tllc f&~ing
factors should be taken into account:
Ia 1 Generally, Icss restrictive mcnsurcs wiII hc nrc(~ss:lq
in dealing with nationals of friendly or nonllostilc countricbs
than with nationals of enemy countries.
(b) The taking of hostages, the imposition of coIlectiv(:
fines, or the carrying out of reprisals become military n~ccs
sities in some situatjons though such mcn~~res sh~~~~ldon13
5gll OF?.-48.-^......
:< 7
be taken as an unavoidable last resort t0 illduCC a hostile
population to desist from unlawful practices. Such actions
are usually an indication of weakness of the occupying
forces and of ineffective control of the inhabitants. Care
ful consideration should be given to the question of de
termining whether such devices will serve as a deterrent or
aggravate an already difficult situation. (See FM 27-10.)
(c) Force may be used to the extent ncccssary to subdue
those who resist the authority of military government or to
prevent the escape of prisoners OS ~WSO~XT suspected of
crime. Persons accused are entitled to a fair trial before
the imposition of punishment. The theater commander
has the power to provide immediate trial, when an example
is necessary. Sentences of military courts should be pro
portionate to the oflense and the need for a deterrent
effect. The maximum punishment s110ul~lnot be awarded
automatically. The nature of sentences to be imposed and
whether they should be carried out in public, depends in
part upon the customs and habits of the population and
the types of punishment which have been found most
effective in the particular locality.
h. Retention of Existing LaHis, Cwstoms, and Politi.
Cal Subdivisions. Local officials and inhabitants of an
occupied territory are familiar with its laws, customs, and
institutions. To avoid confusion and tb promote simplicity
of administration, it is advisable that local laws, customs,
and institutions of government be rctaincd, except where
they conFlict with the aims of military govcmmcnt or are
inimical to its best intcrcsts. In gcncral, it is unwise to
impose upon occupied territory tha laws and customs of
another people. Any ntecmptcd changes or rclorms con
trary to local custom may result in devclopmcnt of active
or passive resistance ancl thckby handicq the operation
of military government. For similar reasons it is advisable,
if possible, to retain existing territorial divisions and sub
divisions. Laws and customs in one political division of
a country may differ widely froln those in another and the
inhabitants therefore may be accustomed to the dccentrali

a
 zation of governmental authority which UN~Y l~arallels
such divisions.
i. Retention of local Government Departments and

Officials. (1) Of3[ices which arc unnecessary or detri

mental to military government will be temporarily discon

tinued or suspended by the military commander as military

governor. 111 some areas this fixay bc the cast with entire

departments or bureaus of the government.

(2) Such legislative bodies as are still in csistcncc will

usually be suspended. Supreme legislative power is vcstcd

in the commanding officer in the theater of opcratioqs.

(3) Usually it will be necessary to remove high ranking

political officials from office. This action will include the
removal of the nominal and actual heads of the national
government, cabinet ministers, and the heads of principal
political divisions. No permanent appointments to SUCK
positions should be made by the military governor without
approval of higher authority ,becnuse of the political impli
cations of such appointments. Wliilc mcmbcrship in un
friendly partisan organizations or political parties may not
by itself be cause for removal, such o&Gals as have b~cn
active Ieadcrs of such organizations will ordinarily not lx
retained in oflicc, nor will other officials who prove to bc
unreliable or untrustworthy. Willful failure of retained
local oficials to perform their duties satisfnctc~rily should
be regarded as a. serious offcnsc against the nlilit:\rY
government.
(4) So far as practicable,subordinntc nflicials and (qn
' 1doyCeS Of the lOCd should lx: rctainccl in tllcil
govcrnmcnt
offices and made responsible for the prqxr disc*llnrK(> trl
their duties, subject to the direction and sl~l)(~rvisitru of
civil affairs personnel.
(5) In some areas the native popu1~~tio1~ nl;t)+ have h:ul
very limited participation in govcrnntcnl: ~x:~:;~~IsI:of 1~1~
domination of a foreign power. In such arcas civil &i&Is
may have fled when invasion takes p~nct:, or it n,;ty I)(>
inexpedient or unsafe for them to continua in oflice, (:voI,
if they rem&n. In territories of this sort it nl;iy 1)(~(~01111~

9
 1

necessary for military government t0 train nntivc personnel

to -tal<e over certain positions.
(6) Civil affairs pcrsonncl ~h0~1d CLSfar L~Sprnctical&
deal with the inhabitants of occupied territory through such
o~~ccrs aIld employc~ of the local ~o~rnrr~nt ~1sarc
retained or appointed. FVhcn an of&in1 is rcmovcd, a
replacement should be sought from among the inhabitants
who by training and experience is qualified to take over
the duties of the office. In the solcction of ofkinls, careful
consideration should be given to their reliability, their
willingness to cooperate with the military govcrnnrent, their
positions in the community, as well as their other qunlifica
tions for the particular position. Appointments from a
polkical faction or clique, regardless of their friendly
sentiment, should be avoided, e?;ccpt in unusunl circum
stances. In some circumstances it may bc detcrmincd that
the duties of the position cw bcttcr be pcrforrncd by a
representative of the military ~ovcrmncnt.
(7) Neither local political personalities nor organized
political groups, howcvcr sound in scntimcnt, should have
any part in determining the politics of the military ,govcrn
ment. Civil affairs ofhccrs should avoicl any cOuniiitmcnts
to, or negotiations with, any local l~olitical clcmcnts cxccpt
by directions from higher authority.
(8) So far as possible, civil affairs oflicers should confine
themsclvcs to supervision and avoid assumption of the
duties of the operating head of a political subdivision or of
a department of govcrnmcnt.
(9) It may be advisable to provide protection for per
sons who continue in, or arc assigned to, local public ofice.
They may bc accused of disloyalty by some inhnbitants of
the area. Their persons and property may be thrcntcncd
or endangcrecl.
( 10 1 Civil affairs ofllccrs and pcrsnnncl, as rcprcscnta-
tives of the Unitccl States govcrnmcnt, sl~o~~lcl keep their
relations with local oficinls and inhabitants ori a strictly
official basis, avoiding unofficial social rclntionships. All
personal favors or gifts which may bc oncred .by civilians
arc to be rcfuscd unless authorized by hi&r authority,
10
 ]. PeliQ;ical Prisoners. Persons imprisoned by tllc pC
v&s government, for political or racial rcaSotXi only, should
be released after investigation, unless directed othcrwisc by
higher authority, with warning that political activity on
their part, during the period of military government, will
not be tolerated.
k. Economics. The basic economic policy of Unitcrcl
States military government is twofold: first, to revive cco
nomic life and stimulate production in order to reduce to
a minimum the needs of the arca for United States and
allied assistance and to dcvclop the arcn as a source of
supply for further operations, and second, to USC avnilnble
goods and services as efficiently as possible for the satis
faction of military and civilian needs. Corollaries of this
basic policy include the following:
( 1 1 An equitable distribution of ncccssities, such as food,
fuel, medicine, and clothing, should be instituted as quickly
as possible. To this end it will be necessary to reestablish,
to some degree at least, public utilities, transportation,
communications, and trade. It will often bc ncccssnry to
enforce controls, which may or may not be the same as
those in effect belorc occupation, over various aslxcts of
economic life, including prices; over marketing by ration
ing, by measures to bring hoarded goods out of hiding, and
by suppression of black markets; over imports and czports;
over money and banking. The reestablishment of corn-
munications $411 normally require the instituting of cxnsor
ship. At times military govermncnts will l;xvc to engage
actively in some types of economic activitv in ot&r to
assure that the armed forces and the populn~ion rcrcive at
least a minimum of ndcessnry goods and scrviccxs.
(2) Such plans as may bc practicable should I~(>Inid in
advance for the resumption of production, csl3rci:rlly in
agriculture, fishing, and manufncturc, but also in mini~l~,
forestry and the service traclcs. Prclilllirlilry decisions: niust:
be reached as to which types of economic activity :\rc nlnsl
important. Where military occulxl.tion is rf~~~:t.(~~l tll~~s~~
plans must bc carefully chcclcccl to dctcrmin(: wll:ll Il\()di{j
cations are necessary cspccinlly in view of d;un;~g(: dent: to
11
facilities. In most cases1it will be IFX~SS~~~ to make rapid
surveys of usable facilities and of undcvcloped resources
&fore rehabilitation plans can be completed.
(3) Steps must be taken to put into immediate effect
plans for the tehabilitation of production. In order to
provide minimum military and civilian supplies it may be
necessary to provide farmers and manufacturers with essen
tial equipment and materials. Labor SUPPLY rlmst bc pro-
vided for necessary activities. It will be necessary to
prevent abnormal wage increases, insure regular and
adequate hours of work and control labor organizations.
Steps should be taken to meet the most pressing needs, in
some cases by making available United States or allied
ma.terial immediately upon occupation. Priorities should
be established for the use of scarce items, and in some cases
to allocate particular material to specific uses. Most in
dustries will need supervision, and some may need assist
ance in management, especially in the early days. In
enemy territory it may be advisable to provide skilled man
agers to replace those who may have fled or who do not
cooperate sufficiently with the occupying forces.
1. Health. Protection of the health of the occupying
foyces as well as humanitarian reasons determine the policy
of safeguarding and improving the health of the population
in occupied territory. Dead must be buried; sanitary dis
posal of sewage, garbage and rcfusc organized; water supply
kept from pollution; food inspection established; necessary
insect control instituted and other steps tnkcn to provide
precautions against the spread of disease. Such medical
care for civilians as may be practicable should be provided.
m. Respect for Religious Customs and Organiza
tions. International law requires that religious convictions
and practices bc respected, Therefore, places of religious
worship should not be closed unless necessary as a security
or sanitary measure.
n. biscriminatory Laws. Laws which cliscriminate on
the basis of race, color, creed, or political opinions should
be annulled as ihe situation permits. However, the prac

12
 tic& of such customs or the observance of such traditions as
do not outrage civilized concepts may be permitted.
o. Speech and Press. To the extent that military in
terests are not prejudiced, freedom of speech and press
should be maintained or instituted.
p. Archives and Records. Archives and records, both
current and historical, of all branches of the government
of the occupied territory are of immediate and continuing
use to military government. It is therefore esscntinl to
seize and protect such archives and records.
g. Mail and Documents. Mail and documents in
large quantities will often be found in post offices or other
central communications points. As this represents a SOU~CC
of valuable intelligence information it should be the policy
to seize and protect such material as well as to expcditc its
delivery to proper censorship examination stations.
rr Shrines and Art. It is the policy of the United
States, except where military necessity makes it impossible,
to preserve all historical and cultural monuments and
works, religious shrines and objects of art.

SECTION II
CIVIL AFFAIRS RESPONSIBILITIES
10. DIVISION Oi RESPONSIBILITY BETWEEN ARMY
AND NAVY. Responsibility of the Army and Navy for
the control of civil &airs in occupied arcas will bc dc
termined by, the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United St&s
Army and Navy or by the Combined Chiefs of Stnfl of thr
United States and one or more of its allies, depending
upon the nature of the operation. In general, it is expected
that the responsibility in continental areas will bc with tlrc
Army, while the control, of civil affairs in island areas and
in some ports and other areas contiguous to the sea will
be delegated to the Navy. This is not a fixed rule OI
principle as it may be advisable to assign to the Army the
control of certain island arcas and ports. In such areas
naval civil affairs officers may be assigned to the stafls of
army commanders, either to assist in civil affairs control or
13
to act as liaison between the two branches of the service.
The Navy may control, temporarily at least, iskind areas
which present many of the complexities of the larger land
areas, or it may participate in land occupations through
its operations in ports or on inland waterways. Where
there is naval control of civil aff;tirS, ZlrXll)' Officers may
serve with naval commanders in order to facilitate an
ultimate transfer of the area from the Navy to the Army.
When available, rqualified naval civil affairs officers should
be assigned to regular civil affairs duties with army civil
affairs organizations.

11. CONDITIONS LIKELY TO BE MET IN OCCUPIED

TERRITORIES. The many and varied tasks involved in
civil affairs control may have to be performed under the
most diflicult circumstances. In most occupied territories
one or more of the following conditions may exist in varying
degrees. Civil administration may have broken down
wholly or in part, Oficinls may have fled or have been
deposed or be unreliable. There may be rioting, looting,
or other forms of disorder, particularly if the local police
force , has disintegrated. Agriculture and industry may
have been prostrated or wrcckcd. Economic life may have
been reshaped to serve a new order or disrupted by the
scorched earth policy of a retreating enemy. There
may be serious shortages of foodstuG and other csscntial
materials. If the area has been fought over or bombed,
widespread destruction of buildings and other installations,
public utilities, transportation and comnnmicntion facilities,
and harbors may bc nnticjpntcd. Lnrgc numbers of lxoplc
may be homeless. Many will be unemployed and without
means of support until orderly proccsscs are rcstorcd. The
enemy may have brought in large numbers of forced labor
ers fram distant areas, who will clcspcratcly scclc rcpatria-
&on. There may be acute shortngcs of professional pcr
sonnel, such as doctors, lawyers, engineers, and other
specialists. Hospitals and other institutions may have been
destroyed. The wounded may have rcccivecl little or no
attention. The dead may remain unburied. Water sup
14
-

Plies may have been polluted. Medical supplies may have

been reduced to the vanishing point. The health and
morale of the population may have been undermined.
There may be few facilities to prevent the spread of pesti
lence from cities and concentration camps.

12. FUNCTIONS OF CiVlL AFFAIRS OFFICERS. The

chief function of the civil affairs officers during hostilities
is to further the mission of the combat forces in every way
possible. As areas are successively occupiFd he will assist
by controlling the civil population so that it will not inter
fere with military operations. I-Ie will help reconstitute
civil administration SO that local rcsourccs in manpower
and in strategic material may be utilized to further military
operations as authorized by the laws of war. His task may
embrace a wide variety of activities, since the responsi
bilities of his commanding oficcr may range all the way
from controlling a few simple functions of government in a
small isolated rural region or a primitive island or group
of islands, to controlling the many and complex functions
of government in a large, densely populated, industrialized,
continental area. In the occupation of sucli territories for
a considerable period of time, the civil aflairs oficcr will
in most cases be concerned with the following and other
activities :
a. Political Government and Administration. TllC
supervision, or even, in rare instances, the actual adminis
tration of the chief political of&s of the govcrnmcnt, such
as, for example, the offices of the chief exccutivc, ministers,
cabinet oflicers, secretariats, and other high ranking cxccu
j tive or administrative oficials on the national, provincial,
or municipal levels.
b. Maintenance of Law and Order. The prcpara
tion, issuance, and enforcement of proclamations and
ordinances regulating the conduct of the inhabitants; rc
establishment of the old police force or the creation of a
new one, sul~l~lcmcntccl by military police, marines or
shorq patrol; prevention, detection and prosecution of
crime; maintcnancc OS public order and security of persons
and property; regulation of relations between our forces
im10&3--48-----4 15
and the inhabitants; administratiOn Of prisons; control of
liquor and narcotics, * control of traffic; and prevention and
control of fire.
c, Courts and Law. The establishment and adminis.
tration of military commissions and provost courts and
the determination of their jurisdiction and procedure; SU.
pervision and control, or closing, of lOCal Criminal and civil
,courts; supervision of the local bar; decisions as to mod&
,cation or suspension of local criminal and civil laws;
acceptance, investigation, and reports of claims, and, in
some cases, the operation of claims commissions; general
legal a&ice on all aspects of civil aflkirs. Locql courts
,concerned with litigation and other lc@ matters among
Civilians are under the supervision of civil nllairs officers,
Such matters involving civilians and mcmbcrs of the armed
forces arc also of primary concern to the civil affairs ofi.
cers. Matters within the jurisdiction of courts martial are
of no concern to civil aflairs oflkers.
d. Civilian Defense. The supervision and strengthen.
ing of existing local organizations, or the creation of new
ones, for civilian dcfcnse SO as to provide for air-raid
warnings, blackouts, shelters, fire fighting, Casualty services,
emergency medical cart for civilians, evacuation, dcmoli
tion, rehabilitation, and other nctivitics to rclicve the occu
pying forces of as much responsibility for Civilians as
possible in thi: cvcnt of boinbing, shell fire, 01 other military
operations.
e. Civilian Supply. Rrrangcmcnts for cmcrgcncy re
liCf, dircctcd through accepted channels, such as food,
clothing, shelter, and medical aid, to moct mi~irnum sub
sistence standards, preserve order among the inhabitants,
and enable them to carry on with their agricultural, indus
trial, commercial, and other activities whicly may be of
direct benefit to the pccupying forces; establish local organi
zation to administer any Cniergency relief programs;
provide for other esscntinl civililm goods which may bc
necessary to the rccstablishmcnt of law and nrdrr.
f. Public Health and Sanitation. Such activities
concerning the control, prcvcntion, and trcntmcnt of dis
16
 .
ease; the supervision and rehabilitation of hospitals; the
rurnishing y 0; medical and sanitation supplies; the protcc
tion of food and water supplies ; the disposal of SCW:I~(~
and waste; and the promulgation of such other medical
an d sanitation mcasurcs, as will improve or ~JrC?x!rvC h!
statc of public health and protect the occupying fortrc~.
g. Censorrhip. Censorship of Civilian co~mtiunicntiolls
is cffcctcd in order to nccon~plisl~ two objcctks; the pro
tection of security, both military and civilian; :md the
obtaining of intelligence information. It will norru:~lly bc
established in the very earliest phnscs d c.ontinuc
throughout the period of occupation. Thus, its operation
by civil affairs will require close liaisoii with the milit:2ry
intelligence staff for the area from whom ccnsorshil~ policic>s
and directives emanate.
h. Communications. Cooperation with sign:kl or corn-
rnunicntion officers in the use of civilian comnlunic:Ltiol1
systems by the occupying forces; rccst:lblislinlcnt, at tllc
proper time, of civilian communication Ixiliticxs ; contrt)l,
supervision of, all civilian radio, tclcpho~x, tclcgrq)h, cablo,
and postal communication and activity. Although civil
affairs agencies responsible for supervising coltlnlunic;ltitrlls
will not operate censorship they will bc rcquirc~cl to co
operate with its cnforccnient.
i. Transportation. C0opcmtion with alqxol~ri:~t(~ :uxns
and services in connection with military USC of Iwiv;~cc! 01

state-owned railroads, trucks, busses, vchiclcs, roads, lv;itcr-

ways, and airfields; recutablisllllu~~~lt at tlx prq~~r tilltc: of
all essential civilian transport facilities; control c)r sulr-
vision of all such facilities.
j. Port Duties. Assistance to port dirctotors; ~ontroi OF
civilian movcmcnts ih port arcas, inc:ludin.g civili:uls rvll~
Iivc in houseboats and smnll harbor cra[t; l)ro~ur(~111(~1lt
and control of ncccssary lnl~or; h3ncllii~g antI ista&ng of
supplies ashore and inland; liaison bctr\~(ql n;~v;ll ;lul]l(,)ri-
tits afloat and ashore and civil allairs org:lllix:Ltic>lls ~lsl~~)rc~.
k. Pubflic Utilities. ChpW:LCiO~l Ivitll :t~~~~ro~~ri;~l~~

arms and services in procuring, rcstoritlg, rulrl colltr~~llillg

public utilities for military and civilinn use.

17
 /

1. Money and Banking. Closing, if lN!CCSSLLly, and

guarding of banks, baulc fulldS, Safe deposit bOsEi, SCcuri
ties and records; providing interim b:tnking and credit
needs; liquidation, rcorganixntion, alld rcopcning of banks
at appropriate tinlcs; regulation and supervision of credit
cooperatives and other financial agencies lxld organjza.
tions; esccution of politics on currency fiXC1 by higher
authority, such as the designation of typc~ of currency to
be used and rates of exCh.al?ge ; supervision of the issue and
use of all types of lnoncy and credit; dcckuxtion of debt
moratoria; prevention of financial transactions with enemy
occupied or cncmy territory.
m. Public Finance. Supervision and audit of the
budget, revenues, and expenditures; supervision of tax
collection, fines, asscssrnCrlts, alld the handling of public
fu&, including rcvcnucs from govWnlTXXt monopolies alid
investments; provision for neccssnry financial lacilitics for
civil administration; levying of contributions.
n. Commodity Control, Prices, and, Rationing. SU.
pervision of the distribution of food and other supplies;
control of prices; rationing; prevention of, hoarding and
black markets ; regulation of esports and inllsorts; allocation
of iniports for local distribution; regulation of military
requisitions and purchase; cstnblishmcnt of politics to be
followed in stimulating local production.
o. Agriculture. Encourage agricultural production
and the establishment and administration of programs for
developing self-s&kicncy.
p, Industry and Manufacture. .Ikvcloprncnt and
supervision of such industrial and Irl:unufncturinhr fncilitics,
including lumbering, mining, pctrohu production, and
fish&g as may bc inclicatcd to furth~ nllicd intcrcsts and
satisfy the immediate needs of the civilian population.
q. Commerce and Trade, Stimulation of wliolcsale
and retail trade in order to rcstorc normal movcmcnt of
csscntial civilian goods horn prod~ccr to cons~~~~r and thus
further economic stabilizntion.
r. labor. Procurcmcnt of labor to assist any scrvicc in
the occupying forces, procurcmcnt of labor for rchabilita
18
tion and reconstruction in the occupied territory, tllC pre
vention of abnormaI wage increases, insurance of regular
and adquate hours of work, and other conditions of ml- ,
ployment; controI of Iabor organizations and the handling
of other labor relations problems.
s. Cusfody and Administra#ion of Property. Cus
tody and administration of all property and entcrpriscs
owned wholIy or in part by an cncmy govcrmnc~nt, or
enemy nationals of countries other than that occupied ;
custody and administration of a11 property and cntcrpriscs
owned wholly or in part by other govcrnmcnts, if taken
over by the occupying forces; custody and administration
of private property susceptible of direct military use and
not in the custody of another branch of the nrmccl services
such as transportation and c.ommunication facilities, arms,
ammunition and .other implements of war; custody and
administration of privately owned, abandoned or other
property, if taken over by the military government.
t. Information. Subject to the dircctivcs of the thcntcr
commander, interpretation to inhabitants of occupied tttrri
tory of the purposes of the occupation, counter propaganda,
preparation of press, radio, motion picture and other
releases, both for intcrnnl and external consumption; ~CW
era1 advice and assistance in various matters involving the
inhabitants in which carefully l~Iannccl action will either
avoid offense or improve relations betwc~~n the ocqqing
forces and the inhabitants and their nttiturlc tl>\\vi\rtl tllc-
United States and its allies.
u. Disposition, Repbtriation, or Relocation of Di$
placed Persons and Enemy Nationals. Chad WI
disposition of allied prisoners of war, civilian intcrrl(xrs ;uld
forced laborers; political prisoners ; clisl)laccd rl:l.tiou:\ls of
the occupied area including dmuobilizc~cl mc:rul~s of tIlc\
enemy armed forces; and civilian natiolrals of o&r errem!
countries.
v. Education. Supervising cxlucntirmn1 syslw~~ ; ol)p~l-
ing of schools and prevention of subvcrsi~~~ or 1~11ll~l
instruction.

19
 W. Public Welfare. Supervising public nnd private
institutions for the care of children, the poor, the handi.
capped and the aged, and the cncCWra~em2nt of ncccs~~~~
local orga&ations to operate such institutions.
x. &z.cords. Keeping full and complctc records for
the military commnndcr of everything that is C~CUIC by hiln
or under his authority in any Of the i%bOVc Ol other fields
of military government so that 11~ m:ty rcndcr nn accurate
accounting. Such records will !X csscntinl :\t lxacc con
ferences, before claims commissions, for investigatory
bodies and for historical purposes.
y. Miscellaneous. (1 1 In addition, the civil nFfairs
officer will be concerned with SLC~other civilian activities
as may in any way affect the occupying forces 01the war
effort of the TJnitcd Stntcs and its allies. Cutting across
all of the foregoing activities will be lxqblcms ccxnmon to
most or all of them, such as the sclcction and USC of local
oflicials and pcrsonncl, mnttcrs of coordination and priority
and the obtaining of information and intclligcncc.
(2) Theafer of Operafions. Within each stafl,
many problems will arise which will rquire coordination
between civil affairs ofl?ccrs and other sections whcthcr
the operations be single, joint or combined. Members of
the civil affairs section of a staff will hnvc rclntions wit]1
other stal! sections, in connection with mutual problems,
such as the follo$ng, illustrated from Army orgnniz:ltion;
Ia 1 For coordination and supcrvision---
1. G-I, Procurcmcnt, classification, rcclnssi~cation,
assignment, pay, pronlotion, trxisfcr, retire
ment, disch:lrgc, decorations, citatians, honor+
awards, IC~VCS OS i~l>scIIC(Ij furlough, rcw&s,
and punishment of civil aQluirs pcrsonncl; in
tcrnal xrrnngcments of hc!nclcluaiWrs, personnel
statistics; so.nitnI.ion, buri:lls.
2. G-2, Collcctinn and trkurnittal of iuforlnation
rclnting to tlic enemy population by, and trans
niittnl of intclligcncc~ to, .thc civil aflairs
section; requisitions for mnps; regulation of

20
 censorship and other mcnsLUYXi t0 plCiWW
sccrccy; countersubvcrsivc activities.
3. G-3. Organization, equipment, and employ
ment of military police units; training of civil
affairs personnel, use of signal communicntions.
4. G-P. Prac~rc~nent of supplks in enemy tcrri
tory; distribution of supplies to civil nllnirs
groups; control of tmnspqrtntion; construction
and maintcnnnce of rotIds, clocl~s, nnd utilities:
traflic control; evacuation and hospitnlizntion;
salvage; property and funds; procurcnent of
shelter and facilities; employment of nntiw
labor; preparation of civil affairs annex: to 111~:
administrative order.
r[bl For special staff functions-
I. Antiaircraft o@x~. Passive dcfcnse mCasWCS.
2. Clasmicnl CJ~~CCT. Collective protcctivc xncasurcs.
3. Engimxr. Coqstruction and maintcnnncc of
roads, docks, and utilities; distribution of mnl~s~
4. Hetzdqumtow conznznnrlant. Dctnil of ordcrlics
an d mcssengcrs; messing and qwrtcring of
civil affairs pcrsonncl; ofict: space.
5. Provost Mawhal. Enq~loyn~nt of military po
lice on civil affairs duty; control of conduct of
troops in relntion to tlic: civil polxil:ztion.
6. Signal o@ccr. Use of military and coxiinirrcial
signal communicntions lor civil nfl:lirs 19url9mw
7. SZW~COYZ. I-Ienlth and snnitntion; USC oE civiliw
hospitals for military p~iqmscs; nllw;&n nl
medical supplies to the civil popul:ttion.
8. Adjutant Gc~~.crnl. Distribution of routine
orclers; classification, I.ccl:lssific.ntion~ nssign
mcnt, promotion, traxifcr, rq~lacc3n~trnt, clis
charge, decorations, citations, honkers, XWW~S,
lGWEi Of RIXCIICC, nlld furlouglki; stipljly 0s
publications; olwmtion of oflict! lwc~~~&~re,
9. JTidgc aduocntc!. Rwicws of tllc rccorcls of ini]i
t:Wy commissions.
 10, Qu~rt~~77mstcr. Distribution of clL~a~tt:rrnaster
eq+~~cnt and supplies; allocation of food
and ~uartcrnmstcr supl)lics to the civil
population.
Il. Tram~~orE @CL).. USC of transportatiol~ by
civil affairs pCiYK~I1l~Cl; USC Of railroads for
civil aflairs purposes.
12, p&& ~clnlions 0fim1. lrcss, radio, 1Hotion
picture, and similar rclcns~s.
(3) personal Rella9ion~. Not only is it nc!ccssary for
mCI&Crs of Civil affairs sections to hlO\V the! functions of 1
the various sections of the gcncrnl and spccinl staff, but
it is desirable that they cultivntc cordkll personal relations
wit11 the ofEccrs thereof. Teamwork bctwccn staff sections
is essential. It is assured not 011ly by staff confcrcnccs
but by i&ividunl personal Contact.

SECTIOT\T
IT1

ORGANIZATION

13. GEldEWAL, In military occupations carried on by the

Arnly, general control over military govwnnlcnt is cscrciscd
by the Chief of Staff for the Swrctnry of War through the
colnmanding oficcr in the thcatcr of olmxtims. In mili
tary occupations carried on by the Navy tllc S:Mlc gcncral
control is cxcrcisccl by the Conmwldcr in CXcf, bnited
States Fleet nncl Chief of Nnvnl Opcratims for the Sccrc
tary of the Navy through the fleet or force comluandcr in
the thcntC1 Of O~~ClYltil~llS,
cI. Plarining nncl forniulation of politics for nlilitnry
govcrnmcnt arc carried out unclcr the clircction of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff in olmxtions. in which both the United
States Army and Navy lxwticilxltc.
b. When the olmxtion is cnrricd Out by ,thc conlbincd
forces of the Unitccl Stntcs :wcl one or nmru of its allies,
civil alFairs planning and opcrutions arc cxc~.~~tccl under
the direction of the Combined C&i& of StaE of the two
govcrnnmits.
12
 14. WAR AND NAVY DEPARTMENT QRGANXZA-
The military agcncics designated by the Sccrctnrics
of War and Navy to plan and formulntc policy WC the
Civil Aflairs Division of the War Dcpartmcnt and thr
o&e for Occupied Areas of the Navy Dcpartmcnt.
a. The Civil Affairs Division, in the OJXCC of the Chkf
of Stafl, informs and advises the Sccrctnry of War 0x1 all
matters within the purview of the War Dl:partmcnt othol
than those of a strictly military nature in XWLS occupied
as a result of military operations. This Division has as its
responsibility the formulation of broad War Dclxu?mcnt
policies with regard to military govermncnt, and the plan
ning and coordination of civil affairs in nrcns occupied as
a result of joint Army and Navy operations. Under gcn
era1 policies formulated by the Civil ARairs Division of the
War Department, the selection and training of p~rson~n~~l
for civil affairs is conducted under the sup~~rvision of thr
Provost Marshal Gcncral.
b. The Ofice fdr Occupied Arcas, part of the O&x of
the Chief of Naval Operations, is charged with the planning,
training of personnel, and preparation of materials for mili
tary government in areas of paramount naval intcrcst, and
in coordination with the War Department in arcas of joint
interest.

15. ORGANIZATION IN THEATERS OF OPERA

TIONS. The theater commnndcr is rcsponsiblc for dr
tailed planning aqcl operation of military govcrmncnt uutlrr
the general dircctivcs and plans rcccivctd from l+lrt~l
authority. The thcatcr organization for civil ;z[r;lirs I)Iilll-
ning and control dcpcnds on the mission of the th(i\tcr co111
mander, on ~11~ organization of the militnry forces ill the
area, on the military situation, on the structure CII th(! c:sistitlK
government, on the gcogriqhy of tllc arca, 011 the ccononl!
and characteristics of tlic pcoplc, on tlul p~~w~~rs ;lnd
characteristics ol: their ofi&Js, ancl 011 dll!T rt!lr:\ranl.
circumstances.

16. TYPES OF ORGANIZATION. Ch~cri\lly sl)ty~I~iug,

there are two typs of civil nfrairs nrganizntion. 13.
tional and territorial.
60:110FI~..--4!~~~ 23
 a. II1 the Opr~xtionnl type, C0nilllalldCrS Of cC)r!ht units
or of nlilitary administrative arcas arc responsible for civil
affairs within their respective zOXlCS Of operation or areas;
and the relationship of civil affairs Ofkr~ of 011~ echelon
to civil affairs officers of a higher or IWVW cchclon are those
prescribccl for staff officdrs in the aplxopiatc manuals.
The chain of civil affairs control COnfOrlnS to the opera
tional or administrative ch:tin of command.
be In the territorial form, a separntc civil &airs organiza
lion is created under the direct C0Illlll:llld Of thO hater
commander, or under a subordinntc CO111111:IIldC1. Under
this form, the chief civil aflairs of%lcer Of :1 territory is
responsible to the military governor for the military govern
ment throughout the arca, :mt has ~~~lllll:\~ld of subordinate
civil affairs oficers assigned to political subdivisions within
the- territory. The lint of communication within the or
ganization is direct from higher to lower civil aflnirs oficcrs.
Local civil affairs officers are IlOt rcsponsiblc t0 Op!ratiOnal
ullit commanders stationed in the area with rrgard to the
administration of civil affairs, but rcpokt directly to higher
civil affairs oficcrs. It is n function of ~~~m~and to de
termine the tylx of organization to bc utilized at any
particular time and ~Ixx. ThC SyStclll Xl0pt~d Inay Often
involve fcaturcs of Cdl typ I:11 llllllly IXil!S the occupy
tion will be progrcssivc, and one type of organization will
predominate in one portion of :I thcxtcr, while the
other type prcdomin:&zi in nnothor portion. Under
settled conditions in continental arcas the torritorial fornl
will usually prcvnil.

17. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF EACH

TYPE.
a. Cantrol through OperatPonal Unit and Military
Administratiive Area Commanders. (1 I Advantage,
The ndvnntagc of control throu& opcr;ltion:ll nut1 military
aclministrativc area commanders is thnt authority for all
activities, civil as well as military, is conccntrntec~ in the
hands of the commnndcr who is rcqonsiblc for operations,
supply, and evacuation. Thin insures thxt 311 activities,
24
 1, I ,1
including relations between troops and inhabitants, wi&h
the given zone of operations or military administrative
area, will be coordinated in support of the operation for
which the commander is responsible. It obviates possible
friction and misunderstandings which arc likely to arise
when two mutually independent oflicers with overlapping
responsibilities are present.
(21 Disadvantages. The disadvantngcs of control
through operational unit and military administrative arca
commanders are :
(al Such commanders, concerned with combat training
and operations, supply and evacuation, are apt to overlook
the importance of civil affairs duty to operations, as well
as to diplomatic and economic objectives.
(bl Combat units are generally subject to frcqucnt
movement, resulting in repeated changes in the pcrsonncl
assigned to exercise control over local officials, with COXISC
quent variations in policy. Only to a limitccl cstcnt can
this disadvantage be minimized by the retention in the arca,
and attachment to incoming units, of civil affairs ofliccrs
formerly on the staff of the outgoing unit.
(~1 Combat units will necessarily be disposed ;\ccording
to strategical and operational requircmcnts, and only b)
chance according to local boundaries. Corlsccplclltly, thr
territory assigned as the zone of opcrntion of aOcombnt unit
will usually embrace parts of the territory of numerous
political subdivisions, To a lcsscr degree, this may alsa lx
true of the territory assigned as the area of a military
administrative unit. In such casts, the same set of local
oficials may receive orders from the commanders of all
the operational or administrative units whose zone of olxr;l-
tions or areas lie within or partly withi the political sub
division. The headquarters of the unit may not bc located
at the seat of the local governmcntnl authority, In such
case, in order to provide cfTcctive control over civilian
officials, the civil affairs section of the staf? of the uni1: mny
have to be divided into two cchclo~~s, one at the nrilit:~ry
headquarters and the other at the scat of govcxxmcnt, with
consequent loss Of ~cficicncy. Even after the ix%sation of

25
hostiiities, when forces arc used as garrisons, conformitv of L

their areas to political boundaries may not always be po+

sible. On the other hand, the cormander of any opera.
tional unit or military administrative area may have to
supervise the civil oGcials of scvcral political subdivisions,
For these reasons, control through opcrationnl and ad.
ministrative unit commanders is liltcly to be wasteful of
manpower.
(dJ Combat commanders and their staffs arc usually
untrained in civil affairs work. Only to 9 limited extent
can this disadvantage be minimized by the assignment of
trained civil aflairs oficcrs to SUCK stalk
(eJ So long as hostilities are in progress or arc only
temporarily suspended by an annistice, the control of civil
affairs by military commanders takes their attention from
the training of their men for combat, from lcadcrship in
combat, and from other strictly military duties, which
should engage their whole time and energy.
IfI The imposition upon operating units of duties of
military government or control of civil annirs tics such
units to the al:ca in which they arc stationed and makes it
very difficult to move them promptly ~1~~x1 military situa
tions, yhich should bc paramount, make such n move
advisable.
b. Control Through a Civil Affairs Chain of Corn.
mand. The advantages and disxdvantagcs of a civil affairs
chain of command under the commanding offkcr of a
higher cchclon are generally the opposite of those listed
above for a civil aflkirs organization under operational
units or miIitary aclministmtivc nrca commanders. A Civil
affairs organization, established xftcr ~1 nrca bccomcs
settled, will usually make a more cflcctivc and economical
use of manpower than would an operating organization
during such period. It would provide for greater con
tinuity of policy and personnel, and facilitate the use of
specially selected and trained civil nkirs oflkers, On the
other hand, since the 1ocn.l civil &airs oficcrs under thi?
organization arc indcpcndcnt of the cammandcrs operating
or garrisoned in their xrcas, or of commnndcrs exercising
26
administrative command for other military purposes in the
same area, unity of command at the lower level is not
established.

18. COMBAT AREAS.

a. Initial Organization. Military government usually
begins in the combat zone, as soon as the area comes within
control of the occupying force. In the forward areas
organization of military govcrmncnt is necessarily limitccl
to the most essential clcments of control in conformity with
the military situation. Public officials may have fled, or
be in hiding; consequently control must often bc cxcrciscd
directly by the military forces on individuals. In rear
areas, a greater degree of control and organization will
usually be possible and dcsirablc. Rc,gimcnts or small naval
combat units should be relieved of civil nfnirs control as
far as possible.
b. Type of Organization. In the combat zone, control
on the principle of unity of command is p;~r:m~ount. Com
manders control the civil population within their zones of
operation, without regard to political boundnrics. ThC
civil airairs ofkxrs are either staff oBiccrs of the com
mander of the unit to which they arc attached or mcmbcrs
of groups assigned to control cnpturcd :~cns. Orders con
cerning the control of civil nilairs arc issued through the
military chain of command. The cmploymcnt of military
police or shore patrol or marine units 011 civil nflnirs duties
is providccl for in the administrative or ol)cration or&r,
or in an anncs thereto.
c. Civil Affairs Personnel for Reinforcement. JVh
the need is foucsccn, as when a city or other lx~l~ul~~us :w;\
is about to bc occupied, the thcrttcr commands clirccts
that additional civil &tirs pcrsonncl be sent forw:~d to
reinforce control of the area. Such personnel arc nttnclicd
to the command within whose zone of olxrntions tl.11: city,
port, island, or other nrcn will fall, but arc under or&:rs
to pass to the control of the succeeding couin~:m&x wl~l~n
combat units move forward. Evcntunlly, if the rr,rw:~~rl
movement continues, they pass to the control of the c:()m
manding offkcr of a roar area or to consul of tl~ n(~~~
27
l$rher civil affairs echelon under a civil affairs chain of
command. While in the combat zone, reinforcing civil
affairs personnel may be placed under the. orders of the
chief of the civil affairs section of the staff of the unit to
which they are attached. Reinforcing personnel should be
selected with a view to their subsequent retention on civil
affairs duty in the same area.

19. ARM) COMMUNlCATlONi OR NAVAL AD.

VANCED BASE ZONE.
a. Amoun# of Organiza+ion. As territory falls within
the communications zone or naval advanced base zone, a
greater amount of civil affairs organization becomes pos
sible. Every effort is made to restore the normal func
tioning of the local government, subject, however, to civil
aRairs control in aII echelons. Public ofEcixls are con
firmed in their functions, or replaced, except as to offices
whose functions are suspended.
b. Type of Organiza+ion. (1) In the communica
tions or naval advanced base zone, consiclcrntions of unity
of command usually recluire that the zone and subordinate
military administrative area commanders be given control
of civil aflairs within their nrcas. 7%~ absence of zones of
operation assigned to tactical unit commanders makes the
assignment of civil aBairs control to such unit commanders
as may be prcscnt unnecessary, and the disadvantages
of control by such commanders make SUC~I assipncnt
undesirable.
(2) If the communications or naval advanced base zone
is not subdivided for purposes of military administration
into sections or otherwise, the commanding oflicer of the
zone (or the commxncling oficcr scrvicc forces of the
theater, if he is charged with the duties of a commander
of the zone) ) creates a civil &airs command, and desig
nates the chief of the civil affairs section of his staff as civil
aflairs commander.
(3 1 If the communications or naval advanced base zone
is subdivided for purposes of military administration into
sections or otherwise, the commanding of&xx of the zone
28
 exercises civil alfairs control through section or other mili
tary administrative area comhmndcrs, who in turn control
civil affairs oficcrs of the highest tmritorial political c~l~lt~l
through the chiefs of the civil aflairs sections of their
respective stafls, designated as civil afTairs ccmuuandcrs.
(4) If the occupied territory inch&s more than ore:
country or island group or is divided into other territorial
political subdivisions, it will gcncrally be advisable to detail
a civil affairs group for onch of the subdivisions in tllc
highest political echelon, with suficicnt pcrsonncl to supcr.~
vise the government of such subdivision, :tnd to m:zkc
available, sufficient persomlcl for suballotmc~nt to subdivi
sions in lower political cchclons, including cities. Usually
personnel will not be available for the direct supervision of
political subdivisions of less degree than that corrcsl>onding
to an American coun~y, or of small critics. Thctsc%can bc
supervised by frequent visits of pcrsonncl stationed at plncc!s
of greater importance.
(51 Chiefs of civil a.fIairs groups detailed to tbx military
government of a territorial political subdivision command
similar groups detailed to lc&cr territorial political sub
divisions included therein.
(61 The commander of a combat unit stationed in or
passing through a locality in the conlrnunicntiorIs zone
where no civil aflairs ofEcm is prcscnt, may make arrt:sts
in cases in which immediate restraint is nct!c:ssary; and, if
so empowered by the theater commander, may :tp@nt
provost courts to try inhabitants for oiYcnscs ag;\illst the
security of his command or against inclividuals tht:r&
sending the records of such trials, togcthcr with c.onvi~t~~tl
defendants, tb the civil affairs o@icer iu c:hargc of t]~o ;\r(:;L.
Othcrwisc, except in cmcrgcncies justifyinff assullrl)li(>n of
civil affairs command by the scuior oficcr l)r(!s(qlt, con1
mandcrs of such units cxcrcise no control ov(:r l*ivil :\Q:xirs,
(7) When the forward boundary of a zone or section is
about to be advanced, the comlnanclcr, unless civil alf;\irs
personnel who are to pass to his control are already irl th(x
new arca, should arrange to have the nc:crssary ci\lil a[Sairs
personnel report to the proper commander forward, to
29
be in readiness to assun~c control immccliatcly~ when the
boundary is advanced.
2~. TASK FQRCE. A task ~OXXCcommander operating in
a theater of operations esmciscs civil affairs control lwithin
his zone of operations in the same manner BS a theater
commander.
21. =iWEATER OF Q~~~~~l~~~.
a. During Campaign. (1 1 While, the thcatcr is sub.
divided into a combat zone a~1 a communications or naval
advanced base zone, the theater commander exercises civil
affairs controI over the combat zone through tl~ command.
ing officers of field armies OT the naval flcCt or task force
Commanders and over the communications Or naval ad
vanced base zone through its commanding o&xx.
(21 If, however, the theater is subclividcd into zones of
operations assigned to scparnte task forces, each of whicll
has its own communications OS naval advanced base zone,
the theater commander exercises control through task force
commanders.
(3) Control over the central civil administration of the
occupied area is ordinarily cscrciscd directly by the theater
commander through the civil allairs section of his staff.
If the thentcr headquarters is not at the capital, it may be
necessary to divide the theater civil alITairs staIT section into
two cchclons, and to station a portion of it at the head
quarters and a portion at the capital. If unclcr such cir
cumstanccs the capital is in the combat zone, the echelon
of the civil aflairs section of the thcatcr stall: stationed
thereat may bc nttachcd to thC ficlcl army or naval task
force whose zone of olxxations incluclos the capital, nncl the
commanding oficcr thcrcof may bc char@ with tempo
rary responsibility for supervision of the ci&l service at the
capital.
b. After CessaHon of Hostilities. hftcr fighting has
ceased, in conscqucnce of an armistice or lx~tocol which
rcndcrs the resumption of serious hostilities improbable, or
if for any reason an occupied country is no longer within a
Combat or communiCationi base xonc, tlrc tlicntcr com
30
 Ill;lndcr, or other suprcmc comnmndcr in the occupied
country, so long as military government continues, may
exercise control either through commanders of comhat
units, within misting political subdivisions or within mili
.tary districts consisting of a nunlbrr of such politknl
subdivisions, or hc rnny cscrcisc control through civil af1airs
groups detailed directly to tcrritoriar politikxl subdivisions.
If the situation ~warrants, a combination of thcsc two
systcrns may be utilized, conlmaxlders of the larger cnnAx~t
units being placed in control of the higher c~l~lons of
military govCtmnerlt, with Civil nITairs groups, indclmKlcnt
of commanders of the smnllcr combat units, bring dc~tailcd
by them to exercise military govcrnmcnt functions it1 the
lower ccliclons.

22. CIWIIL AFFAIRS STAFF SECTIIBN.

a. Creation of Section. In aclvnnce of thr entry of
United Stntcs forccx into territory to bc orcupicd, the
thcatcr comninnclcr crcntcs a civil ntlnirs section of his
staJT. Such sections arc also provided for the st:kIls of
subordinate commanders who arc assigned broad responsi
bility for civil aflairs planning and ~ol~un:u~l.
b. Duties of Chief of Section. Ihc duties of 111~
chief of a civil nITairs section arc-
(1 I To assist the commander ia all nmttc?rs of or~~;tniz;L-
tion, supervision, and control 01 niilitary govcuinicut iii the
area occupied, arId to furnish him with lull illforllmtion w
the charnctcr af the p~ol~lc, the nntt~rc~ of tllc ~ovc~rn~r~wt,
and the specific probkn~s likrly to bc facctl in tlmt territory.
(2 I TO be rcspisiblc for tllc pwpwlicln of tlL~tililC!Cl
plans for nlilitary govl\rntiicnt in i>nch arca to Ix ocu~lkcl,
inclucling gcncral di:sigrmtions of tlii: ~~unihrrs :u~l typrs
of civil annirs pcrsonncl ni~lid, to kcq) sucl~ lk\i~s ~~irr~~it
and to obtain the con1nl;uldcrs npp~val of LINWL
(3 1 TO Inc rcsponsiblc for that, prqxnxticrn in :~l>l)r~>l)riilt(:
langungcs of such llr(~cla.iuntioris, ordiniulctx, :ultl orders
to be issued in the XU~C of tlx coltlnmtldcr :ts lmvr: Ilot
already 1x33~ prel~arecl.
ti6H:l (18-~-4!b----o 31
 (4) To prepare for issuance by the commander to sub.
ordinate civil affairs offlccrs SUCK information on strategic
and tactical dcvclopmcnts and 0x1the plans for military
government of specific areas as will be necessary to keep
them constantly up to date.
(5) To corrclatc and analyze information rcceivcd
through the commander fsom civil affairs ofliccrs and from
intelligence and censorship lxrsonnel and to utilize it as a
b&is for further planning.
(6) To maintain constant liaisori with combat, security,
supply, medical, engineering, and other officers on the
commanders staff, in order that planning I~KLY bc total ,ind
coordinate bctwcen all branches of the scrvicc.
(7) To be responsible under the command and in ac.
cordance with specific directives issued for particular areas,
for the supervision and coordination of the work of civilian
agencies of the United States and its allies participating in
the later phases of ,military government when the thcatcr
commander has authorized their participation.
(8) To supervise esccution of civil af?airs orders and,
where designated as chief civil affairs off&r, to command
,a11 civil affairs groups placed under him.
23. ORGANlZAlIOll OF CIVIL AFFAIRS SECTIION.
a. General. The mxgnitudc and character OF the tasks
of a civil aBairs stafl section will vary g.rcatly from one.
territory to another. Ed1 section will riced to bc mnnncd
to do the particular job at hand, and the stn@ assignments
will ncccssnrily dcpcncl on the particular situation and the
pcrsonncl available. A large cic~grcc of versatility in per
sonncl and flexibility in staff assignments will lx csscntial,
particularly in the c>nrly periods when the nature and dc
grcc of the supervision to bc csorciscd over local onicials
is uncertain.
b. Irsternal Orgchzation. The chiclF of every Civil
a,ffairs section will need to make provision for the following
activities, but in a small staff scvcral of thcYc activities may
bc pcrformecl by a single ofl~ccr, particularly in isolntcd and
sparsely populatccl tcrritorics or in island arc:~ of interest
primarily to the Navy: ;
32
 (11 Administrative Officers.
eputy. A large section will require a deputy,
assist the chief of the staff and act for him in his
absence.
fficer. The chief of the staff csccpt
in small sections, will rcquirt: an csccutivc oflicc~r to coOr
dinate the management of the O&X and t0 handle spccinl
assignments.
(c) Staff Assistants. Every chief of a civil &Xrs see
tion should have one or more ,qcncml nssistants. Thq
should not be given fiscd assignments, but shoulrl Ircb
assigned to invostigatc any problem which nriscs ; to COIINC
information; to see persons whom their chief cannot take
the time to set; to visit lower cchclons; to prcparc pl:Ul!i,
policies, or decisions for considcrntion of their chief; to .
. preparc orders to carry out such decisions; :md to SW to it
that the orders xc transmitted to the proper pcrs~ns UKI
arc carried out.
(dl Internal Administrative Officers. OfEccrs will.
bc nccdcd to perform the duties of nrmy adjutnnt Or nav)
csecutive 0Eicer nnd supply Oficor. ThWC llliltt~~l+S Of in
ternal administmtion arc Of vit:tl importnucc to the func
tioning of the civil aflnirs section, :md should 1.~ :\ssign(~d
to cxperienccd and qualified OfIkcrs. 111 a l:~rgc civil
affairs section, scvcrnl oficcrs may bc nec&d to p:~forln
these functions.
(2) Functional CHficers, IIcpcnding upOn the conk
plesity OEthe duties t0 bc pc!riOrmcd, tlx civil ;112;birsst:(*tiolr
may require il numl.~C~r of functkxxd c~fkcrs, such ~1snI&
Cal, lcgnl, fiscal, intclligcncc,, and 0thc:rs. For ;I &:tdd
description Of th? functions to bc p(:rfornic~C~ by civil :kll;\irs
ofkers set paragrnph 12.
(3) Civil Affairs Officers from Other ServEces. 111
joint opcratinns, the c:Omm;mdc:r sho&i incluC~(: in the civil
affairs section One Or morr civil nll:\irs (Jf]iccrs Sroln th,a
other service, It is nocc3sary tlult c:losc~ li;lis0n (+t [)t:
~WCU army :md navy civil :Gairs olliccrs, 1~ th(t O~~,tl~~;\-
tion is primnrily Cln ;zrmy optxltion, it niivitl civil i,[l;lirs
oflicer shOLllC1IX Clttitdld to the\ army &vi1 ;\ffilirs st;tir ior
33
liaison and to assist in port Colltrol and 0t11cr Civil affairs
duties. If it is a naval operation, and particularly if later
Control is to be talrcn over by tbc army, it is csscntia.1 that
army Civil affairs ofkcrs be attached to the naval Civil
a&s staff.
(4) Civil AfTairs Officers of Ofher Na*ions. In my
combined operations involving the forCcS of the Uditcd
States and its :lllics, Civil affairs OffiCcrs of the nations
participting should bc nssigncd to duty in number and to
posts as dircCtcc1 by the thcatcr Comma~ldcr or his d&g
nated subordinate.
24. CIVIL AFFAIRS COMMAMRS. Whcncvcr a civil
aRairs section of&r is dcsignatcd as chief of civil affairs,
hc exercises the usual functions of Comma~~d over civil
affairs groups clctailcd to territorial politiCa subdivisions
within the geographic limits under his supervision, while at
the same tirnc continuing to scLrv(: as a ~t:lff ofriCer to his
Commander.
25. CIVIL AFFAIRS GROUPS.
Q. General. A Civil affairs$ group detailed to a terri-
torial political subdivision should consist of such ofliccrs,
warkant officers, and cnlistcd pcrsom~l as m:ly bc ncccssary,
with due regard to the structure and functions of the
governmental unit to bc Controlled, the nnmbcr of subor
dinate territorial political subdivisions within the subcli
vision to which the group is clctailcd, the cast of Communi-
cation within the arca, and thr size nncl chnractcr of the
l~opulntion. To avoid Compiicntions arising from clcntb or
illxlcss a.t lcast two ofIiicYY3 should b(: assigned Co conch group.
The pcrsonncl of the gro~q) should bc assigned to such
duties as its chief may clirtxt. Bscept in lnrgc Cities,
ordinarily the lower the political cchrlon the less is the
need for spcckdizntion; and whcrc ,thc group is small,
slxcinlizatioii is impossible. A Inrgc Civil nflnirs group
may bc organized in a mnnncr similar to a civil nRnirs
staK section. (Set par. 21.)
b. Required Ccdegaries. In orckr to Coiuplctc a wcll-
balnncccl gm~tp for Civil afYairs clutics, the following catc
gorics of pcrsonncl may bc rcquirrd :
34 .
 ( 1 ) Esccutivc and administrntivc pcrsonnc~l with special
training in military government and liaison.
(2) Technical specialists with special training in the
characteristics of the arc:\ to which assigned.
(3) Junior assistants.
(4) Secretarial, clerical, and similar pcrsonncl.
(5) Intcrprcters.
(6) Military police; short patrol, or marine clctnchmcnt.
(7) Oficcr and cnlistcd pcrsonncl for operation of motor
vehicles, patrol vcsscls and airplnncs assigned to civil airairs
units.
26. MlLlTARY POLICE, MARINES, AND SHORE
PATROL.
a. Necessity. (11 The chief of each civil affairs
group, in territory in which United States forces arc cscr
cising military government, will need su&icnt force at
his command to insure cxccution of his orders; to nrrost
offenders against the military govcrmncnt; to s&e Brcarms,
explosives and other contraband nrticlcs; to s&c and
guard funds; to seize and seal rccorcls and archives; to
.control, reinforce, or supplant the local police in the
maintcnancc of public or&r ; and to prcvcnt or sUpprcss
espionage, sabotage,, and rioting. Such forces will nlso
be needed by combat unit comm;u~dcrs who arc vested with
civil affairs control.
(2) The use of combat units for this purpose, at lcast
until a definite ccssntion of hostilities, is unclcsicnblc~, though
at times .it may bc ncccssary. Not only arc such units
divcrtcd from their combat nlission and innnobilizod hut
their armament is unnc~cc~ssarily l~owcrful for orclimlry civil
al-fairs duty.
(3) Organic military police units nf arnlics, corps, divi
sions, and ma.rinc or short patrols of ilcct unit.s, will not
ordinarily be available in the colnniunicntions zone 0r n;~vnl
advnnccd base; furthcrxnorc, their :trnlaulcnt is n0t wtbll
adapted to use in civilian control, While they lqill 1~
available in the forward nrcn, tlicy can si~lclom 1~ sp:trctl
from otlicr clutics in suflkicnt nunJ~i~rs to control the
population of a city, port, or ciqcstccl arca.
35
 (4) Where local civil police forces OX cOtlstabularics are
trustworthy and adequate they shall be USC~ to the maxi
mum extent.
(5) Where local civil police forces are inadequate or
cannot be relied upon, military police, marines, or shore
patrol should be provided, organized, and equipped similarly
to rear area military police units. Units which may have
to be sent rapidly from their station to control outlying areas
should be wholly or partially motorized or, in the case of
island areas, provided with patrol V~SSC~Sand airplanes.
The use of women nmrhers of the armed forces may be
pra&&le, for technical and clerical duties.
la. Assignrmen+ and Command. (1) Military poIicc,
marines, or shore patrol units for the enforccmcnt of civil
affairs control outside the forward arca should be assigned
to cities and to political subdivisions a~ the situation war
xants. They should be placed under the command of the
o&er in charge of civil affairs in the city OX other political
subdivision. This is a matter wholly within the discretion
of the zone or theater commander.
E2) When there is riced thcrefor, the thcatcr commander
may direct that reinforcing military police, marines, or
shore patrol units be sent into the forward nrcn for the
enforcement of civil afFnirs control in cities or other con
gested areas. Such units will bc attached to the combat
unit in whose area of operations they arc to be. stationed,
but with orders to pass to the control of succeeding com
manders when combat units I~~OVCforward, Eventually, if
the forward movcmcnt continues, thc?y pass to the control
of the commanding oficcr, communication zone or naval
advanced base, or of the com~nancl~r of a s&ion thereof,
and by him are l~la~ecl under the command of the proper
civil affairs oficcr. While within the WJIK of operations of
a combat unit, they may, by the commander thcrcof, bc
placed, according to circumstances, under the command of
a civil affairs oficer of the unit, OS otheswisr. assigned.
They should bc sclcctcd with a view to their rctcntion,
wholly or ih part, on similar duty in the same arca,

36
 c. Authority to Make Arrests. Subject to the orders
of higher authority, military police, whether on or ofF
5 duty, have authority to arrest inhabitants of territory under
military govermnqk,, who offend against, or arc suspected
of offending against, the ordinances or other orders of
United States military authority or against local law, or
who are in any way disturbing the public pcacc or acting
in a manner hostile to United States forces. When immc
diate restraint is ncccssary, they also have authority to
arrest persons subject to military law; such poisons shoulcl,
however, be turned over to the appropriate commander as
soon as practicable.

SECTION IV
PERSONNEL
27. PLANNING AND PROCUREMENT.
a. Responsibility of Theater Commander. Ihc
theater cpmmnndcr is responsible that careful cstimntcs trf
civil affairs pcrsoniiel rcquiremcnts-oficcr, warrant of&c,
and enlisted pcrsond-bc made well nhcad of :rny plnnnc~d
occupation, ancl that such personnel arc rcquisitionc:cl. 11i~~
personnel furnished undrr the requisition will bc assc~blrd
in the theater under the direction of the theater CC)I~
mander. They will bc given the ncccssary further training,
orgnnizcd, and nssigncd to duty in numbers :~d with qu;\li
fications sufkient to meet anticipated needs. r\s ~1 rultl,
cxccpt f6r comn1anders of large units who pay 1)~: g;i\rpn
responsibility for civil afTairs, pcrsonncl of combat units
will not be assignccl functions of spc&lly tr:tincd civil
affairs o&ers. Nevertheless, if they arc nl:c:d(;d in tip
early phases or when hostilities have ceuscd ancl milit;\rv
government is expandccl, combat pcrsonncl with ~jrcv&+
experience in sonic nspocts of civil govcrnmcalt may ~11 [)(a
transferred to duty with civil al-l:&. CVhr:tl so :\ssignpd,
they should be ~l~t~~hed from ~tl~r duticxs ;mc[ tllpir work
confined to affairs of civil ;\dn\il&tration.

37
 b. Responsibility of Officers of Lower Echelons.
Each ofEicer charged with civil affairs control is responsible
for the allotment of civil affairs persormcl to the next lower
echelon to meet its anticipated needs %nd those of further
subordinated echelons. The chief of. A civil aflairs section
or group should be consulted as to the sclcction of his
subordinates.
28. TYPES AND QUALIFICATIONS.
a. General, Th& conduct of civil aRairs will require
personnel drawn from various professions or callings. The
chief administrative personnel for military government
should have executive or administrative expcricnce and an
understanding of the management of men and affairs. It
is desirable that they should also have an intimate knowl
edge of the territory concerned, and its people and lan
guage. To assist them, persons with special or professional
training in the several fields of civilian activity, or with
particular knowledge of the area occupied, may bc needed.
b. Chief or Deputy of Large Civil Affairs Staff Sec.
tion of Field Group. Thcsc officers should have broad
executive cxpcrience, military or civilian, and Exceptional
clualifications of character, judgment, and ability. They
should be thoroughly trained in civil aflairs work, and also
\bc well informed concerning the territory occupied.
Knowledge of the language or languages in use in the
territory is desirable.
c. Chiefs of Small Civil Affairs Sections and Field
Groups, and Executive Officers. Thcsc oficers should
have the same high personal qualities as rcquircd in b above
but will usually bc less ospericnccd, They should bc
thoroughly trained in civil aflairs work and, if possible, in
the language of the territory.
d. Staff Assistants. They should hivvc had esecutivc
or administrative expcricncc, particularly in staIlC work,
Some stall posts will also rcquirc an intimate lrnowledgc
of the country, its people, and its language. They should
bc thoroughly trained in civil affairs duty.
e. Administrative Services Personnel. These serv
ices will hnvc to bc conductrd under diflicult circumstances,
38
at times in situations where the customary services of the
Army and Navy are not available. The ofliccr and en
listed personnel should be experienced in the duties which
they are to perform and familiar with the practices and
procedures of the Army and Navy. *WhiIc dcsirnble, it is
not vital that they have training OT cspericnce in civil
affairs.
f. Functional Officers. Functional staff assistants and
specialists should have both profcssionnl training and opcr
ating experience in their particular field, such as public
health, public utilities, transportation, and others. Those
assigned to theatw stat% and other high cchclo~~~ should bc
trained in civil affairs and in the characteristics of the
territory. In lower echelons while training in civil affairs
is desirable it needs not bc more than a minimum.
29. TRAINING.
~1. In the United States. Training of administrative
and specialist pcrsonncl is conducted in schools of military
govcrnmcnt of the Army and the Navy. Military police
schools for civil affairs training also aw conducted by the
Army.
b. In Theater of Operations. 111 rhc tl1mtcr of opcra-
tions, training for civil aflairs duties is a function of com
mand. Civil aflairs pcrsonncl nssigncd to a particular ter
ritory in advance of the occupation sl~o~~lcl rcceivc further
intensive training. Such training should inchule, cspc
cially, instruction in the background of the p:uticular arca,
the language and charnctcristics of the proplc, and in the
civil aRnirs plnns and orders for military govcrmncnt as
they are mado ancl issued. Insoh: as practic;~blc, tlic tmin
ing should be given by officers having an intimate kno&
edge of the nrca, and by the civil aflairs stair dr;&ing tl~t:
plans and orders. Current Army and Navy intclligcnrc
and censorship reports sl~o~~lcl 1~ rn:ulc avnilahlc ant1 tl~c
assigned civil affairs l~~~onnel should bc kept l)ostccl 011
ncccssnry military aspects of the occupnticn plans. rha
military commander sl~o~~~d tnlcc steps to ~SSII~C tl~nt ci\7il
affairs OfIkC:IY rccxivc :I11 CliUiSiACYl informntim pi$ncl~l: to
their duties,
39
 SECTION V
/ * PLANNING
30. GENERAL. Pl?nning for the control of civil affairs
in occupied areas is a responsibility of commanders assigned
to the planning of military operations. Civil affairs plan
ning, as a part of the planning of military ollerations,
khould be integrated with operational plans and integrated
with the situation and problems to be met. These problems
in civil affairs should be anticipated and provided for by
plans and alternatives, Acxible and subject to continuous
change and adaptation during operatibns. Careful plan
ning will lead the command& to issue the specific civil
affairs orders suited to the cxpcctcd situation. Planning
will also reveal requirements for ofricers, enlisted personnel
and materials, requisitions for which should be forwarded
in ample time.
31. BASIS OF PLANNING. Information required for
preliminary planning of military government will be fur-
nished by the War, Navy, and other-departments of the
United States or alliecl govcrnmcnts. Information for later
planning in the theater of operations will bc supplied by
the intelligence and civil affairs branches of the various
services. Such information will include, in addition to
such parts of the military plan as may be necessary to civil
aBairs planning, the following concerning the area to be
occupied :
01. The rcccnt history of the country.
Ib. The theory and actual apcration of its government
including the titles, functions, backgrounds and names of
ofZcials in a position to help or hinder the mission of the
occupying force.
c. All facts which may affect the mission, such as political
parties, factions and ~l~avag~~, unoficiicial persons wielding
political or other power both in the central govcrmnent and
in political subdivisions.
d. Geography, including l&ation, area, topography,
climate, and natural resources.
e. Ch$mcteristics of the inhabitants of the country such
40
as ~~u~~lbersand prc~l~ortions by race, religion, and pliticnl
0r other nffYiation, and factors indicating probnblc attitudes
toward the presence of the occupying force.
f, Local customs aud traditions, scnsitivc points, taboos,
and national or religious obs~rvxnccs such as holidays and
sacred or forbicldeu places,
g, Standards of living including hcnlth and dietary habits
&ich might alrcct the occupying forces.
h. Administration of justice, including tribal custc~nls
aIld traditions.
i. Forms of social courtesy townrds difTcrcnt ranks among
the inhabitants.
j. Character of the p0pulation as to ordcrlincss and
obedience to law.
k, Chnractcr of the police force and fire dclmrtnmnts.
1. Regulations and conditions as to salts of liquor and
narcotics.
m. Existcncc of subvcrsivc 0~ tmtmy groups, potcntinl
saboteurs and spies.
n. Organization and reliability of the civil courts in which
0ffenscs by civilians might bc tried.
Q. The dcgrcc of dcvcl0pnmnt of ngriculturc aud forrsts,
industry, ruining, labor conditions, lxlrticularly as they will
affect matcrinl, labor, :d other supplies for the: task fm~..
p, Financial situation, including banks, condition of
banks of issue and comrucrcinl bmks, mtcs of cxclmngc,
amount and s0u1~lness of currency in use.
q. CurrcnC cconamic situation, i1lHOlltltS Of gOOClS :~.vnil
able for pulxI1:Isc, L\lld chc prob:Lblc cfllx:l cd tl1c ]lrtst!11ct:
of a well-paid nccul)ying Eorcc.
r. Fond supplies, including their sufficiency for thtr 1~~1~
lation and for the occupying f0rtx.
S. The :zvailability nlld ndcquW,y of institutions,, Ii\CiXi
tics, matcrinls, scrviccs, equipncnt and I:tbor, liktly tn
afkct the mission of the force or In be rcrluirc:d by it, such
as the capacity nnd condition 0.r ~~ublic works 3ud uW.ic:s,
including milroncls, C:;iui1Is, hnrbors and d0cks, hi~hwnys,
bridges, rolling stock, ~~otor vchiclcs, g;\s, clcctricity, writer
works, and scwcragc.
41
 t. Extent, location, and condition of the postal tele
graph, telephone, and radio services.
u. public health, inclucling sanitary condition prevalence
and control of disease, protection of food, milk and water
supplies.
v. Civilian Bebense. Set paragraph 32~4.
32. R~~O~SiR~~lT~ FOR PLANS.
a. War and Mavy Depar#men*s. The Civil Affairs
Division in the War Dcpartmcnt and the OfIiccz:for Occu
pied Arcas of the Navy Dcpnrtment, s~bje~l:to the directiou
of the Joint or Combined Chiefs of Staff, are responsible
for the integration of the civil affairs plan with the strate
gical and logistical plans for military operations and for
liaison with civilian agencies of the United St,ztes hovern-
ment. The civil affairs plan of the War and Navy Depart.
merits, usua.lly brief and general, is transmitted to the
theater commander in the form of a dircctivc. It contains
the broad political and economic policies to bc observed.
b. Thea+er of Operations. Civil affairs planning for
his command is a responsibility of cvcry officer charged
with civil affairs control, whcthcr he be the theater coin
mander, the commander of a task force, a tactical unit, or
a military administrative area, or the chief of a civil affairs
group. The duty of actual preparation of the plan in
accordance with the directive of the commander, usually
devolves on the chief of the cisil affairs section of the staff.
According to circumstances, the commander approves the
plan, with or without modification, bclore it is translated
into orders, or approves the civil aflairs order which results
from the planning. It is dcsirnblc that civil aflairs plans of
theater and task force commanders be trannnitted to the
Joint or Combined Chiefs of Stafl for confirmation.,
33. FORM 6% CIVIL AFFAIRS ORDERS.
a. Of Thea+er and Task Force Commanders. These
commanders may, according to circumstances issue civil
affairs orders as annexes to administrative or operation
orders for military operations, or as routine orders when
there is no direct connection with an operation.

42
known to the subordinate or included in an accompanying
field or operation order. This may include information
of enemy forces, of the enemy populntion, and any available
supprt from agencies not tinder the command of the
issuing officer.
(2) The general plan of the commander, cscept so far
as it is already known or is included in an accompanying
order.
(3) Subordinate oficcrs charged with civil*nfairs con
trol.; crcat?on of civil aflairs command or civil affairs
groups; attachments and detachments, with time and place
of each, including military police, marines, or S~OUC patrol;
missions of each.
(4) General instructions governing all subordinates;
such as
(a) Security measures to bc tnkcn.
(b) Controls to be estnblishcd over civilian supply.
(c) Measures to be taken td rcstorc public order.
(d I Records to be impounded and their disposit.ion.
(e) Directions as to control or disposition of public funds,
($1 Directions as to authority to mnkc requisitions.
(g) Dir&ions as,to handling of enemy-own~cl property.
(hl Currency to bc used and rntc of cschange.
(i) Treatment of, or conduct toward, enemy nationals
and local population and of&i&.
(j) Slxcia.1 mcasurcs to bc taken with regard to public
institutions; banks, industry, commcrcc, labor, and other
activities.
(k) Authority to appoint military courts, and to approve
alxd execute scntcnccs; rules as to proccdurc; limits of
punishments.
(I 1 Authority to appoint and rcmovc local officials.
(ml Proclamations nncl general ordinances to br pub
lishdd. (These may a,plx?nr as an appcnclis to the civil
RfFairs anncs or routine orclcr) .
(n 1 Authority to issue ordinances of local application.
(09 Reports to bc made; when and whore.
(p) Location of the issuing commander.

44
 SECTION VI

PROCLAMATIONS, ORDINANCES,
ORDERS, AND INSTRUCTIONS
35. INlT1AL PROCLA
a. Issuance. While not ninnclatory unclcr intcrnntionnl
law, as soon ns lxactiC:nl~lc after coi~i~~ie~~ccii~c:iit Of an
Occqation, the tllcatcr coulumdcr, Or an :xuthorizcd sub-
Orclinatc, should issue tO the inhalGtants of the occulGx1
territory a prOclnmatian informing them of the fact of
Occupation, tllc estcnt of territory nfTcctcd, and the obli
ptions, liabilitic:s, &tics, cmcl rights of tlic pol.dation unclcl
military gOV~T~llll~nt. Gcncrnlly, this lmxkumtion will
have lxmi lmprd in ndv:uicc and in accOrclancc with
directives from higher authority. Whcrc occupation Of ;1
large nrca is lx0cix~iling by stngcs, it is lm~lxr to stntc that
the proclaniation will 1.x: applicnl~lc in ndj:~ci~nt art:35 2s
they WC occupied.
b. Form and Character. 11 1 The ll~C~(:l~unn~ion
should bc: brief and in siniplc tcrnis. It sl1ould lx! ph
lisld as witlcly as lmssil~lc in I?qlisli and in tllc latlguaps
of the occupied Z11CiL Ally trnnslntion sh0ulcl 1x1 iclimnatic~,
clear, and con&c.

45
mation Jivill bc more friendly in character and may cmpha
size dcliverxncc from a common cncmy.
(3) In occupations of neutral or nllicd territory, lately
held by an enemy, a mnnifcsto may also be issued by the
legitimate gavernmcnt supporting the ocxxpation and call
ing upon ~ff%ktls and inhabitants to coopcratc and to obey
the r&es laid down by the commxldcrs of SUCK forces.
Such manifcstos arc not legally ncccssnry, but arc issued to
promote coopcration of the population with the CKXupying
forces. In occupations of this type, the thcntcr commnndcr
will usually clcnr such manifcstos with the Joint or Com
bincd Chiefs of Staff.
c. contefa+s. The initial proclnmatioa will vary in
content according to the circumstances of the occupation.
The important items to-be covcrcd XC: the stntc of nRa&s
which exists, a definition of the arcn and peoples to which
the proclamation npplics, the cxtcnt to which the civil
administration will bc nflcctcd, the manner in which the
inhabitants arc to conduct thcmsclvcs, and the mcasurcs
which will be resorted to by the military govcrnmcnt. It
is imlxacticnble to outline the contents of proclamations
for all tylxs of occupations. In dcfinitcly hostile territory
the proclamation should, in gcncrnl, cover the following
points :
(II 1 Declaration of the Occupatian. This is formal
notice of the fact of occupation and of tllc territory in
gcncral over which the military govcrnmcnt nssumes
jurisdiction.
(21 Purpose and Policy of the Omxqmtion. It may
bc advisnblc to include a. stntcmcnt as to the l~url~ose and
policy of the occupntion. Politicnl objcctivcs should be
included only prsunnt to instructions from higher
authority.
(3 1 Supremacy 6f Military Authority of Occupying
Forces. This is an csscntinl lxcrcquisitc to the ndminis
trntion of any military govcrmncnt. It shoulcl bc nn
nounccd that n military governor had been appoirrtcd and
that political tics with 2nd obligntinns to the cncrny gov
crmncnt, if any, arc suspcndcd. It should bc announced
46
that inhabitants will be rc:~pirccl to obey orders of the
theater comnmndcr and his subordinates and to abstain
from all acts Or WOKIS of hostility or disrcspcct to the
occupying forces.
(4) Retention of Laws and Officials. It: &uld be
nnnounccd that, unless the military authority directs othcr
wise, local 1:LwS alld CuStOlns will continue in force, local
OIlGals will continue in Oflkc, and ofIiccr and cml~loyees
Of all transportation and colnmunic:ltion systems and of
public utilities and other csscritinl scrviccs will carry on
with their regular tasks.
(51 Treatment of Inhabitants. Assuratm- ~ho~kl be
given that persOns who Obey the instructions of the mili
tary authority have nothing to fear and will be duly
protcctcd in their lx~sOns, property, family rights, religion,
and occupation; and that those who commit ol-lcnscs will
he scvercly punished.
(6) Resumption of Usual Occupations. Inhabitants
sho~~lcl be instructed that they nlust continue or resume
their usual occupations, unless sp~cifcslly clirectcd to the
contrary. This will assist in the nlaintennncc of law and
Order and restoration of nornml Oconomic conditions.
(71 Detailed Rules of Conduct. It is advisable to
put the polxk~tion On notice that furthc:r proclnnintions or
ordinnnccs will specify in dctnil what is required of the
inhabitants and what is forbicldcn than to do.
(81 Miscelllaneous. Other rnnttcrs may bc coverccl,
if circuinstnncos wnrlYult. Proclnmations published by prc-
vious military govcrnrncnts may nlso scrvf as useful guiclcx
d, Bwblication. Proclamations mn.y bc l~ublishccl by
posting, publication in ncwslqxrs, broadcasting, or any
other pcticablc ructhod avvail:tblc in the lmrticul;.lr tcr&
tory. It may bc aclvisnblc to publish thcni iii the snnlc
II~~II~I~ ns 1cga.l notictrs arc lx~blishccl in the occupied area,
or to crcntc a new olIicia1 publication clovotcd csclusivcly
LO actions Of the military gpmmrr~cnt and to provide that
pruclaniations and Ordinnnccs bccoinc cncctivc when they
appcnr in such publicntion.

47
I a. Issuclace. As soon as practicable after the publica i
, tion of the initial proclamation, the theater commander, or j
, his authorized subordinate, will issue a detailed set of rules i
regulating the conduct of the population. These rules /
may appear as a proclamation, numbered in squcmce with
other proclamations, or as ordinances. As far as possible :
/ these rules will have been prepared in advance and in
; accordance with directives issued to the ,thcater com
mandcr. Careful study should be made of the local laws,
in order that necessary rules or ordinances, and only these,
may be prepared, and in order that their full ramifications
and effects may bc unclcrstood.
b. Form-and Character. The people of the occupied
territory should be informed as to what they are rcquircd
to do, what acts are forbidden, and in what courts they
may be tried if they are charged with offenses. In general
they should bc warned of the penalties which may be im- I
posed for disobcdiencc. Offenses should be clearly and
simply defined. These further proclamations or ordinances :
should be published in English and in the languages of the !
occupied area. Translations should be simple and clear. I
It may be necessary to have a general prohibition against :
all hostile or subversive acts to cover oBenses not specifi
tally mentioned. Great care must bc exorcised in connec j
tion with such regulation as it will mean very little to the
population and will bc subject to grcnt variations of inter- :
/ pretation by the courts. As soon as several conviction6 for
a similar offense under such regulation have been approved I
by the reviewing, authority, that type of of%nsc should be /
/
made the subject of a clearly defined proclamation or
ordinance. In this way all forbidden acts which could t
reasonably be forcsccn, or which have been pointed up by
experience, will be clearly set forth as a guide Lo the courts
and population.
c. Contents. Contents of further proclamations OF
,
ordinances will depend upon the stage of development of
the pcoplc, their laws, customs, and institutions, and upon
( the military and political situation at the time of the occu
48
 pation. The rules laid down in the initial proclamations
and ordinancg are concerned primarily with the mnin
tenance of law and order and the security of the occupying
forces and their lines of cOnnnunicatipn. Additional rules
or ordinances will be issued as ncccssary to cOver a wide
variety of subjects. Proclnnlntions or ordinmccs may be
alnendcd or replaced, in accordance with cspcricnce. lrc.
quent changes are to be avoided, as they may be intcrlxctcd
by the inhabitants as indications of vacillations and wcab
ness. In gcncral, it is sound policy to bc strict at the
beginning of an occupation and gradually relax the rcquirc-
nlents. Proclnniations Ox* ordinances should contain 110
provisions which it is not plautxd or not possible to enforce.
d. Delegation of Authority. Theater coxnmandcrs
lnay delegate their pOWXS to issue p~OCl~Ukli~tiOllS 01
ordinances to subordinate ~omn~nndcrs or civil aflairs of&
cers, placing such limitations upon the csercisc of dclegatcd
authority as tl?cy see fit. It is geuerally advisable tl\at
considerable authority bc dclrgatcd cithcr to unit COIW
rnanders or civil a&k oflic~rs who arc actually locntcd in
the occupied territory. All ordinnnccs of local :qq~licntion
only will bc signed in the nnmc Of the military governor.
e. Publication. Publication may lx made as in the
case of initial lxmlninntiOns.
37. ORDERS AND INSTRUCTIONS, Authority to issue
detailed orders and instructions to locx~l oflit:i:ds sl~o~dcl iw
delcgntcd to unit ~O~nnmndcr~ Or civil aflairs nflkcrs on thr
spot. Insofar as possible SLI& orders and instructions
should be in writing and topics rctninccl. Oral orders rund
instructiorls may bc! given through intcq9rtWrs or in tlic
local language. A record slmuld lx !-x~~t of iu~lxwtnnt:
ones. Esccpt in cincr&m!ics, Only the ollici~ rcsl~or~sil~lc
1 for civil allYail Col1trOl in a pWtiCUl;W nrcta, or llis :~~ltllcjri&
subordinates, should issue orclcrs or instructions to local
oflicials. If an oficcr fr0m a higlicr civil &airs cchclorl
* is sent into an arca 0x1 a mission requiring contact with
local oficinlf;, hc should ~o~~s~dt with, act through, tilt:
oficur charged with local civil nflnirs contrO1. Wlirrt:
effkicnt n~lIiiiiiistration rccluircs that: lligli runlcing lc&
49
civilian ofIicinls be permitted to continue a practice of
transmitting orders directly to subordinatE officials, some
procedure should be established whereby the civil affairs
officer immediately concerned is informed of such orders
and is empowered to interfere and countermand when
he believes such action to be necessary.

SECTION VII
MILITARY COMMISSIONS, PROVOST
COURTS, AND CLAIMS
38. ESTABLISHMENT. When an area is occupied and
placed under military govcrnmcnt, the commanding officer
in the theater of operations should establish military conl
missions and provost courts to try inhabitants for offcnscs
aflecting the military administratian. These courts in
general will not be circunxcribcd by the statutory and
other rules governing courts martial; and their number,
types, jurisdiction and proccdurc will be determined by
the theater commander, subject to instructions from higher
authority. The term military courts, as used in this
manual does not include courts martial.

39. TYPES.
a. Customary Types. (1 I It has been customary for
forces of the UniGxl States to provide lor at lcnst two types
of military courts for the trial Of civilians-military com
missions and provost courts. The former deals with tbc
most serious oflcnscs, for which punishment by death or by
long prison terms and heavy fines have been prescribed,
while the latter deals with less serious casts.
(2 1 Military commissions may bc appointccl or convened
to try slxxific casts, t,f as standing tribunals to hear all
suc11 CBSCS. Their nun&x and location will dcpcnd upon
the volume of casts to be tried, the availability of ofkcrs
to sit on such courts, the ncccssity for travel, the avail
ability of witncsscs, and the eficient administration of
justice,
50
 (3) Provost courts may also be appointed Or convened
to try specific cases, or as standing tribunals to hear various
classes of lesser cases. Generally, a single type of provost
court will be sufficient, although circumstances may war
rant the creation of superiar and inferior provost courts.
Where there are a suficicnt number of minor oflenses in
any locality to occupy the full time of one court, and
enough of the more serious oflenscs cognizable by provost
courts to occupy at least the part time of another court,
it may be advisable to crcnte two types of provost courts,
in order to espedite the disposition of the large volume of
Ininor cases. The number, types, and location of provost
courts will depend, as with military commissions, upon
such factors as the volume of WSCS, the availability of
oficcrs, the question of travel, the whcrcnbouts of wit
nesses, and the speed and cffcctivcness with which justice
can be administered. Thcrcforc, for cficicncy, a civil
aflairs oficer cxcrcising control over a prticular area
should dclcgntc the power to bring to trial with cslxxlition
the majority of cxcs. A table of masimum punishments
for specific OIFCnSCs, aS well as the power of remission
vested in reviewing oficcrs, should counteract any tcndcncy
toward inquality of punishments mctcd out by provosl:
courts in dill&xl: locnlitics.
b. O+her Types. If local conditions warrant> special
+tary courts may bC cstablishccl for the trial of vagrants,
l~rostitutcs, juvcnilq trx& violatOrs, or other classes of
Oflcndcrs, or for civil CURCS(par. 4~2).
40. COMPOSITION.
ma, Milihry Commissions. In providing for n$itnr)
commissions, which may consi$ of any n~uiibcr of officers,
rhc comrnnndcr will nppoint not less than three csccpt in
cstraordinnry circumstances. In gencml, the rules for
nrmy or navy gcW%xtl courts martial will scrvc as a guide in
clctcrmining the coml~ositions OS militnry comni,issiOns, in
cluding the designation af lnw rncmbers, trial judge advo-
C~QCS,and necessary nssistn.nts: The provision for a law
I~E~~CP, with powers nnd clutics similar to those of a law
member of an army gOncra1 court martial, promotes sound
51
 decisions on matters of IZLW aId speed in procedure, and
is recommended for such military commissions for both
the army and the navy.
b. Provosf Courts. A provost COUK~ will ordinarily
consist of one offlccr who should, if possible, have legal
training and expcricncc. When it is necessary to create
two types of provost courts, it may be advisable in more
serious cases to appoint three mcmbcrs to superior provost
courts. Provision may be made for standing special judge
advocates or defense counsel, dc:l.:nding upon the type
and volume of casts which WC tried before these courts,
c. Other Types. The purposes for which other types
of military courts are crcatcd, 5ts ~011 ;U the kinds and the
volume of casts heard by them, will dcterminc their com
position and the need for SUC~I special court personnel as
judge advocates, dcfcnsc counsel, provost marshals and
clerks. Ordinarily such courts will be constituted as
provost courts.
d. Personnel. It is customary and usually advisable
to apl~oint commissioned oficcrs as members of military
courts and as juclge advocates and defense counsel. In
general, where an army officer is the thcatcr commander,
he will appoint or nuthorizc the appointment of army of&
cers nsmembers of such military courts; and whcrc a naval
officer is the theater commander, IZC will appoint or au
thorize the appointment of naval officers as members
of such courts. l*hcrc is no rule, however, which pro
hibits a theater commander from appointing oficicers from
bdth branches of the scrvicc, cithcr to sit on the same court
or to sit on separate courts, within the theater under his
.
command.
41. APPOINTING AUIHORITIES. Military commis
sions and provost courts may be appointed or convened by
the oflicer in command in the theater of operations. He
may delegate this power to subordinate commanders or
civil affairs oficers. In forward arcas, in order to avoid
delay, the cxtcndecl confinement of prisoners, or the loss of
witncsscs especially in cases where immediate example is
necessary, it is advisable to delegate such authority to ,
52
division, force or other unit ccmlmanders in forward areas
and to civil nirnirs officers in both Eorw~rd and rear nrcas.
Whenever subordinate ofliccrs appoint or convene military
courts, the orders establishing such courts should, but need
not, recite the sour02 Of their authority.
4i. ~~~IS~~C~~~
a. General. Military courts hnvc jurisdiction only over
such cases or classt:s of casrs as are rcfcrrcd to them by the
qqointing or convening authority.
b. .Qver Persons. Military courts have jurisdiction
over all persons within the occupied torritory cxccpt those
having diplomatic immunity, and csccpt prisoners of war;
but, unless thcrc are cogent rCas0rls to tliP contrary in a
particular cast, persons subject to military or navnl law of
the United States or its allies should bc tried by court
martial.
e. Over Offenses DirecNy Affecting MilHary Cov
ernmen+. Military courts have jurisdiction over the
following types of oflcnscs:
(1 1 Oficnses against the laws and usngcs of war.
(2 1 Violations of the proclamations, ordin&cs, rcguln
tions or orders promulgntcd by the theater commander or
by his nuthorizcd subordinntcs.
d. Over Offenses Agains+ Local Criminal Laws. IT
the criminnl courts of the occupied territory are open and
functioning satisfactorily, they should ordinarily bc por
mittcd to try l~rsons charged with oflcnsta ugainst local
criminal IXW, not involving the rights, intcrcsts, ;W lxq.xrty
af the United States or nthcr person serving with the occu
pying forces and sul~jccl: to military KW naval Ixw of the
United States or of countrks allicd with the CJnitcd States.
The thentcr comn~~udcr or his authnrizccl suborclinatc may
suspend lxoccldings in such local courts in ;my cr~se or
class of casts or may clircct that su& c;ks( or class of cases
bc tried by militury courts. SuCll powor should bc cxer
&cd with rcspcct to any. lxosccudon inimic:~l to tllo ill
tcrcsts of the I.Jnitcd Stntos.
e. Over Civil Cases. II: the civil courts of tht: occupied
territory arc ol.x!n and functioning satisfactorily, they should
53
 b. Military Commissions. It is gcncrally advkblc to
direct that military connnissions follow the procedure of
gcncral Army or Navy courts martial, except whcrc such
procedure is l~lainly in:q~l~lictzblc. The :~llowance of pcr
cmptory challenges should not bc ncccss:~ry. Any rcquire
tncnts of unnninious vote for a dcnth scntmcc ulay unduly
impede the authority of niilitary governnlcnt. It n1a.y bc
advisable to curtail the cstcnt of prclimiunry invcstig&ons.
c. Prwosf Caurts! Provost courts should in gcncrnl
follow the proccdurc of Rrnly su~nnx~y courts martial or
Navy dcclc courts, csccpt where such proccclure is nl:lni-
fcstly inapplicable. If it is ncccssnry to cstnblish inferior
provost courts, lxoccdurc uxxy bc sin+ified.
d. Special Courts. The proccdurc of other types of
military courts will corrcspnnd to that spctiificd for provost
courts or military coniiuissions, as dircctcd by the appoint
ing authority.
e. Trials. Trjals should bc had and judgrncnts cntcrcd
with the utmost dispatch consistent with fair administra
tion of justice, pnrtic~ulnrly in Cases where witncsscs for or
against the accused arc likely to disnlqxxr, Rccuscd per
sons should not bc tried utAw thy are present in person
at the trial.
f. Counsel. Rccuscd l~rso~s should bc nllowcd to rc
txin counsel of tlirir own clioicc and at their own csl~c~nsc.
Ordinarily military counsel sl~wlcl bc provided only for
l~crsons tried by nlilitary conunissions. I-Iowcvcr, unro:zso~~
nblc cw~tinunnccs in order to obtain caunscl sl~~ulcl bc
prohibited.
g. Witnesses. The attcndnncc of nlilitxry witnesses
may be obtainccl as in Army or Navy courts nlnrtinl.
Military courts should bc cml~owcrecl to conqxl tlic! ;tt
tcndnncc of civilian witncsscs, and to obtnin the nccc:ss;~ry
assistnncc thcrcfor frani local oilicials, nlilitnry police, and
short patrol, nncl nplxq~ria tc coitiinanding or civil ;I Llairs
oflkcrs.
h. Interpreters. Proccccliiqp should 1x2 concluctocl in
the 1:mgungc most convcniwt uliclcr the circwustnnccs.
Whcrc it is ncccssary, intcrprctcrs should bc proviclcd, so
55
that the accused, his counsel, and the personnel of the
court are fully informed as to the entire proceedings.
i. @porters. If available, shorthand reporters should,
be employed in all cases tried before military commissions,
and in such cases tried before provost courts as the appoint-
ing or convening authority shall authorize.
j. previous Convictions. A military court may be au-
thorized to consider, after a finding of guilty and before
imposition of sentence, evidence of previous convictions and
sentences by military courts (American or foreign) or
civilian courts. Evidence of conviction of an offense legally
punishable by imprisonment for more than 1 year should
be admissible without regard to the date of commission of
such ofl?ense.
45. SENTENCES.
a. General, Sentences should be limited to those pre
scribed by the theater commander or his authorized sub
ordinates. These will usually be issued in the form of a
prepared table of maximum punishments in terms of fines
or imprisonment, or both. This table should be issued to
all military courts and in the discretion of the theater
commander may be made public.
b., Military Commissions. In general, the sentences
which military commissions should be author&d to impose
will include fines, imprisonment at hard labor, and death.
c. Provost Courts. Sentences imposed by provost
courts should be limited to fines or imprisonment at hard
labor, or both, with appropriate limitations, such as $5,000
and 5 years.
d. Additional Penalties. The following punishments
may be imposed in addition to OS in lieu of fines and
confinement.
(1 I Exprnlsi~~~ Military courts may bc authorized, in
appropriate cases, to espcl convicted persons from occupied
territory.
(21 Confiscation. Military courts rnay~#be authorized
in cases involving the unlawful purchase, sale, possession or
use of property, to order the forfeiture of such property to
the military government.
56
 (31 Padlocking. Military courts may bc authorized to
close houses of prostitution, places where there is unlawful
traffic in intoxicating licluor or narcotics, and other places
whre persons arc found to bc engaging in unlawful
netivity.
e. Confinemen+. The theater commander should issue
orders concerning the confincmcnt of convicted persons.
Such orders will specify, among other things, the mnnncr
of imprisonment, the rules of conduct to be followed,,
and labor to be performed. Ordinarily, convicted persons
should be confined within the occupied territory. The
officer empowered to approve a scntcncc should designate
the place of confinement. I(
f. Fines. All monks received as court fines will bc held,
accounted for, and disbursed according to prcscribcd
procedure.

46. RECORbS.
a. Charges. It is advisable that chxrgcs be preferred
by a person subject to military or naval law and on a
chnrgc sheet. The charge sheet used by the Army
(W. I&, A. G. 0. Form No. 115) may bc used, with such
changes and additions as ~nay br ncccssary, or xpproprinta
forms may bc adapted from those contained in NavaI
Courts and Boards ( 1937). No oath to the charges should
be required.
b. Mili+ary Commissions. M i 1i 1;a r y commissions
sho~~lcl l~~ep records similar to those of Army or Navy
goneral courts martial.
c. Prowost Courts. The thcntcr conu-nnndcr should
qxescribc the types of records to be made of various classes
of cnsw tried before provost courts. In ccrtnin types of
casts, it may be advisnblo to kccq~ full rccorcls, with a
coxnplcte transcript of all testimony. .In others, a sunun:n-y
record may bc kept on the bxk of the charge sllert.
Where it is ncccssary to establish tlic infcri& type of
provost court, the latter proccdurc will gcncrally be fol
lowc$, and oral evidcncc will not bc rccordud.

57

47. REVIEW.
a. General. All records of trial by military courts
should be examined by the appointing or convening oficer
or duly authorized subordinate, for the ~LW~OSCof correct
ing injustices. Further review in the next higher echelon
may be desirable in important classes of ~ascs, and some
cases may be dircctcd for final rcvicw to the headquarters
of the theater commander. No sentence of death should
be executed until it shall have been confirmed by the
theater commander or by an authorized subordinate, esccpt
that if a death sentence is imposed by an exceptional
military court convcncd under naval authority, it must
also be confirmed by the Secretary of the Navy. The
rev&wing authorities should be cmpol+rcd to disapprove
or vacate, in whole or in part, any finding of guilty; to
mitigate, commute, remit, or vacate the uncsccutcd portion
of scntenccs, in whole or in part; and to restore the accused
to all rights affected by the findings and sentcncc.
b. Military Commissions. NO sentcncc of a military
commission niay be carried into efkct until its record shall
have been examined by the stafl judge advocate of the
oficer appointing the commission or his successor (see
A. W. 46) ; nor may the scntcnce of any military commis
sion be carried into eRect until it shall have been approved
by the appointing oficer.
c. Proves* Courts. The sentcnccs of provost courts
should be executed forthwith, subscqucnt prompt review
suEicir$ to correct injustices which may occur and to
prevent the repetition of errors.
48. CLAIMS ARISING IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY FOR,
DAMAGE CAUSED BY MILIPARY. PERSONNEL
(not including procurcmcnt claim) .
a. General. In order that there may bc prompt inves
tigation and settlement of claims, the military governor
should establish in his territory a claims service, under the
direction of an officer, prcfcrably with legal training and
with expcricnce in the investigation and settlement of
claims. The chief of the claims service will be rcspo&ible
for the preparation of regulations governing claims pro:
58
ccdure and the operation of the claims invcstignting scrv
ice. Prompt awards will greatly improve the attitucle of
the peopk toward the occupying IWCCS.
b. Investigation. It is the duty of civil aflairs officers
to make -prompt invcstigntion and record of all accidents
and incidents which may give rise to claims. This will
prevent later disputes and the prcscntati& of stale or
unjustified claims through diplomatic or other channels.
c. Settlement of Claims-Army. (1 I Qccupied
Enemy Territory. The rules under which claims are
processed dcpcnds upon whcthcr the award will be paid
from United States funds or those of the military govcrn
mcnt. Since, in most cases, practically the entire popu
lation of cncmy territory occupied by Unitccl States forces
will consist of enemy nationals, claims will normally bc
chargeable to the military govcrnmcnt and paid from funds
of the military govcrnmcnt, not United States funds. Such
claims will bc processed in accordance with regulations
issued by the thentcr commander. The provisions of the
act of 2 January 1942 (55 Stat. 880; 31 U. S. C. 224d) as
amended by the act of 22 April 1943 (57 Stat. G6), and
AR 25-90, and the provision of the act of 3 July 194.3
(Public Law 112, 78th Gong.), and AR 25-25 do not
apply to claims chargeable to such military government.
In cast claims are to be paid from United States funds
the appropriate statutes and Army Regulations apply.
(21 Occupied Allied or Neutral Territory. AS for
claims in occupied cncniy territory, the processing of claims
in occupiccl allied or neutral territory depcncls upon the,
source of funds for paymnnt. It is a nlattcr of poliq
whcthcr claims in occupied allied or neutral territory are
paid by funds of the military government. If so, they may
be groccsscd in accordance with rcgulntions issued by thr
thcntcr commanclcr and the statutes and Army Regulations
cited hi paragraph 48c( 1 I abovc, do not apply. An)
cl$ms which .it is dctcrmined shall bc chnrgcnblc to United
States funds will bc considcrccl and allowecl and paid, or
disallowed, by a .forcign clni,tns commissian unclcr the pro
visions of AR 25-90 and AR 25-25, as the case may bc.
59
 :,,.
The claims of all persons not members of the IJnited States
T/
or allied military forces cognizable under the provisions of 1
AR 25-90 or AR 25-25 should be subject to suspension of E
payment by general or special order of the military gov I
ernor for such time as he may direct. I
(3) Procedure. All claims for damage to, or loss or
destruction of property, or for personal injury or death,
cognizable under the provisions of AR 25-90 or AR 25-25, j
should be fully investigated and processed in accordance
with the provisions of such regulations and AR 25-20. All :
such claims will bc submitted to a foreign claims commis
sion, appointed under the provisions of AR 25-90. Claims
chargeable to the military government may be submitted to :
a foreign claims commission for processing CWIZ though not
payable under AR 25-90; or such claims may be submitted
to a board, commission, or other agency established by the
military governor, which may be composed in whole or in
part of officers of the United States Army, the United States
Navy, or oficers of allied forces.
(41 Territory Subject to Jurisdiction of the United
States Reoccupied by United States Army Forces. AS
to territory subject to the jurisdiction of the United States i
qccupied by the enemy and reoccupied bfr United States or !
allied forces, claims arising therein will be proccsscd in
accordance with the provisions of AR 25-25, whether or
not a military government is established+
d. Settlement of Claims--Navy. In order that there
may be prompt scttlcment of meritorious claims, command
ing officers of occupied territories shall appoint claims
commissioners to consider and dccidc claims against the
United States for injuries to property or inhabitants of
occupied areas arising out of noncombat activities of
United States naval forces including civi1in.n employees.
If a claimant is a national of an enemy country or of one
of its all&, there must be a determination by the claims
commission or by the 104 military. commxndcr that the
claimant is friendly to the United States, bcforc his claink
*Gay be allowed. A foreign claims commission may be
aIlpointed to considcl; each claim as presented, or consti
60
tute a standing claims commission to consider all claims
presented to it. A commission will consist of not more
than three commissioned officers of either the Navy, Marine
Corps, or Coast Guard. Claims of $500 or less may be
heard by a commission consisting of one oflkcr. Claims
between $500 and $5,000 shall be heard by a commission
of three ofhcers. Decisions involving payments of $2,500
or less are final, while decisions involving payments of
$2,500 to $5,000 are subject to review by the commanding
officer. The Sccrctary of the Navy may, if he deems any
claim in excess of $5,000 to be meritorious, certify such
amount as may bc just and reasonable to Congress as a
legal claim for payment. Claims accruing subscqucnt to
1 May 19-13 must bc filed within 1 year after the occurrence
of the injury which is the basis of the complaint. The fact
that the act giving rise to the claim may constitute a crime
does not bar relief, Contributory negligence of the claim
ant has such effect in the way of defeating or reducing
claimants rccovcry as it would have under local law.. No
formal proccdurc is prcscribcd for the conduct of the hear
ing on claims, but the instructions in Naval Courts and
Boards (1937) governing the proccdurc of Courts of
Inquiry and Boards of Investigation should bc used as a
guide. The claims commission shall forward to The Judge
Advocate General for review its findings and recommen
dations on all claims in which total damage cscced $5,000
and where the clnimn.nt retuscs to accept that amount in
settlement of his claim. Claims within the jurisdiction of
the Commission, but disallowed, shall also be forwarded to
The Judge Advocate Cenernl. The instructions and regu
lations of tlze Sccrctnry oi the Navy concerning foreign
claims commissions appearing in the 15 May 1943 issue
of Navy Bullctin shall bc followed by all commanding
~fli~ers and their subordinntcs in accupicd territories. An
Army claims Commission may liancllc foreign claims for
the Navy if rcqucstcd to do so and vice versa, With rcspcct
to claims payable from funds of the military govcrnmcnt as
distinguished from claims approved by a foreign claims
commission and payable out of United States funds refcr
cnc.e is made to paragraph 48~.
61 *
 INDEX
Psmgrapll Pagt3
Absence. (See Leave of absence.)
Accidents, claims arising out of-------;----- 48 58
Accounts. (See Records, accounts, etc.)
Activities of civil affairs section------------- 23
Adjutant General, duties------------ ____-__ 12Y ci
Adjutant, duties of, performed by internal ad
ministrative officers-------- ____ - _________ 23 33
Administration-
Of chief political offices-- ______________ 12 15
Of property. (See Custody of property.)
Administrative area, (See Military administra
tive arca.)
Administrative ofXcers :
Of civil affairs section _________-_-_____ 23 33
Internal administrative ofSccr ___________
Personnel---- _____________-_.-__I_I___ 22: 2
Aged, institutions for---------------------- 12w 20
Agreement-- _____________I --- _-______ -_--_ 1
Agriculture-----i _____________ 9k, 11, 12c, 120, 31 11, 14, 1;
18, 4.0
Airfields---------------: _________ -__---__ 12i 17
Airplanes, operation of, assigned to civil affairs
units--- ____ ---___-- ______________ ---I_- 25 34
Air raid precautions, blackouts, shelters, iire
fighting, casualty services ____-_- ~-- ________ 12d 16
Allied Governments, furnish information for
planning _--____ -__- __-________ - ____.___ 31 40
Allied territory, military occupation bf--_----- 1 1
Claims arising in---- -_________ -__- ____ 48 59
Allies, civilian agencies-----,__I__ - _________ 22 31
Ammunition, custody--------- _-___ -___---_ 12s
Annexes, appendixes (see nlso Orders) ______. 12y, 18 20, :;
To administrative or operational orders,
civil affairs orders as______ -_-- ____ -__ 33 43
To civil affairs orders issued by operational
unit commanders ____ -- ________ ___._-__ 33 43
Antiaircraft officer----- ____ -- _-____ -___--_ __- 12Y
Archives _____ -_- ______________- -_---_-___ 9p, 26 13, ::
Areas. (See Sections of areas.)
Continental arcas _-___-_-___--------__ lo,12 13,15
Military administrative areas -_-_________ 17
Forward areas--- ______ -- _____ - ___-___ 18 z:
Rear areas, organization------.---------- 18 27
4 61
Arcas-Continued. Pllmgra~lll Iago
Chain of command-- I_________________ 18 27
Particular areas, directives ____________ -_ 22 31
Armnmcnt, of military police and marines, in
adequacy bf for civil affairs----- ________ -_ 26
Armistice __--- -___---- ____ ----___----__-- 17,21 ,, 24 ti
Arms, custody------- ____ll_________l_____ 12s is
Army communications zone ____ -_-- _______ -- 19 28
Army Regulations :
25-25------------------------------- 59
25-go-------.------------------- ii 59
Army and Navy:
Division of responsibility between-------- 10 13
Depends upon nature of operation-in con
tinental arcas usu,2ly with Army; in
island areas and ports, usually with
Navy -_-_--__-___-___-____________ 10 13
Fixed by Joint Chiefs of Staff or by Com
bined Chiefs of StnfF-- ______________ 10 13
Arrest:
Commander of combat unit may--------- 19 , 28
,*
Of defendants. (Ses Marines; Military I I

Police; Shore Patrols.)

Art, prcscrvation of objects ___- -- _____----__ c.yJ
Article of War 24 ___--_ -- ______________--- :: 54
Assignment --_-_---__----_----___________ 12Y 20
Attitude of inhabitants --_-____---I_ 9g, 12t, 1.2y, 31 6, 17, 20,
40 .
Beil---,-----------------------------~-- 4.3 54
Banks and bar&g--- _____________ - 9k, 121, 31, 34 11, 18,40,
44.
Bar, local. (See Lawyers.)
Supervision ____.__I__ --_- ___________.___ 12c 16
Bclligcrcnt occupntion- -------.-- _________ -_ 3 2
Bclligercnts __- _______--- --__- _____- -__-_-_
Black market----------
Prevention----
____ -- _-_________
__-__ - -____ -__- __-_____
9k
12x1
1

,18
li
Bounldnries, local, political- ____ L ____________ 17, 18 ,,24, 22
Bridges _-------- -- ____l_____lll________-- 31 4.0
Brothels. (So0 Prostitution.)
Burinl of dcnd- ________-- - I______..._ -_ 91, 11; 12~ 12, 14, 2a
Cabinet Ministers, removal -------------.--- 9i 9
Cnblc-----.l-_--------,------------------- 1211 17
Camps. (See Conccntmtion camps.)
Canals------,-------I-I1I---I------------ 31 40

Capital, when thcntcr hca.dquarters are not nt

capitnl during campaign------ ________I_I 21 30

Captured areas, control -------------------- 18 27

63

Catenories of oersonnel. (See Personnel.) Iar~lglYlpll Pilge

Censorship---------- ______ -___ 9k, 12g,12y, 22,29 11,17, 20,

31,39

Chain of command ________.. ---------: _____ 17

24

Chain of control-.-------------- _--- ___.___ - 18

27

Of civil affairs _____________ -_-- ______-

Adv&ntages and disadvantages----------- :; ;:
Military orders, issuance through civil
affairs ______-___-________---------- 18
27

Challenges of members of military commissions- 44

55

Characteristics of peoples:
As affecting theater organization, etc-..-- 23

In general-------------------------- ::
Instruction in study------- ______-___.. - 29,31 39, ::,

Gharges - ____ - _____ -___-__--_-- ____--___. 4.6 57

Chemical officer, collective protective mcas

urcs--_------,------------------------ 12Y

Chief of Naval Operations---- ___- --- __-___ 13

Chief of section of civil affairs staff:

Duties--- _____ - ____ - _.__- -,__-__-- ______ 22
31

Qualifications ____ -_---_-_-_-_ _.-,-_____ 38

Preparation of plans by------ _-.._____._ 2

42

Chief of Staff, U.S. Army ______. -_- __--___ -_ 13

Children, care -______- -_- ____ --- __________ 12w

2

Institutes for ____- --_- __________ ---_- 12w

20

Cinema. (See Motion pictures.)

Citations__------------------------------ 12y 20

City:
Within zone of operations ___...____-..._-- , ~3
27

Small, supervision of ___-______ -__- _____ 19

28

Civil affairs. (Ske Chain of command of civil

aflairs.)
Definition-- ____ -_-_--__--___- ______-_ 1

Jurisdiction - __________ - ______________ 8

i

Organization _____ -__-_-_- ______.______ 14

,23

Responsibility for planning ._.____...______-_ 42

Civil affairs commands------ -...------....--_- -_ f?: 34

Civil afEairs groups :

Composition ___- ______ - _____ -___-__-_ 34

In general-- _____--_I~___ - __.____-__.._ i: 34

Civil afTairs officers---- ______ -___--___--___ 1,12

1,15

Administrative ___...___ -___-_-_-- _____.+_ 23

32

Duties of, supervisory rather than operat

ing----------,----_--------,-,-I- 9i 9

Functions of. (Sse Functions of civil

affairs officers.)
May be staff officers of unit----- _______ 27

Of other nations- -_-_r________ - __-_____ 32

64

civil affairs officers-continued. IllU~grIL~Ll Page

Of other service ______ - __-_ - ______ -___ 23

32

Relations with local officials and inhabit

ants------------------____________ .
9

Selection and training _____ ---- _________

Civil affairs orders:
2
23

Contents----------------,---________ 34
43

In general------_-_______________ 34
43

In detail _-__...-..._ - ____ -- __________ 34

43

Distribution __---____-__-___ -_---__-__ 33

43

Form------------------------------ 33
42

Of chief civil affairs officers---------...-- 33

43

Of military administrative area command

ers------------------------------- 33
4.3

Of operational unit commanders-------- 33

43

Of theater and task force commanders--- 4.2

Civil &airs sections------- ____ - ______ ---_

Organization of functional officers-------...
;3

23

32

43

Fiscal- ___-________---- -_--___ 23

4.3

Intelligence ____ --_-__-- __________ 43

Legal_-_----------------_-__------
Medical _---------__-_-- __-______
zi23

43

4.3

Internal administrative officers--------- 23

43

Staff assistants _______ - ____________ -__ 23

43

Officers from other services--------- ____ 23

4*3

Oflicers of other nations- ____ -_- ____ ---- 23

44,

Civil affairs staff section:

Creation---------------------------- 22

Duties-------- l___l_l____ - _____ - _____ 22,23

Internal organization-- ____.________ --- 23

32

Civil courts------ _________ -___- _________ 12~,42

16.53
Civil government, enemys--- _________ - _____ 3
2

Civilian activities _---- ---:- _----_-l--l---_ 12Y

20

Civilinn agencies :
Supervision and coordination of work--.- . 22
31

Liaison with Civil Aflairs Division------ 32

4,2

Civilian defense- l-------__l____ - --______ 12d, 3 1

16,40
Civilian employees, claims arising out of Con
ductc--_,--,,,--,---1---------------- 48
59

Civilian officials. (Sse Local oflicials.)

CiviliansL- ____ - __-------__ - --___-__ - _-___ 12C 16

Supplies, food, shelter, medical aid-,--- 12e 16

Transport facilities _______ --- _______l_l 12i 17

Hospitals _-__------_ - ---------------- 12Y 20

Distribution of food and supplies to, by

quartermaster ------__------I^r-l^_^ 12Y 20

65

 rn n1mnp11 Pilgc!

Claims, Army _--_I____-_-_ - -___________ -- 48

58
Settlcmcnt- _____-__ --___--_-_--_-___ 48
59

In occupied allied neutral territory-- 48

59

In occupied enemy territory------- 48

59

- Procedure-__--_-_--- ____ -___-_-_-_I 48

For property and personal injury or death 48

i9
Certain stntutcs and regulations, applicnbil-

ity----- _.__-___-__-I_----_- _______ 59

Foreign claims commission---------___ is

59

Claims, claims commissions ____ ----L---- i2c, 12~

16,20

Sdurce of funds 1or payment ______ -___-I 48

59

Effect--_---__-_-__-_____,_______ 48
59

Suspension of payment in ccrtnin cases-- 48

59

Claims in occupied territory. (See Claims,

Army; Claims, Navy),

Chief 0 claims service, duties---- _-___

Claims service to bc established-------- 4.8

48
iii

For danlag: caused by military personnel

(not including procurement claims) -___ 48
58

Investigation----- _____-____-_______ - 48
59

Proccdure---,,II_I----------------- 48
60

Regulations to be prepared ___-____-__ - 4.8

58

Claims, Navy :

Accruing subsequent to 1 May 1943, filing

claim within 1 year...- _,_____ ---- _____ 48

61

Amount of, as affecting number of offkcrs

on commission------ _-____ - ___-____ 48

61

Appointment OF claims commission----- 48

60

BP enemy nationals -_______ --__-_ __-_ 4,8

60

Contributory negligcncc as affecting claim 48

61

Foreign claims commission __________I_ - 48

60

Judge Advocate Gcnernl, review by, in cer-

tain cases---- _____ -___-__ ________ 4~8

61

May br: handled by Army _____________ 4.8

61

Naval courts and boards (1937), guide

proccdurc-__----_--__---_----------- 48
61

Procedure, informal ____ -_ _______-_ --_ 46

Rcvicw of, by commanding of%xr----- 48

i:

Settlement ______ - ______________ I---- 48

61

Classification ________ -- -_____-_ --__ _____ 12Y

20

Clerical personnel. (Soe Person+.)

Climate----_-I-_____-----_,------------ 31
40

Clothmg, distnbution- _____________________ Qk

11

Collcctiv,e fines and punishments------,,--__ g&:

Collective protective measures----,-- ______ 12Y

2:
Color. (See Discriminatory laws.)

Combat areas ________ - _______- --__- ____ 18

27

66

combat commanders, off%xrs, troops :

Larger units ______ -_--_- __-____ -__--_ 21.

30

Liaison with civil affairs officers-------- 22

31

Operations, units--- ____________ ----___ 4

3

Regiments _-__ ----_----__- ______ - ____ 18

27

Should be relieved of Civil Affairs Con-

trol------------------------------- 18
27

Small units ______________ -_--___-----_ 21

30

Zone, combat-...----------- _________-__ 17

24

Combined operations---- _____-_ - _______ 10, 13,23 13,22,32

Combined Chefs of Staff:
Fix responsibility
_. as between U. S. and
allies ___- ____ --------: _______ -_-__ 10
13

In general_-_------------------------ 13
22

Planning-----,---------------------- 32
42

Plans of theater and task force com-

manders transmitted to, for confirma-

tion-_----------------------------- 32
42

Command, unity:

Iti combat zcmc------- ____-__ - _______ 18

27

In naval advanced bnsc zone------------ 19

28

Commander in Chief, U. S. Fleet ____ - _-___ 13

22

Commanding officer, supremacy _____ -_--__-_ 8

5

Comment, upon refusal of defendant to answer

questions---L-------------------------- ._ 4.44
54

Commerce, development and supervision---- lZq, 34

18,44

Commercial activities------------------ ____ 32e

16

Commissioned officers as members of military

courts--- ___________ ----___---- ______ -_ 40

52

Communications (see also Signal communica-

tion) __--- _________I__________ ----- 9k, 11,:;

Concentration c3mps------ __________I --__-

Conditions usual in occupied territory----..-- 11

Rioting, looting, and food shortage------ I 11

Unburied dead----------------------- i:

Water supply polluted _-__ ---___--___-_

Conditions of cmplaymcnt. (See Employment,

conditions.)

Confcrcnces. (See Pcacc conferences.)

Confinement----------------------------- 45
57

Confiscation of property--------- ___- -__-__ 45

56

Congress. (See Investigatory bodies.)

Constabulary, local _____ - __--_ --- ___l_l__l_ 26

Continental arcas _-_____ L---- ____- - _______ 10, 12

13, ;z
Continuity of policy and personnel----------- 9f, 17
6, 24

Contraband articles, seizure- ____ -- ______-___ 26

35

Contributions, levy----------- _I______---__ 12m

18

Contributory ncgligcnce. (Sac Claims, Navy.)

67

 Authority _______-__________ - ___-____ - 7

4

Degrec-~~~~_~_~~~~-~~~~~-~~~~~-~~~~- 5
3

Disease __I_________--_-______________ 91
12

Exercise of, command responsibility------ 8

Exports and imports----------- ________ 12n

1:

Pood__--_-_------_------------~----- 12n
18

Insects-----------------_-___________ 91
12

Labor organizations ______ ________ -__-_ 9k

17

Marketing by rationing _______I_____..___ 9k

17

Of money and banking ___- -_-- _--___-__ 9k

Of. prices _-______________ i ___----____ 9k

::
Over imports and exports----L ________ i- 9k
17

Period__--_--_--_-------------------- 6
4.

Convicted defendants- ________ -__- _-_______ 19

28

Coordination -________________I_ -_- _______ 12Y

20

Between civil affairs officers and other staff

sections. (See Staff sections.)

Counsel. (See Defense counsel.)

Counterpropaganda -_____________---_______ 12t

19

Countersubvcrsive activities (see nlso G-2)---- 12Y

20

County, political subdivisions comparable to---- 19

28

Courts, local (see nlso Courts martial; Military

commissions; Provost courts; Civil) __-__-_ 12c, 21

16,30
Courts martial (see nlso Military courts; Mili-

tary commissions)--- __________ -_-_- _____ 12c

16 j
General rules for, applicable to military

commissions _______-__--_- - -____-__ - 4.0

51

Credit agencies _--___________I_-.---___I__ - 121

18

Creed. (See Religion.)

Crime :

Persons accused _--______-__ -- _-_______ 9g

Prevention, dctcction, prosecution-------- 12b 1;
Scntences-_-I__-___ _- ________ll__l____ 9g 6 .

Trial ____ - _-__-_ _-_- -_________________ % 6

Criminal courts, local _______ - _____ - ________ 12c

Currency -____-_----__--__-____________ 12,31,34 18,4,1, ii.
Custody of property of-
Enemy govcrnmcnts ____ - ______ -- ______ 12s
19

Enemy nationals __________ - -._____ - ____ 12s

19

Other govcrnmcnts _.-I_______ - ___-___ -_ 12s

19

Private property l_--_-ll-_.l___.-l_____ 12s, 34

19,44 ,
Customs of inhabitants ____-_.___ -_- _-._. ______ % 6

To be retained usually---- _-___ - ._-___L_ 9h,9m 6, 12

Study-_--------_-_--__,_____________ 40

Tribal __-______---_.-.-_-_I__ - .I________ 31 !i 40,48

Custom(s) of war ____l__l___.- __.______I_____ f; 5

68

1ttl%gi%p11 111gc
Dead, burial _----- ------------I-_-_-______ 91,11 12, 14
Death sCnt(!IlCCS-..-.-- --------___ - __________ 44
Confirmation---- ----------_-___-_____ 47 ii
Debt moratoria. (See Morntorin, debt.)
De& courts-- ----...-- ___II______ -- ____ 44 55
DCcorntiOnS --- -_I_-_-.--_.-__ -_- .____ 12Y 20
Defendants-- ___- --.--_.- -_--_-___ - _-_______ 19
D&nsc COLlnSel------------- -I-__ - _I______ 40, 4.4 52,:;
DCfinition of militnry government _...--__-_____
DClCgatc, military governor m3y-----T _______ : :
DClCgation of authority ---_________________ 36 49
DCpartmCnts, local govcrmnent:
To be rctainrd usually-- -.-..-.-_________ 911 8
TJnnCcrssary or detrimental ones to be dis-
continued --.........--w--e ---. _-- ___.___-_^ 9i 9
Deputy chief, civil LlfhiKi section _____-___-___ 33
(&difiCntions -l___l__l --_- ___________ zi
Destruction of buildings ---------- -_- ___-_,__ 11 it
DCvClopment Of lOCal rrsourccs, rrgriculturrt, in
dustry, commcrcr, P!X-.-_.,...- _..__.__-- ____-____ 120
DirectivCS----- ____-__ ..l_l.._. I ..__- ________-__ 12t :i
Specific, for specific ;ux~s _,.___ -- __.______
Of War and Navy I)rpnrtments _____-____ ;z 2
Discharge of ~WSOIUX~ ________I_______ _-____ 12Y 20
Discriminatory laws b:~Cd 011 UKC, color, CrCCd, .
oq political opinions should be nm~~llrcl~~-~- 9n 12
DisCasC, control---~ l________l_-__ll____I___ 91, 31 12, 42
Displaced ~C~SOII~ LI .--1--11- _.---l__l_.-l_____ 12u 19
Distribution of-
Necessities, food, fu01, medicine, and Cloth-
ing __l._l.l-t.l__lll___----.---... _.__,,__-- 9k 111
Routine orders by Adjutant Crcncrol--~-~~ 12Y 20
Docks :
Construction ancl m:iintcliilnt:c--,-------- 12Y
Engineer Iunctiorl -.._--I........_-_ - _-___ -_ 12y, 31 20, ifi
Doctors ____--_---..--_-----__--I _._---____ 11 14
Domestic territory... _--_-I___ - ____.._- _.__-__ L- 1 1
Duties of civil nffnirs ofliccrs, suprrvisory rnthcr
thnn 0pcr:ltiiig. (S4d SupfxGiion.)
Ecl1clons :
Of civil 2llTiLil3-... I...___..____.. _ 16, 17, 18, 19,21,23 24*,26, 28,
30,33
Palitical___I-.~._. ___ -llllll.-.l. __..-I . -..-.. .-.--_- 25
Cencrnl -_.- ___I_____-__- - 1.e-...__e._.. . . . ..I___ 27, 28 37, ii
Economic:
Circuinstnnccs _.,_.I._ ._~..___....l_l_-._ __.____,__ 5 3
Life, rcvivnl-__- _,l ___._,ll,,l..__.I .l,--l-.-l-l-l- Qk
Situ&on, of occupied nr~n __._._--- -.--_ 31 ::
69
Economics, basic economic policy of United laragra~~h Pll&?
States, corollaries __-_ -__-- ______________ 91c I 11
Economy of-
People,. as affecting theater organization-- 1.5 23
Personnel -______ --__---_---_-_-- _-___ 9d
Education, supervision--- ______ -_-_---- ____ 12v 1:
,Electricity __---__- _______________________ 31 41
Employment, conditions __-_____________ -___ 12n 18
jhlI311y nationals. (See Trading with the
cncmy.)
Disposition, repatriation, or rclocation---- 12U
Claims against United States-------...---- 34
Enemy property custodian. (See -Custody of property.)
Engineer:
Special staff functions--------------_ 12Y
Liaison with civil affairs officers-------- 22
English language. (See Language.)

Enlisted personnel _-- ____ -- ____ -- _____ ----

34
Training--------------------------..-. 2275
Equipment----------------- ____ - ______ --- 31 ::
Espionage-------------------_----------- 26 35
Evacuation----_------------------------ 12y,17 19,24
Evidence, rules of, Army and Navy courts mar
tial to be followed-------- ____ ----- _____ 44
Exchangqrate .--._--..._ - _______ -___-_--___- 12,31 18, ::
To be included in certain orders-------- 34~ .44
Executive authority ---__---- ___-_ -_- _____ - 8 5
Executive officer:
Of civil affairs section __.._______ - ____ - 33
Personnel---...----------------__----.--.- 22: 35
Exercise of control---- ___-_______________ 5
Explosives, seizure-- ______ -_---- ____ -- _____ 286 35
Expulsion,,-----------------__-----__----~--- 45 56
Facilities _____ - __________I_.-__ - _____ --__- 8 5
Civilian transport-- _________-I_______ - l2i
Communication --- _________ -___--___ 12s, 12~ 19, :;:
Damage----------------------------- 91< 11
Information as to, for planning----,--- 31 41
Trinsportation _______-.-..__I____ --___- 12i 9
Farmers to bc supplied with essential equip
ment--l-,-____-_---___,_______________ 9k 11
FM, 27-10, Rules of Land Warfare ______ --__- 7 6
Financial agencies, financial transactions. (See
Trading with the enemy.)
Fines-- _______ - ____ - ____ __-___---___ 9g, 12m,45 6, 18,57
Firearms, seizure ____ -- ____ -_-_- ____ --_- .___ 26
Fire Department, prevention------ _________ 12b, 31

70
 Xnrllgrnl,ll Page
Fiscal officers _____ - _____ i _____ - ___________ 23 32
Fishing :
Development and supervision- __________ 12P 18
Resumption----------- ________ ----___ 9k 11
Fleet commander------- _________ --- _____- 13 74
Flexibility, importance----------- ________ 9e, 23, 30 6, 32,40
Food :
Distribution--------------- ____ --___-_ 9k 11
By Quartermaster ____ -- ______ -__-_ l?y 20
Inspection __--- ____-__ -_-- _________ -_ 91 12
Shortage, upon arrival in occupied tcrri
tory__-_-------------------------- 11,lZf 14,16
Supplies, in occupied area ______ - _____ -_ 31 40
Force commander- _______ - _________ -- ____- 13 22
Force, use of, to prevent escape of prisoners
and persons suspected of crime-----------
Forced laborers---------- __________ -_...-___ II: 1:
Foreign claims commission. (See Claims,
Army; Claims, Navy.)
Forestry, forests-------------_-- ____ - _____ - 9k, 31 11,40
Forfeiture of property---- -_____-_________ -- 45 56
Freedom of-
Press-------.------------------------- 90 5
Religion ____ ---- ____ -_----___- ____-_ - 9m 12
Speech------------------.-------I---- 13
Fuel, distribution _______; _______ - ________ -_ ,;: 11
Functional ofhccrs __--_-_-_________-___I___ 23 33
Qualifications _______I___ - ___________ - 28 \ 38
Functions :
Of civil affairs officers during hostilities--- 12 15
Msintcnance of law and order, civilian de
fense, etc-------,- ___-_ ----- ___-_ -- 12b 15
Funds :
Seizure of and guarding ___-________ 12y, 26,34 20,35,44
*Source of, as affecting claims. (See
Claims.)
Furloughs---------- ________-- ________ _- __.__ 12Y 20
G-l coordination and supervision with civil
affairs officers--------- _____ - ____ -- ______ 12y 20
G-Z coordination and supervision with civil
affairs ofhccrs--- _____ --___- ___..._ -- ____- - 12Y 20
G-3 coordination and supervision with civil ,
affairs ofliccrs ____ -__-- __________ -_---__- 12y q 20
G-4 coordination and supervision with civil
affairs of6cers -___-__-______ - _______ --_-- 12Y 20
Garbage, disposal---; ________ - _____ - _______ 91 12
71
 P:lgt?
Garrisons--- _______ -- ___---_l-______l_ --_ 17
24

Gas----,--_----------------------------- 31
41

General principles in conduct of civil afTairs--- 9

5

Geography, of area, importance -_____--______ 9e, 15

6, 23

Information concerning, for planning---- 31

40

Government:

Native__,----------_-----_________ 9e
G

Property of enemy ___________ -__--_-___ 12s

19

Other governments _-________ -___- _____ 12s

19

Existing, structure, importnncr-..--- _____ 15

23

Operations of, in occupied area ____.I__ -__ 31

40

Habits, local, dietary, study _____-___ _______._ 31

4.0

Hague Convention-- ---_-r-_-_-------L-___ 7

4

Handicapped, institutions __--__---_--______ 12w

Harbors,-------_--------------__-____ 11,31
14, i;

Headquaqters:

Commandant, duties ___-__-____--____ -- 12,

20

Of operational type ____________I__ --___

24,

During campaign __I__________-___ -___ ::

30

Heads of state; removal _.__- A------_--______ 9i 9

Health _____ ----__------ -------- - ---- ---- 91

12

Burial of dead------- __---____-______ - 91

12

Civilian hospitals _____I______-___ --_-_- 12Y

20

Disposal of sewage and garbage --________ 91

12

Food inspection ________-_-I___-___-___ 91

12

In general ___I____-_______--_____I 11,12.f, 31

14, 16, 40

Of occupying forces ___---___________ -- 31

40

Water supply _--------------.----_----- 11

Highways-------------------------------- 31
:t
History of occupied arca, information concern-

ing, to be supplied for planning -_-___ - ____ 31

40

Hoarding------- ____________lr_ -- ________ 9k

1.1

Control_---__-----,-,--------------- 12n

Holidays, local, religious, to be studied------- 31

::

Honors (see nlso G-l ) _--._ -- -_________ - ____ 12Y

20

Function of Adjutant Gcncml---,-----.-- 12Y

20

Hospitalization, function of G-4 ____ - _____-__ 12y

20

Hospitals nnd hospital supplies ______l.--l 11, 12E, 12y

14, 16, 20

Idostages, purposes for which taken---------- 9g

6

Hostile occupation---- _l___l___l_ -_-_- ____ 5

3

Hostilities-- ___-___-_ - __-__ -._-_--___ ____ -__

24

Cessation __-__-_l-l__.---.. ____- _-_- 17, 21, Z

24; 30, 35

Hours of work --_.___ -_ . ..--.-.._ - _.____._______ 9k, 12r

11, ia

I-Iouseboats----------I---_-I___-__-____-- 12j
17

Implemcnt$ of war, custody ___.___ i---___- --_ 12s 19

Imports, control ________ - __I_________ -___ 9k, 12n 11,18

72

Incriminating questions, refusal to answer, right P~la&@~ ZlljiP

of comment upon _____-_--_ - __-_____ ---_ 44 55
Industries, supervision _-_----- 9k, 11,12e, 12p, 31,34 11, 14, 16,
18,40,44
Information ---------- --- -------- 129, t, and y; 22 17, 19, 20,
31
For planning, furnished by War, Navy, and
other departments and by allied govern
ments-------------- -___ 2 __-_____ -_ 31 40
Inhabitants :
Treatment _______l____-l_____________ 9g 6
Relations with _________________ ---__- 12b 15
Dealings with, through local oficials----- 9i
On official basis only-------------- 9i, 12t 9,1:
In general--- _______ -_-_--- _________ - 17 24
Trial of, for oflcnses against security---- 19 28
Characteristics, study ____________ -- ____ 29, 3 1 39, 40
Inland waterways, usually Navy assignment-; 10 13
Insect control--- _I__-___ -- ________ --_---- 91 12
Institutions, local (see also Welfare) __-_____ 9g, 31 6,40
Instruction, subversive or harmful, prevention-- 12v 19
Instructions (see also Orders)--- _-__ --__--_ 37 49
Intelligence _____l____l--_______I____ 1!& 12y, 22 17,20,31
Branches of variouS services, inlormntion
supplied by--- ______-__ -___-___---- 31 40
Officers _-______________ -- ___________ 23 32
Reports __________--______-____ -- ____ 29 39
Internal nrrsngcments. (Sea Headquarters.)

International Law, rules-------- _____ -___-- 7 4%

Internrcs _____________-____________ ---___ 12u 19

Interpretation of purposes of occupation to in-

habitants ---_-_-_-_--_ -- ______ -_-_- ____ 12t 19

Interpreters ---_________I-I_______l_lll 26, 37,44 35,49,55
Intoxicating liquor. (Se8 Liquor.)
Investigation of claims _____l___l-____.__l_ -- 4.8
Investigatory bodies- ___-__ -__--- ____ -___-_ 12~ ii
Islands, island areas, island groups, $ Navy re
sponsibility, usually _______l_ll______ -- 10, 12, 18 13, 15, 27
Joint Army ancl Navy operations ________ -___ 14,23 23,32
Joint Chiefs of Staff:

Certain plans to be submitted to _r_______ 12y, 32 20,42

Determine responsibility between Army and

Navy _-___..______ -- __ll-l__________ 10

&ulnihg POliCiCS for military govcmmcnt, :92
Planning responsibility ____----_ i _..._-..-- i: 42
Judge advocate :

Review of records of military commissions, 40

Review of certain claims ___- _-________ 48 ii

Judicial authority of occupant---- ---------w 8 5

73
 IlUW%%~,l~ IIKC
Judgments should be prompt----- __I----__- 44. 55
Justice, administration _____________________ 3t 40
j uvenile- offenders, special courts for- __--I__-- 39 51
Labor :
Procurement ____________I_____- 9g, Sk, 12y, 3 1 6, 11,20,
40
Native -_- ___.- -________ i-,- _______-__ 12Y 20
Conditions, study __________ - ________-I 31,34 40,44
LLaborers :
Forced ___-I__ -- __________ -__- ______-- 1211 19
Native --___- _________________ -- ____._ 12Y 20
Labor organizations, control--- ______----- -- 9k 11
Land wnrfsrc, rules ___________L_ - _________ 7 4
Language Of-
Pro&motions, ordinnnccs, orders, ctc---- 22 31
Territory by civil nffairs officers--------- 38
Desirnbility of English _______- __________ ii 39
Large units, commanders of, responsibility far
civil affairs----------- __-______-____-____- 27 37
Laws :
Discriminntory to bc annulled--------,- 9n 12
Criminal nnd civil, locnl, modilicntion or
suspension ---__- ______-___ -__- _.__.___ 12c 16
Lawyers (see also Bnr) ---___- -___-_____l_l_ 11 14
Le;uve of absence -.___ - _-____ --- ___--_____ __- t2y 20
Legal advice--l---_--__________________,_ 12c
Legal oficcrs--- _________ - _________-___ -__ 23 ;;
Lcgislntion, lcgislativc functions------ ___._-._-_ 8
Lcgislativc bodies: Usually sus~~cnclccl~~~~-~~~ 9i
Liaison :
Botwecn Army 2nd Navy--- __-_____-_-_ 10 13
Between nov.val nuthorities nflont nnd nshorc
and civil affairs organizations nshorc,.. 12j 17
Between chief of civil affairs section nnd
other combnt and stnff oficcrs ___l._l._l_ 22 31
Spccinl tmining- -___ --- ____--______.__- 34
With civilian ngencics--------- --,..--._-_ iii 4.2
Limitation of time in which to file &rim-----... 48cl 60
Line of communicntion of civil affnirs oficcrs in
territorial type of orgnnizntion_----,------ 16 24
Liquor --.--___ - _____ -- ______-- --_----__- 121,45 15,57
Litigation _I-___-____..._____ - _____-. ___.__-__ 12C 16
Lo& customs and traditions -_-, __-- ____, - _.___- 31f 41
Local govcrnmcnt departments, when to bc rc
tained or discontinued ______-____-- __-_____ 9i 9

LoCal Inw as to contributory ncgligcncc of

clnirnant, egcct---- _____-_______________ 4.8 59

74 c
J.mal officials: 1%!ngrnp11 Pnge
When to be retained or dismissed-------- 9i 9
Members of political parties _______-_____ 9i 9
Subordinate ones to be retained usually~- 9i 9
Dealings with inhabitants through--~~~~~ 9i 9
In operational type of organization------- 24
Police---------------~ ________ ---_-_- :; 35
Local resources- ______ -- _____ ---___-___ 9d, 9c, 12 6, 15
Lumbering--------------------------__- 12lJ 18
Mail, censorship--- ____ - __________ - _______ % 13
Manifesto- ____ --_-___--_--__-----___ _____ 35 45
Manpower. (See Waste.)
Economical use--,- _______ - ____ -__---- 17 24
Manufacture :
Resumption---..- -r------------------- Sk 11
Development and supervision- ____ - __-__ 12P 18
Mal)s----------------------,------------- 12Y 20
Marines (see also Military police; Shore pa
trols) _----___--_-_ --- __-__ - ____ --_ 12b, 18,25 15, 27,34
Arrests, authority ta make ____ --- _______ 264 37
Assignment and command------ ________ 26 36
In general _____ - ________ -_--_-- _.-____ 2f.l 35
Necessity --_--___-_-- _____ -__-_- _____ 26 35
Marketing, control _____ -- _____ -__-__-- _____ 9k 11
Material (see also Strategic material) __-_____ 12 15
Maximum punishments, table..-,- ____ -__---_ 39 51
Medical oficcrs, liaison with civil affairs offi
cers----------------------,_--_------------ 22, 23 31,32
Medicine and medical supplies: I
Distribution -- ____ --- __________ - ____ -_ 9k
Lack-----_-----_____-_--____________ 11 ::
Messcngcrs------------- ____-______-______ 12Y 20
Messing __-- I _-_____._ -_- _____ -___----_-._- 12Y 20
Military administrative arcn ____.___.-__ - --____ l?, 24
Military commissions :
hclvocate~~~~~~-~~-~~~~~--~~~~-~~~~-- 12Y
Appointed by ____ -_- __________-______ - 41 i::
Composition _____ - _______ - _______.._____ 40 51
Establishment -- ____ --- _____-- __________ 50
Jurisdiction - _____ -- -______ ---_- ______ ii 53

Personnel_------_----_--________-____ 4,o 52

Procedure-----,---------------------- 44 54.

Records of, review of by judge _-______ --_ 47 58

Types-----__--_--_-__-I_____________ 39 50

Military control, by agreement or convcntion-- 2 2

Military courts----- __--__-__ - _________ 34,38,48 44, 50,59

Military districts ___-_ -_-__ ______ --_- ___-_-_ 21 30

75

Military government _____________ - ____L____ 21 30

Definition -____ - __I_________ -_ ____-__ 1
In general _____ -__ __-____-___. ____ --_ 22 3:
Planning,,-,_--_-__----------------- 13 22
Territorial and operationnl types------- 16 24
Military governor _-__-_ - ____-__ -L ________ 1 1
Responsibility of civil affairs offtcers-......-- 16
Military intelligence-- ___-_ -c______-____ 12g, 12~ 17, :tT
Military Inwl persons subject to, arrest _._._-____ 26 35
Military necessity------ _-__--_-________ -_ 3
Reprisals--- _____ -__ ___-___ - ________ 9g i
Military police. (SEE Mnrincs; Shore patrol.)
Arrests, authority to make _____ --------I 26
Assigmncnt of command _I_________ -___ 26
Duties--- _____ --- __-_ - _____-___ L---,
In general ____ -__- _____-___ - ____ --__ 22:
Necessity-------------------- _______ 26
Organic units, nv&tbility-- _______ -___ 26
Rear area-- _____ --- ___-______I___ ---
Milk --__: ____-_ - _____________-I -__ --, __ 32;
Mining:
Resumption------ ___________ - ____._.__ 9k 11
Development and supervision ___________ 12,31 1540
Minor offenses------ _-_______l_l_ - ____-__ 39 50
Mission of theater commnnder -_-__-__-__-___ 15 23
Money nnd banking -__r___--_-_l---_______ 9k, 121
Monopolies, public _____._ _.__-- _______ -_-___ 12m ::,
Monuments, preservation ___--.____-__.____.___ 9r 13
Morale----,-----------L---------------- 11 14
Morntoria, debt ____ -- _________I_ --__----_ 121 .I8
Motion pictures, rclcnses- ___l__________l 12t, 12y 19, 20
Motor trucks, busses, and vehicles. (See Trans- ,,,
portation.) 9
Narcotics ____-__ -- r______--__--_______I_ lPb, 45 15,57
National policies -__--____--- - -__--____-__I 4
Native government (see also Local government 9e, 9i 6,:
departments) .
Native labor. (See Labor.)
Nwval advanced bnse zone. (See Zone.)
Nwal combat units, small, should be relicvcd
of civil &airs control ___-_ - ___________ -_ 18 27
Navy Dcpnrtment :
Sccretnry of Navy _____ - _________ -:-- 22
Commander in Chief, U. S. Fleet,--- ::
Chief of Naval Operations ______ -_ 13

76
 Navy Department-Continued. b
Secretary of Navy-Continued. Pnrngmp11 PagO
Joint Chiefs of Staff _-_____ 10, 12y, 13, 32 1,3,20, 22,
42
Combined Chiefs of Staff ______- 10. 13. 32 13, 22,4,2
Fleet commander-- ____ --- ____ --..L 13 22
Force commander---- ___________ -_ 13 22
Vice Chief of Naval Operations--------L 14 23
Oflicc for occupied areas------- ________ 14 23
Neutral territory, military occupation.-..--,---- 3 2
Claims arising _-_--_ - __-____.__________ 48 59
Object of control ________ --- _____ -___----- 4 3
Objectives :
Of military government---------------- 98 G
Economic-------,,---------------I- 17 24
Diplomatic -_- _____ --- _____ -- -___ L--- 17 24
Occasion for military government------------ 3 2
Schools for training---- ____ --- _-__ -___ 29 39
Occupied territory, definition __________ -___ 1 1
Offenders, offcnscs:
Against security ____ --_- ____ -_- ____ -_-_ 19 28
Military Commissions, Jurisdiction------ 42 53
Jurisdiction, minor offenses---- _________
Jurisdiction, serious offenses------------ i: 2
Oflice for occupied areas. (Ses Navy De
partment.)
Oflice procedure-- ____-- ---__---- _________ 12Y 20
Ofhcials, offices :
Actual and no!ninal heads------ ________ 9i 9
Appointment and removal----- ____ -_-- 34
Information concerning ______ - _____ -___ 31 2
Local, use of, control ________...____ -___ 12Y 20
Police, local _____ --- I_-_-_______ --_-_ 26 35
Removal of high political, Cabinet-----
Operating units ___----_ --- I-___---______-_ 1; 2:
Operational type of organization. (Sfx organ
ization.)
Operations, Military ______ -___-__ ____- -___ 4
Single, joint, or combined- _._II_____.-__ 12Y 2:
General __.__ --______--__----- ___-___ 17 24
Operations, theater of. (See Zone.)
,, Order, maintain!ng Public _____ -- ____ 4, 12b, 26, 34 3, 15, 35,

~rderl6es,----------,-------------------- 12Y iit

Orders. (See Civil Affairs orders.)
Annexes----,----------------------- 18,33 27,43
Civil affairs, supervision, excCutlOn--,-- 22
Distribution of, by Adjutant General----, 12Y it
77
Orders-Continued, PtWllgNl~,ll Pngo
Interpreters------ __-______-__________ 37 F
50
Issued through chain of command---.--- 16 24
Language ------ -----_ _____^__________ 22 31
Preparation, by staff assistant-- _______ ___ 23
Routine _____l-l________-__ ---__--___ 33 2
Ordinances _____________ - _____ - __________ 12b
English and dtbcr languages---- ________ 34 ::
In general-:- _______ - ___-_ - ______ ---_ 36 48
Language--~---------------------___ 22 31
Organization: I
Advantages and disadvantages of each type 17 24
Army communications or naval advanced
b asc zone-- _____________I_ --___-_-- 19 28
Civil affairs section-- ______ ---- _______ 3
In general-----:------ ____ -_-___---__ 13-26 2:
Theater, affected by various things------ 15 e 23
Types, operational territorial _-___-..._ -_-_ 16 24
War and Navy Department __-__--___ -- 14. 23
Padlocking, houses of prostitution, ctc-------- 4.5 57
Patrol vessels____ - ____ - ____ ---------_---__ 24, 34 1
PSY-_-____-__----____---------------,-_ 12Y 20
Peace, disturbing ________ - ______________ -_ 26 35 I
Peace conferences--------- __.___ ----__----- 12x 20 1
Personnel--------- _-_____- -- ____ --___-___ 9c
Administrative service------------------ 28 386
Categories, rcquircd---- ______ -- _______ 25 34 1
Civil affairs, selection and training by 1
PMG-___-_------_--------------_- 14 23 1
Clerical, secretarial-----------------~-~ 25 34 1
Enlisted _______ ---- ____ - ____ --__-- 25,27,30 34,37,4,0 1
In gencral~~~_~~~~~~-_~_____________, 27-29 3 7-4.0 1
Military, damage done by, claims- _______ 4.8 58 1
Oniccr---------------------.--------- 27 37
Statistics----- _____I __________ -- _____ -- 12Y 20 1
Versatility essential _-____---_____-_____ 32 1
W&ant ofliccr----- ________- -- ____-__ 8 37
Pestilence-------- ____________________ --__ 11 14
Petroleum production, dcvrlopment--------I- 1211 18
Physicians. (See Doctors.)
Planning, plans-,- _-_-___ - ____-__ - ________ . 13 22
By civil affairs staff section _-_... - ._I______ 31
Chief of, planning by -__-___---_--- zz
Information furnished by----------- 22 3:
In gcncral--- ___-____________ - ____-__ 30-34 4.0-4.4
Responsibility _____ - ____ - _____ - _______ 32 42
Studies of localities, as basis __-- - -______ 31 40
Police. (See Military police; Local oflicials.)
78
Policies : PUi~@YL~l11 Pngo
Basic-- __.-________---__--_______ Introductibn 1
Diplomatic----- _________ -__-_---_--__ 9g
Economic __1-1_-__-_____1_________I -_ 911 1:
Formulation ____ ---------------z____ 12a, 12b 15
. Covernmcntal ____ L---------- _________ 4 3
Military --: _________________ - _________ , 9s 6
National ___________________ --_------- 4 3
Of occupation _I___-_______ - _____ -_-__ 35 45
Political:
Activity prohibited .-----__________I_ -__ 9j 11
Boundaries. (See Boundaries.)
Circumstances-- _______ --------L----- 5
Opinions not to be published ______ -__-_ 9n 1:
Parties _--_--_-_------ _______________ 31 40
Parties, membership-- _______ - _________ 9i 9
Power wielded unofficially----- ______ -__ 31 40
Prisoners, to be relensed _____ -- ______ -__ 9j 11
Subdivision ______ - -_____-______ 17,21,24,25 24,30,34
Subdivisions, to be rctnined------------- 911 +
Pollution of water supply-- ______ - ____ ---*z 91 1:
Prevention --- _______ -_-___------_---- 11 14
Poor, institutions for _______ - _______ -_-_-___ l2w 20
Population, trcatmcnt (se0 also Inhabitants;
Civilians; Civil afTairs orders)------------- 9g 6
Port, duties of civil affairs officers in-------- 12j, 18 17,27
Port arcas ______________ ---__--- _________ 123 11
Postal communications, service ______ -___--_ 1211, 3 1 17, 4.0
Post-War, position of territory ____ -_- _______ 9e
Press, freedom of ________ -- ____ -- __-___--- 90 1:
Press releases, prcpnration- _________ -__-_ 12t and y 19,20
Previous convictions-------------------_ 44 55
Prices, control------ ______ - ____ ---___- --__ 9lc 11
Principles - ___________ -_-- ____l_l________ 9 5
Priority ______-_-_--__-___- _-____ - _________ l2Y 20
Prisoners :
Political, to be released ______ - ________ - 9j, 1211 II,19
Racial prisoners __-_- - ________________ - 9j 11
Prisoners of war, allied---- _l.---l_.---.-l--- 12u 19
Prisons--- .__- ----_l--__- _--------------_- 12b 16
Private property. (See Property.)
Procedure (see also Military commission claims,
Army) ________I___ - _________ - _______-_ 34 44
Proclamations --__-_---------- ________ 12b, 34,3G 15,44,40
English and local languages ____---I....-..-- 35 45
In ~encml_-___-_--___---------- 34 44

79
Proclamations-Continued. rflmgml,ll
Pllg@
Purther proclamations and ordinances--- 36
4.8

Contents-_-,-----__--_____--------~- 36
48

Form and character-----------_-- 48

Issuance---------- ____ - _____ --_- iz 48

Publication -___-__-__-- __I_______

Initial---- ____ --___- ______ - _______-__ 35

Contents---------- ____ -_- ________ 35

Form and character,- __________I___ 35

Publication-------- ______ -_- ______ 35

Language------_-------------------- 22

Procurement:
Claims_------l_--__-------LI--------- 48
59

Of labor------- ____ --_-__-- __________ 9g

6

Of personnel------------------- ______ 27
31

Of services------ _____ --___- _-_____-__ 9g

6

Of supplies _______ ----- ____ -__- ______ 9g, 12y

6,20
Responsibility of lower officers ____-_____ 27

Responsibility of theater commander-----.. 27

i:

Production----------I------------------- 3d,12n 6, 18

Profession8 or callings:
Various, personnel drawn from __-_--.__-- 28
38

Promotion ___--__-- _____ -_-___- _____-____ 12Y

20

Propaganda. (Sea Counterpropaganda.)

Property :
Enemy government, custody-- _--_--_-- 12s 19

Private---- ____ - L_______________-____ 12s s 19

Private, of military use -__--_L------~ 12s, 12y

19,20

Prostitutes -___ --__- ______ --- _________ -___ 39

51

Prostitution, l~ouses of, closing, padlocking--- 45

57

Protection for local officers--- ______________ 9i

Protective measures--- ________ --_- ___._____ 12Y

2:
Protocols------ ----__- ------ __I_-_-____- 21
30

Provost courts--------- __-__ - _____._._.I_____ 39,4,4

51,55

Appointed by -.____ --___- _____ - -___-__ 41

Composition- __________ -___- _--_-I._.__ 19, 40

28, :z
Jurisdiction - ,____- _______c__________-_~ 39,42
51,53

Personnel--- ______l___l__-_____r_I___ 40
t 52

Procedure ___._-_ - ______.-___l_________ 4.4 55

Records -...----L------ -__-_-_c-__--___ 4.6

57

Sentcnixs imposed _----___-__-_---____ 39,45

51,57

Provost marshal --_.. --_- ___-----.. - -__--__-- 12Y

20

Selects and trains personnel _l-_...-_---_- 14,

23

Publications, supplied by Adjutant General- 12~ 20

Public finance, budget, revenues, expencliture, 12m 18

Public health :
Training and cxperiencc in, qualihcations
for functional ofliccrs------- ___- --___ 28f 39

00
Public monopolies. (See Monopolies.) Iaragra~~Il PaCr
Public relations officer .+-_-_-_ -- ____ -___-- 12Y 20
Public utilities :
ODerating exrxxience in, desirable for
-functional &icers----l___________ -_ 28f 39
Planning concerning--------- _____- -_-- 31 40
Restoring -----____--____ -A-- 9k, 11, 12k and y 11,14,1/,
20
Punishment, punitive measures (see also Maxi-
mum punishments) ______-________II_____
Carried out publicly ______ ---___--__-c_
98 6

Limits _____-___ - -_____-- -___---___--

&rchascs -_--_--_--------__--- ____ -- ____ 12n
2 4:
18
Purposes :
Of occupation-I------__-,_-______,___ 12t 19
Set forth in initial proclamation--------- 35 4*5
Qualifications :
Of civil affairs oficcrs __________ --___- 28 38
Executive and administrative experi
ence, management----.--.------.- 28 . 38
Knowledge of territory and language- 28 38
Of functional 0fXcers :
Prafessional training __-__ -___- _____
Quartering---------------------
Quartermaster, distribution
__________
of equipment and
28
12Y ;ll
supplies by __-______________I____ - _____- 12Y 20
Racial discrimination:
Inhabitants imprisoned solely because of,
to be released------------ -____ ______ % 11
Laws based on, to bc annulled--------- 9n 12
Radio---------------_-l-l-------l_-_l__l 121s 15
Releases __l__l___l_ ---__---___--___-_ 12t
Service-------------_--__-,-,---__,__ 31 to
Railroads, railways------------------------ 12i
Use of for civilian Durnoscs ____l-__l_ 1.2~. 31 20, :;I
Rationing ____________-- L--L --__-_--__-_I_ 9k
Rear areas, orgapizstion __________I_ ----__- 18 ::
Rebels --- _______________________________I 1
Reclassification _- ____________________
Record;, of trials before military commissions,
-__-_ 12Y 2:
review of Judge advocate Gcncral (see also
Reporters)------- ______--_ -_- ______-___ 12Y 20
Records, accounts, etc., to bc kept by of
ficers,-------------___,_______________ 12x
Records, historical and current ______________ 9P
Seizure and sealing _________ - ____ -_-___ 26
To be impounded----------,,______,,, 34
81
 page
Regiments, civil affairs control, should be rc
lievcd---------------,,--------_---------- 18
21

Regulations:

As to claims in general-------------_-- 48
58

Navy claims ________ -_-_-_--- _________ 48

60

Reinforccmcnts of civil affairs pcrsonncL---- 18

27

Relations of troops with inhabitants

9i, 12b, 12t, 12y, 17

9, 15, 19,,

20,24

Release. (See Press releases; Radio; Motion

Pictures; Prisoners.)
Relief-------------------------~--~-~~~~~ 12e 16

Religion and religious places--- ____________ 9m 12

Laws discriminating against to bc an

n~illed_-I_-_-_--------_---__------- 911

Local, study ____________ -___-_--_-___ 31

102

Places of religious worship to remain open.. 9m 12

Respect for religious customs and organiza

tions----------------------------- 31
40

Relocation of displnccd persons . ..__----_____...- 12~1

19

Remission of punishment--- ____ ---__-__-___ 38

50

Repatriation of-

Persons I___________________-,-------- 12u

Persons in occupied territories--------- 11
ii

Replacement_----_- ____ -- _____ - _____-____ * 12y

20

Rcportcrs for military coinmissions--------- 4.4

55

Reprisals against inhnbitants------------II- %

6

Requirements for of&xrs, enlisted personnel

materials, planning for_----_-_-----___-- 30

40

Requisitions -L---- ____- - ____I____________ 1211

18

For pcrsonncl and materials--------,--- 90, 34,

40,44.

Rcsourccs (See also Local resources) -_______ 9d

6

Responsibility, division of:

Bctwccn Army and Navy-------------- 10

Bctwecn United States and allies--.-,--.. 10

fi
Plans. (See Planning.)
Retention of-
Existing laws, customs, and political sub
divisions------------------_- ______ 9h
Local oficcrs and offices --------------- 9i i

Retirement of personnel- _____ - _____ - _____ -_ 12y 20

Revenues, public----- _________l_l_ll_llll_ 12m 18

Review of records of military commissions by

judge advocate- _______ - ____ -__-_- _____ 12y, 47
20,58

Rioting--- ______l_l_______l__________I___ 26
35

Roads---------------------------------- 12i

Construction and maintenance __--__l-l_ 12Y

:7;
Rolling stock __________ - _-_-_-_--___I___-_ 31
40

82

c- 7

Routine orders; (See Orders, routine.) Illi?ll&Ul~~ll PllSC

Rules for trials. (See Procedure.)
Sabotage and saboteurs, preventing and thwart
ing---- ____ ------: -____ ----___-- ___- 4, 26, 31
3, 35,4q

Sacred places, information concerning-------- 31

40

Safe deposit-- _---_ - ____-_____-_-___----_ - 121

18

Salvage _______._ - -_.___ --- ________ - _____ --- 12Y

20

Sanitation ____ - __._---_- _____ -__ 9i, 11, 12f, 12y, 31

9, 14,16,

20,4.0

Duties of surgeon--------- _______ ----- 12Y 20

Schools. (See Instruction.)

Schools of military government train adminis
trative and specialist personnel ____ - _____ -_ 39

Seal and sealing records and archives------- 35

Secretarial personnel. (See Personnel.)

Secretary of Navy _________________________ 22

May certify meritorious claims in excess of

$5,000 to Congress for payment------ 59

Secretary of War-------- _____ -__-- _____ --- 22

Advised by Civil Affairs Division _-------- 14

23

Sections of areas, when advanced, what com

mander should do-- ______ - _--------_---- 19
28

Security:

Of occupying force- _____ -___--- ____-_ 4~,12g

3, 17

Officers ---I_______-___ -- ________--__ 22.

31

Sentence (see also Death scntcnces) _________- 34

44

Padlocking, Expulsion; Confiscation, Con

finement, Fines, Confirmation, Mitiga
tion; Disapproval, Commutation, Rc
mitting, Vacating------- _______--___ 2; 57

Review of _---__-__--_-___---_-------- 58

Serious offenses------------- __--___------- 38

Services- __-__ -_- ____ -- ________ ----_-___ 8, 9, 31

.5,::

Service trades--------------- _____ -- ______ 9k

11

Sewage and sewerage--- _____ - ____ -_--- _-__ 12f, 31

iF, 40

Shelter--------------- _-__ -- ---- - ----...--- 12Y

20

Short patrols (see &so Military police; Ma

rines) ____.____ - ___----- -_--___--___ 12b, 18,25 15,27,34* ,

In general ______ -_-_-- ___________ -__- 26,34 35,44

Necessity ---- _-----__ -- ______ ---___-_ 35

Assignment and command ____________ 22: r

;;
Arrests, authority to make _______ -- _____ 2G
Shrines, preservation...--------- _-___._--____ 9r 13

Signal communication - _____ -______ ----_-___ 12y 20

Signal oflicer ____.__-___ -- __l__l_______ 12Y 20

Social relationships, (See Relations.)

Sovereignty cloes not pass to occupant--------- 1

1

83

 Pnge
Specialists and specilization (see also Schools
-of military government)--.L-- __-____ 11, 25, 28
14, 34, 38

Special staff functions, generally-_______ ____ 12Y

20

Speech, freedom of ____ - _____ --__-_-___-___ 9o

Spies_----------------------------------- 31
2

Staff. (See Special staff functions, G-l, G-2,

G-3, G-4; Staff sections; Civil affairs staff

section; Staff assistants; Staff officers.)

Staff assistants:

Duties ____------_- - -----_ -__--___-__- 23

32.
No fixed assignments------- ____ --__ 23

Investigate problems--- ____ --__-__-_ 23

2

Collect information----------------
32

Prepare orders----r-__----__ - _____ 223

32

Qualifications __-_- _____ -___-__- ______ 28

38

St& officers, civil affairs. officers may be, of

commander of unit _---.----_-_____ - ______ 18

27

aff sections (see also G-l, G-2, G-3, and

G-4)-----------------------------,---- 12Y
20

Coordination between civil affairs officers

and other staff sections-------------- 12Y

20

itistics-------- _____ - --___c___ --- _______ 12Y

20

rategic material _______-----__----_______ 12

15

otrategical rcquiremcnts as affecting control

through operational and military administra
tive area commanders- _-----_-_-__-__--.-. 24,

Studies of local matters, as basis of planning-- i:

40

Subversive instruction. (SSS Instruction.)

suits. ($60 Claims.)

lummons to dcfcndant------ _____ - ___- -___ 43

55

hpcrvision :

And coordination with G-l, G-2, G-3,

and G-4~------_-------_--_---------- 12Y

In general-------- _______I__ -_- ______ 22

321
Of agriculture, commerce, etc _______-__- 120, 3 1
18,40

Of educational system __I...__-----__-_-- 12v

19

Of industries-- _____________-____-____ 9k
11

Of production __l__l_________ - ________ 9d

6

Rather than operating head, general rule

for civil affairs oflicers-- ___l____ll___ 9i

9

! upremncy of commanding officer------------ 8

5

! upplies :

In general _.___-- - ______ - __----_-- ---- i7,31 24, 30

Medical ___________l____l________ Il,12j, 12~ 14, 17, 20

84

 pwe
Specialists and specilization (see also Schools
of military government) - _______ -_---- 11, 25, 28
14, 34, 38

Special staff functions, generally-L ______..-___ 12y

20

Speech. freedom of---- __________ -___---__-

Spies-~---_------------------------------ i;
:;
Staff. (See Special staff functions, G-l, G-2,

G-3, G-4; Staff sections; Civil affairs staff

section; Staff assistants; Staff officers.)

Staff assistants:

Duties- _______--_--_-----_-__________ 23
32,

No fixed assignments _______________ 23

Investigate problems _-_l_____l_l___ 23

2

Collect information ____-___-______ -

32

Prepare orders ____ ----------- _____ ;33

32

Qualifications -_-_- ___c_____ - _________ 28

38

Staff officers, civil affairs, officers may be, of

commander of unit ____ - _____ - ____ ---_-__ 18

27

Staff sections (see also G-l, G-2, G-3, and

G-4) -_-____-_________________________ 12Y

20

Coordination between civil affairs officers

and other staff sections ____ - _________ 12y

20

Statistics ____ -__- _____ - -__----___---- - ____ 12Y

20

Strategic material-------- ______ -- _________ 12

15

Strategical requirements as affecting Control

through operational and military administras

tive area commanders-- ________ -- ____ --__ 17
24,

Studies of local matters, as basis of planning-- 31

40

Subversive instruction. (See Instruction.)

Suits. (See Claims.)

Summons to defendant-- __-__ - ________ -___ 43

55

Supervision :

And coordination with G-i, G-2, G-3,

and G-4 ____________-I_____-------- 12p

In- general--- ______ -- -__-_I_--___ --__ ._ 22

31
Of agriculture, commerce, etc ___-_______ 120, 3 1
18, 4.0

Of educational system- _-______ - _-____ - 12v 19

Of industries- ______ --__-___- _____ --__ 9k 11

Of production------- ___- - ___-_ -_---__ 9d 6

Rather than operating head, general rule

for civil affairs ofSccrs--------- ______ 9i
9

Supremacy of commanding ofhcer----...------- 8

5

Supplies :

In general ______ -_-- _r_______--_-_--- 17,31 24j 30

Medical----------------- ________ 11,12j, 12~ 14, 17, 20

84

Supplies-Continued. Parngmpl\ Puge

Occupied territory as source- ____________ 9k
Quartermaster------ _____ --___---___-- 12Y ::,
Supply officers, liaison with civil affairs officers- 22
Surgeon---------_-------------------_---- 12Y ii
Taboos----~----------------------------- 31 40
Tactical unit commanders------------------ . 28
Task force ____I__________________ -___--_- :z 30
Commander exercises same control as the-
ater commander __-_-_ ---___-_-___-- 21 30
Taxes, collection------ ______ ---__-__-__--_ 12m
Teamwork, importance-- _______I________ --- 12Y :i
Technical specialists-- ______ ----___---___-- 25
Telegraph-- _..._.- - _...-_- _______I__ -- _____ 12h,Sl 17, :d
Telephone ____ --__--___-__-__- ____ L _____ 1211,31 17,40
Territorial type of organization. (See Organization,)
Theater commander:
Directives---------------------------- 32 42
In general------- _--____ -_-__--__-__-I 13 22
Mission of, as affecting planning------ 15, 19, 20 23, 28,30
Theater of operation------ __-_ -__-__--_ 12y, 13,21 22,30
After cessation of hostilities------------- 21 30
During campaign- _____________ - __-___
Planning___-------------------------- :: ii!
Theater organization depends on mission,
forces, etc---- ___._ -_- ---------,---------
Topograpl~y~~~~~~~~-~____________________ ;: i:
Trade. (See Trading with the enemy.)
Development and, supervision ___________ 12q 18
Trading with the enemy------------------- 121 18
Traditions, local------ ____________________ 31 40
Traffic, control _l____--_--_____--_l__ 12b, 12y, 39 19, 20,51
Training :
In iiaison _____ --_-- __________________ 34
In theater of operations----- ___________ z95 t 39
Of Army personnel ____________ -------- 12Y 20
Of civil affairs officers _____ -__-- _______ 12a
In the United States-------------- 27
By schools of military govern
ment----- -____-^___-_-_--_ 29 39
Of combat troops--- .----.-----. -- ______ 17 24
Of Navy personnel ____________________ 14
Transcript of testimony (see also Records; Re
porters) ___- ---l-I--------------------- 46
Transfer : Paragranh PR@
Of sovereignty, none in military occupa
tion---l-l-i7_------------------ 1

Of 06icersL ---L--L----------?------ 12Y 2:
Translations of proclamations, ordinances, etc-- 35
Transport officer, duties------------ ______ 9k, 12~ 11,::
Transportation------ ____----____ -_ 11, 12i, s, y, 25 14,17, 19,
20,34
Training and experience in, for functional
officers ----_---_--___---__-___ _____ 28,31 38,40
Treatment of local population will vary ac
cording to attitudes------ ______L___ - _____ 9s 6
Trials (see nlso Judge advocate) __--------__ 4.4, 12~ 55,20
Records ---___-- _____- -___-___- -_____ 19
Tribal customs ______.-__ - _____ --- _____ -___ 31 ii
Tribunals _-_____ - ______ - ________ -- ______ 38 30
Troops, relations with inhabitants----------- 17 24
Types of organization. (See Organization.)
Utilities. (See Public utilities.)
Vagrants -_------__-_---_--_-_I__________ 51
Versatility in personnel essential----------- ;:, 32
Vice Chief of Naval Operations, in charge
of Office for Occupied Areas----- _________ 14 23
Wages, abnormal increases---------------- 9k, 12r 11,17
War Department:
Organization of Civil Affairs Division--- 14, 32 23,42
Information for planning _-____ -___-__
Responsibility for planning-------,---- ;: 1:
Warrant officers- _-__-____ - _____-_______ -_ 25,27 34,37
Waste---------------------------------- 12f 16
Of manpower_------,--------------- 17 24
Water supply-----------------,--- _______ -_ 91 12
Pollution,------ ______________ -_-___ 11,12f 14,16
Works_----------------------------- 31 40
Protection _____ -- ____ - ______ --_---___ 31 40
Waterways------------------ _____________
12i 11
Welfare, public __-__ -- ____ --_-_--_-- _____
12w, 34 20,44
Wireless. (See Radio.)

Witnesses ________________ --_-_ ________ -_

44 55
Works, public- ___---__-----__-----------
31 40
Worship. (See Religion.)

Zone :

Of operations--- _______ - ___-________ - 17,19 24,2S

Combat ---___ ----___ _____ -_-_ _-__ 18 27
86

For H& by the S&crintendent of Documents. U. S. Government Printing Office

Wnslhgton, 1). C. - Price 15 cents