cates ha The members of this building frame are all fixed connected, so the framework is statically indeterminate.Displacement Method of Analysis: Slope- Deflection Equations In this chapter we will briefly outline the basic ideas for analyzing structures using the displacement method of analysis. Once these concepts have been presented, we will develop the general equations of slope deflection and then use them to analyze statically indetermi- nate beams and frames 11.1 Displacement Method of Analysi General Procedures All structures must satisly equilibrium, load-displacement, and compatibility of displacements requirements in order to ensure their safety. It was stated in Sec, 10-1 that there are two different ways to satisfy these requirements when analyzing a statically indeterminate structure, The force method of analysis, discussed in the previous chapter, is based on identifying the unknown redundant forces and then satisfying the structure's compatibility equations. This is done by expressing the displacements in terms of the loads by using the load-displacement relations, The solution of the resultant equations yields the redundant reactions, and then the equilibrium equations are used to determine the remaining reactions on the structure. The displacement method works the opposite way. It first requires satisfying equilibrium equations for the structure. To do this the unknown displacements are written in terms of the loads by using the load-displacement relations, then these equations are solved for the displacements. Once the displacements are obtained, the unknown loads are determined from the compatibility equations using the load-displacement relations. Every displacement method follows this 451452 CHAPTER 11 DISPLACEMENT METHOD OF ANALYSIS: SLOPE-DEFLECTION EQUATIONS general procedure. In this chapter, the procedure will be generalized to produce the slope-deflection equations. In Chapter 12, the moment-distribution method will be developed. This method sidesteps the calculation of the displacements and instead makes it possible to apply a series of converging corrections that allow direct calculation of the end moments. Finally, in Chapters 14, 15, and 16, we will illustrate how to apply this method using matrix analysis, making it suitable for use on a computer. In the discussion that follows we will show how to identify the unknown displacements in a structure and we will develop some of the important load-displacement relations for beam and frame members. The results will be used in the next section and in later chapters as the basis for applying the displacement method of analysis. Degrees of Freedom. When a structure is loaded, specified points on it, called nodes, will undergo unknown displacements. These displacements are referred to as the degrees of freedom for the structure, and in the displacement method of analysis it is important to specify these degrees of freedom since they become the unknowns when the method is applied. The number of these unknowns is referred to as the degree in which the structure is kinematically indeterminate, To determine the kinematic indeterminacy we can imagine the structure to consist of a series of members connected to nodes, which are usually located at joints, supports, at the ends of a member, or where the members have a sudden change in cross section. In three dimensions, cach node on a frame or beam can have at most three linear displacements and three rotational displacements; and in two dimensions, each node can have at most two linear displacements and one rotational displacement. Furthermore, nodal displacements may be restricted by the supports, or due to assumptions based on the behavior of the structure, For example, if the structure is a beam and only deformation due to bending is considered, then there can be no linear displacement along the axis of the beam since this displacement is caused by axial-force deformation, To clarify these concepts we will consider some examples, beginning with the beam in Fig. 11-1a. Here any load P applied to the beam will cause node A only to rotate (neglecting axial deformation), while node B is completely restricted from moving. Hence the beam has only one unknown degree of freedom, #4, and is therefore kinematically indeter- minate to the first degree. The beam in Fig. 11-1b has nodes at A, B, and and so has four degrees of freedom, designated by the rotational displacements 04, 0g, 0c, and the vertical displacement Ac. It is kinemat- ically indeterminate to the fourth degree. Consider now the frame in Fig. Li-Le. Again, if we neglect axial deformation of the members, an arbitrary loading P applied to the frame can cause nodes B and C to rotate, and these nodes can be displaced horizontally by an equal amount. The frame therefore has three degrees of freedom, 0g, Oc. As, Fig. 11-1 and thus it is kinematically indeterminate to the third degree.11.2 SLoPe-DeFtrcrioN Eauarions In summary, specifying the kinematic indeterminacy or the number of unconstrained degrees of freedom for the structure is a necessary first step when applying a displacement method of analysis. It identifies the number of unknowns in the problem, based on the assumptions made regarding the deformation behavior of the structure, Furthermore, once these nodal displacements are known, the deformation of the structural members can be completely specified, and the loadings within the members obtained. 11.2 Slope-Deflection Equations As indicated previously, the method of consistent displacements studied in Chapter 10 is called a force method of analysis, because it requires writing equations that relate the unknown forces or moments in a structure. Unfortunately, its use is limited to structures which are not highly indeterminate. This is because much work is required to set up the compatibility equations, and furthermore each equation written involves all the unknowns, making it difficult to solve the resulting set of equations unless a computer is available. By comparison, the slope-deflection method is not as involved. As we shall see, it requires less work both to write the necessary equations for the solution of a problem and to solve these equations for the unknown displacements and associated internal loads. Also, the method can be easily programmed on a computer and used to analyze a wide range of indeterminate structures, The slope-deflection method was originally developed by Heinrich Manderla and Otto Mohr for the purpose of studying secondary stresses in trusses, Later, in 1915, G. A, Maney developed a refined version of this technique and applied it to the analysis of indeterminate beams and framed structures. General Case. The slope-deflection method is so named since it relates the unknown slopes and deflections to the applied load on a structure, In order to develop the general form of the slope-deflection equations, we will consider the typical span AB of a continuous beam as shown in Fig. 11-2, which is subjected to the arbitrary loading and has a constant EI. We wish to relate the beam’s internal end moments M 4g and Mp, in terms of its three degrees of freedom, namely, its angular displacements 4 and 0g, and linear displacement A which could be caused by a relative settlement between the supports. Since we will be developing a formula, moments and angular displacements will be considered positive when they act clockwise on the span, as shown in Fig. 11-2. Furthermore, the linear displacement A is considered positive as shown, since this displacement causes the cord of the span and the span’s cord angle ¥ to rotate clockwise. The slope-deflection equations can be obtained by using the principle of superposition by considering separately the moments developed at each support due to each of the displacements, 4, 0g, and A, and then the loads. Elis constant tive sign convention Fig. 11-2 453454 Chapter 11 DisPLacEMENT METHOD OF ANALYSIS: SLoPE- EFLECTION EQUATIONS Angular Displacement at A, @q. Consider node A of the member shown in Fig. 11-3e to rotate 04 while its far-end node B is held fixed ‘To determine the moment M 4g needed to cause this displacement, we will use the conjugate-beam method. For this case the conjugate beam is shown in Fig. 11-3b. Notice that the end shear at A’ acts downward on the beam, since @, is clockwise. The deflection of the “real beam” in Fig. 11-3a is to be zero at A and B, and therefore the corresponding sum of the moments at each end A’ and B’ of the conjugate beam must also be zero. This yields > 1(Mag L 1(Mpa 2b woeee (EEE Clee -o i Ms) J£-E(4) |# - (a e)3 [ae /h fs * eae =o from which we obtain the following load-displacement relationships. (4EMy 4EL Mas =". (ia) Mpa = hy, (12) Angular Displacement at B, 0g. Ina similar manner, if end B of the beam rotates to its final position 0s, while end A is held fixed, Fig. 11-4, we can relate the applied moment Mga to the angular displacement and the reaction moment M ag at the wall. The results are 4 7 88 (11-3) Maz = 65 qs)11.2 SLoPe-DeFtrcrioN Eauarions Relative Linear Displacement, A. If the far node B of the member is displaced relative to A, so that the cord of the member rotates clockwise (positive displacement) and yet both ends do not rotate, then equal but Opposite moment and shear reactions are developed in the member, Fig. 11-Sa. As before, the moment M can be related to the displacement A using the conjugate-beam method. In this case, the conjugate beam, Fig. 11-56, is free at both ends, since the real beam (member) is fixed supported. However, due to the displacement of the real beam at B, the ‘moment at the end B’ of the conjugate beam must have a magnitude of A as indicated. * Summing moments about B', we have I May = Mpa = M = "A (sy By our sign convention, this induced moment is negative since for equilibrium it acts counterclockwise on the member. real beams conjugate beam ©) © Fig. 11-5 ‘The moment diagrams shown on the conjugate beam were determined by the method ‘of superposition for a simply supported beam, as explained in See. 4-5 455456 Chapter 11 DisPLacEMENT METHOD OF ANALYSIS: SLoPE- (t EFLECTION EQUATIONS real beam ‘conjugate beam @ () Fig. 11-6 Fixed-End Moments. In the previous cases we have considered relationships between the displacements and the necessary moments Mag and Mga acting at nodes A and B, respectively. In general, however, the linear or angular displacements of the nodes are caused by loadings acting on the span of the member, not by moments acting at its nodes. In order to develop the slope-deflection equations, we must transform these span loadings into equivalent moments acting at the nodes and then use the load-displacement relationships just derived. This is done simply by finding the reaction moment that each load develops at the nodes. For example, consider the fixed-supported member shown in Fig. 11-64, which is subjected to a concentrated load P at its center. The conjugate beam for this case is shown in Fig. 11-65. Since we require the slope at each end to be zero, [ze 2\ger +138, = ‘This moment is called a fixed-end moment (FEM). Note that according to our sign convention, it is negative at node A (counterclockwise) and positive at node B (clockwise). For convenience in solving problems, fixed-end moments have been calculated for other loadings and are tabulated on the inside back cover of the book. Assuming these FEMs have been determined for a specific problem (Fig, 11-7), we have Mas = (FEM) Msa = (FEM)sa (is) EEMas HEM) 54 Fig. 1-711.2 SLoPe-DeFtrcrioN Eauarions 457 Slope-Deflection Equation. If the end moments due to each displacement (Eqs. 11-1 through 11-5) and the loading (Eq. 11-6) are added together, the resultant moments at the ends can be written as stan 24(2)[ana +64 =3(2)] + Na ay) Mpa~ 28(Z) [ers + O4- (2) + (FEM) 4, Since these two equations are similar, the result can be expressed as a single equation, Referring to one end of the span as the near end (N) and the other end as the far end (F), and letting the member stiffness be represented as k = 1/L, and the span’s cord rotation as & (psi) = A/L, wwe can write My = 2EK(20y + 0p ~ 3) + (FEM)w 11-8) For Intemal Span or End Span with Far End Fixed) !-®) where ‘My = internal moment in the near end of the span; this moment is positive clockwise when acting on the span. E, k = modulus of elasticity of material and span stiffness k= TL. 6,0 = near- and far-end slopes or angular displacements of the span at the supports; the angles are measured in radians and are positive clockwise ¥y = span rotation of its cord due to a linear displacement, that is, J = A/Z; this angle is measured in radians and is, positive clockwise. (FEM), = fixed-end moment at the near-end support; the moment is positive clockwise when acting on the span; refer to the table on the inside back cover for various loading conditions. From the derivation Eq. 11-8 is both a compatibility and load- displacement relationship found by considering only the effects of bending and neglecting axial and shear deformations. It is referred to as the general slope-deflection equation. When used for the solution of problems, this equation is applied twice for cach member span (AB); that 1s, application is from A to B and from B to A for span AB in Fig. 11-2. ‘This pedestsian bridge has a reinforced concrete deck, Since it extends over all its supports, it is indeterminate to the second degree, ‘The slope deflection equations provide a convenient method for finding the internal moments in each span.458 Chapter 11 DISPLACEMENT METHOD OF ANaLYsis: SLOPE- A a - 7 I 1 — @ (EM) as co) Fig. 1-8 EFLECTION EQUATIONS Pin-Supported End Span. Occasionally an end span of a beam or frame is supported by a pin ot roller at its far end, Fig. 11-8a. When this occurs, the moment at the roller or pin must be zero; and provided the angular displacement 0 at this support does not have to be determined, we can modify the general slope-deflection equation so that it has to be applied only once to the span rather than twice.To do this we will apply Eq. 11-8 or Eqs. 11-7 to each end of the beam in Fig. 11-8. This results in the following two equations: My = 2EK(20y + Op — 34) + (FEM) (1-9) 0 = 2EK(28¢ + Oy — 3H) +0 Here the (FEM) is equal to zero since the far end is pinned, Fig. 11-85 Furthermore, the (FEM),y can be obtained, for example, using the table in the right-hand column on the inside back cover of this book. Multiply- ing the first equation by 2 and subtracting the second equation from it eliminates the unknown 6 and yields My = 3EK(0y — W) + (FEM) 11-10) Only for End Span with Far End Pinned or Roller Supported | 1!) Since the moment at the far end is zero, only one application of this equation is necessary for the end span. This simplifies the analysis since the general equation, Eq, 11-8, would require two applications for this span and therefore involve the (extra) unknown angular displacement 6g (or Of) at the end support. To summarize application of the slope-deflection equations, consider the continuous beam shown in Fig. 11-9 which has four degrees of freedom, Here Eq, 11-8 can be applied twice to each of the three spans, ie., from A to B, B to A, B to C, Cto B,C to D, and D to C. These equations ‘would involve the four unknown rotations, #4, Og, 8c, Op. Since the end moments at A and D are zero, however, it is not necessary to determine 04 and @p. A shorter solution occurs if we apply Eq. 11-10 from B to A and C to D and then apply Eq, 11-8 from B to C and C to B. These four equations will involve only the unknown rotations 0 and Oc.11.3 Analysis of Beams Laer Per Degrees of Freedom Label all the supports and joints (nodes) in order to identify the spans of the beam or frame between the nodes, By drawing the deflected shape of the structure, it will be possible to identify the number of degrees of freedom. Here each node can possibly have an angular displacement and a linear displacement, Compatibility at the nodes is maintained provided the members that are fixed connected to a node undergo the same displacements as the node. If these displacements are unknown, and in general they will be, then for convenience assume they act in the positive direction so as to cause clockwise rotation of a member or joint, Fig. 11-2. Slope-Deflection Equations ‘The slope-deflection equations relate the unknown moments applied to the nodes to the displacements of the nodes for any span of the structure. If a load exists on the span, compute the FEMs using the table given on the inside back cover. Also, if a node has a linear displacement, A, compute y = A/L for the adjacent spans. Apply Eq, 11-8 to cach end of the span, thereby generating two slope- deflection equations for each span, However, ifa span at the end of a continuous beam or frame is pin supported, apply Eq. 11-10 only to the restrained end, thereby generating one slope-deflection equation for the span. Equilibrium Equations Write an equilibrium equation for each unknown degree of freedom for the structure, Each of these equations should be expressed in terms of unknown internal moments as specified by the slope-deflection equations. For beams and frames write the moment equation of equilibrium at each support, and for frames also write joint moment equations of equilibrium. Ifthe frame sidesways or deflects horizontally, column shears should be related to the moments at the ends of the column. This is discussed in Sec. 115. Substitute the slope-deflection equations into the equilibrium equations and solve for the unknown joint displacements. These results are then substituted into the slope-deflection equations to determine the internal moments at the ends of each member. If any of the results are negative, they indicate counterclockwise rotation; whereas positive moments and displacements are applied clockwise. 11.3 ANAtysis oF Beams 459460 CHAPTER 11 DISPLACEMENT METHOD OF ANALYSIS: SLOPE-DEFLECTION EQUATIONS EXAMPLE |11 Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in Fig. 11-10a. EV is constant, @ ) Fig. 11-10 SOLUTION Slope-Deflection Equations. ‘Iwo spans must be considered in this problem, Since there is no span having the far end pinned or roller supported, Eq. 11-8 applies to the solution. Using the formulas for the FEMs tabulated for the triangular loading given on the inside back cover, we have _ we 66% (FEM)ge = — 9” = — yg” = 77-2 KN-m wh? _ 6(6)? (FEM)cg = G5 = p= 108KN-m Note that (FEM) gc is negative since it acts counterclockwise on the ‘beam at B. Also, (FEM) 42 = (FEM) x4 = 0 since there is no load on span AB. In order to identify the unknowns, the clastic curve for the beam is shown in Fig. 11-105, As indicated, there are four unknown internal ‘moments, Only the slope at B, 6g, is unknown. Since A and Care fixed supports, 0, = 8c = 0, Also, since the supports do not settle, nor are they displaced up or down, v4 = Yc = 0. For span AB, considering A to be the near end and B to be the far end, we have My =26(£)(20y + 6p ~ 38) + (FEM) Mas = 28(2)200) 1 Og — 3(0)] 10 = o, a ‘Now, considering B to be the near end and A to be the far end, we have Msa= 26(2)i24 +0 -300)] 40= Boy Q Ina similar manner, for span BC we have sine =24(2)zne -0- 0) -72-222o,-12 @) Mes = 2#(Z)20 + 0, — 3(0)] + 108 Bo, +108 (4)11.3 ANAtysis oF Beams 461 Equilibrium Equations. The above four equations contain five unknowns. The necessary fifth equation comes from the condition of ‘moment equilibrium at support B. The free-body diagram of a segment of the beam at B is shown in Fig. 11-10c. Here Mg, and Mgc are assumed to act in the positive direction to be consistent with the slope- deflection equations* The beam shears contribute negligible moment about B since the segment is of differential length. Thus, (+3Mp = 0; Mga + Mgc = 0 ©) To solve, substitute Eqs. (2) and (3) into Eq, (5), which yields BE Resubstituting this value into Eqs. (1)-(4) yields May = 154KN-m Mpa = 309KN-m Myc = ~3.09KN-m Mep = 12.86kN-m The negative value for Mgc indicates that this moment acts counter- clockwise on the beam, not clockwise as shown in Fig. 11-100. Using these results, the shears at the end spans are determined from the equilibrium equations, Fig. 11-10d. The free-body diagram of the entire beam and the shear and moment diagrams are shown in Fig. 11-10¢. LS4kN-m. 1544N-m By, = OSTRN aq 0579 kw 1 max Ss Va. Msc Te © 0579 6RN/ qd D 1s 3.09KNoma | gq | 12.86 EN-m @ *Clockwise on the beam segment, but —by the principle of ation, equal but opposite reaction —cotinterclockwise on the support. SRN/m 1363 kN S6KN-m 495 KN 43, 3) Xt096 15 (an) sar : 6 sf 1 [036 309 1286 ©462 Chapter 11 DisPLaCEMENT METHOD OF ANALYSIS: SLOPE-DEFLECTION EQUATIONS EXAMPLE |11 ‘Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in Fig. 11-114, Elis constant. 2 kite v 40 [--_—as. fsa @ Fig. 11-11 SOLUTION Slope-Deflection Equations. Two spans must be considered in this problem. Equation 11-8 applies to span AB. We can use Eq. 11-10 for span BC since the end C is on a roller. Using the formulas for the FEMS tabulated on the inside back cover, we have wi 1 a (BEM) ax = — > ~~ 75 (2)(24)? = —96k ft awe 2 = 96k (FEM) aq =“ = Gy) 24)? = 96-8 3(12)(8) (FEM)pe = ~ 32 = IO) ise Note that (FEM) 4s and (FEM)gc are negative since they act counterclockwise on the beam at A and B, respectively. Also, since the supports do not settle, Yigz — ac ~ 0. Applying Eq. 11-8 for span AB and realizing that 64 = 0, we have 4 =26(L)cang + 06 =) © BM Man = 2#(Z)e0) + Op — 3(0)] - 96 Map = 0.08333E105 — 96 a Mpa = 26(£)20» +0 -3(0)] +96 Mpa = O16STETOg = 96 @ Applying Eq, 11-10 with B as the near end and C as the far end, we have L My = s6( Loos — ¥) + (FEM) Mac = 0(2) os = 0) 18 Mac = 0375E10y — 18 @ Remember that Eq. 11-10 is not applied from C (near end) to B (far end),11.3 ANAtysis oF Beams 463 Equilibrium Equations. The above three equations contain four unknowns. The necessary fourth equation comes from the conditions of equilibrium at the support B. The free-body diagram is shown in Fig. 11-116. We have (+2Mg = 0; Mga + Mpc @ To solve, substitute Eqs. (2) and (3) into Eq, (4). which yields _ M440 8 ED Since 0g is negative (counterclockwise) the elastic curve for the beam has been correctly drawn in Fig. 11-11a. Substituting 0, into Egs. (1)-(3), we get Mag = ~108.0k-ft Mapa = 72.0k- ft Moe = -72.0k-ft Using these data for the moments, the shear reactions at the ends, of the beam spans have been determined in Fig. 11-L1c. The shear and moment diagrams are plotted in Fig. 11-11d te gfapls ©) at ae varsb—ns—t me] aen mek beh ” ve © ass Ss 1B pr 232 Tans Ml) sas 24 28 Ta5 Zz -n ~08 @ (8) (0)464 CHAPTER 11 DISPLACEMENT METHOD OF ANALYSIS: SLOPE-DEFLECTION EQUATIONS EXAMPLE |11 1-12a, 100 GPa, Determine the moment at A and B for the beam shown in Fi ‘The support at B is displaced (settles) 80 mm. Take £ T= 5(10°) mm‘, SkN @) Fig. 1-12, SOLUTION Slope-Deflection Equations. Only one span (AB) must be considered in this problem since the moment Mgc due to the overhang can be calculated from statics. Since there is no loading on span AB, the FEMs are zero. As shown in Fig. 11-12, the downward displacement (settlement) of B causes the cord for span AB to rotate clockwise. Thus, A sa ep 8 Yas = bea = oem = 0.02 rad ‘The stiffness for AB is © 1 _ 5(10°) mm'(107?) m'/mm = 6) mx? L tm = 1.25(10°) mr’ Applying the slope-deflection equation, Eq. 11-8, to span AB, with 64 = 0, we have ttn =26(2 me 6930+ EM ‘Mag = 2(200(10°) N/m*)[1.25(10~) m?J[2(0) + 0g — 3(0.02)} +0 (1) Mpa = 2(200(10°) N/m*)(1.25(107°) m*][26g + 0-3(0.02)]} +0 (2). Ve, S000N Equilibrium Equations. ‘The free-body diagram of the beam at support B is shown in Fig, 11-12c, Moment equilibrium requires mas( | = | sco 13 (4EMg = 0; Mpa 8000 N(3m) = 0 Substituting Eq, (2) into this equation yields 1(10°)0q — 30(108) = 24(10°) Oy = 0.054 rad © ‘Thus, from Eqs. (1) and (2), May = -3.00KN-m. 24.0KN-m = 111.3 Analysis oF Beams 465 EXAMPLE |11.4 Determine the internal moments at the supports of the beam shown in Fig. 11-134. The roller support at C is pushed downward 0.1 ft by the force P. Take F = 29(10°) ksi, = 1500 in’ Askin Fig. 11-13 SOLUTION Slope-Deflection Equations. Three spans must be considered in this problem. Equation 11-8 applies since the end supports A and D are fixed. Also, only span AB has FEMs. wl? (FEM) ga = 3 = — 75 (15) (24)? = 72.0 FEM)py =< = Lasy(2ay? = 20k tt (FEM) ga = 3- = qq (15)(24)° = As shown in Fig. 11-13h, the displacement (or settlement) of the support C causes gc to be positive, since the cord for span BC rotates clockwise, and Yep to be negative, since the cord for span CD rotates counterclockwise, Hence, oft oft = 4 - oo0s = od ne = Fp = 9005 rad en = ~ FEF = ~0.00667 rad Also, expressing the units for the stiffness in feet, we have 1500 1500 = 0.003018 9 ge = 0.003617 £1 AB 3412)" Be 20(12)* 1500 = = 0.00483 1 ep 15(12)" Noting that 64 =p = 0 since A and D are fixed supports, and applying the slope-deflection Eq. 11-8 twice to each span, we have OC)466 CHAPTER 11 DISPLACEMENT METHOD OF ANALYSIS: SLOPE-DEFLECTION EQUATIONS SIU For span AB: iskyt Mag = 2{29(10°)(12)?](0.003014)[2(0) + 63 — 3(0)] — 72 5 173.605 — 72 @ 2[29(10°)(12)"](0.003014) [26g +0 -3(0)] + 72 Mpq = 50347.205 + 72 @ For span BC: o [29(10°)(12)2](0.003617)[2Hp + A — 3(0.005)] + 0 60 416.705 + 30 208.30¢ — 453.1 @) [29(10")(12)°](0.003617)[20e + 4 — 3(0.005)] + 0 60 416.70¢ + 30 208.305 — 453.1 (4) For span CD: Men = 2{29(10°)(12)?](0.004823)[20¢ + 0 — 3(-0.00667)] + 0 Mop = 80555.60¢ + 0 + 805.6 © Mpc = 2[29(10*)(12)7(0.008823)[2(0) + He — 3(—0.00667)] + 0 Moe = 40277.80¢ + 805.6 6 Mey Fiilibrium Equations. ‘These six equations contain eight unknowns. u C | “? Writing the moment equilibrium equations for the supports at B and C, heyy (fas) eect Maa Van Mes Vo. 4+2Mz = 0; Mpa + Mac ” 8 |+2Me = 0; Mex + Mcp = 0 (8) © In order to solve, substitute Eqs. (2) and (3) into Eq. (7), and Eqs. (4) and (5) into Eq. (8). This yields Oc + 3.6670 = 0.01262 Oc = 0.21405 = 0.00250 ‘Thus, Oy = 0.00438 rade = 0.00844 rad ‘The negative value for 0c indicates counterclockwise rotation of the tan- gent at C, Fig. 11-13a. Substituting these values into Eqs. (1)-(6) yields Map = 38.2k-ft Ans. Mgy = 292k-ft Ans Myc = 292k: ft Ans Mcp ~ ~529k-ft Ans Mcp ~ 529k +ft Ans Mpc = 667 k-ft Ans Apply these end moments to spans BC and CD and show that Ve, = 41.05 k, Veg = ~79.73 k and the force on the roller is P= 121 k,11.3 Analysis oF Beams 467 ISEN IS KN 15 kN A B 3m a amon. a ee i ISKN/im 9k Ok rolanlsed468 Chapter 11 11-7. Determine the moment at B, then draw the moment diagram for the beam. Assume the supports at A and C are pins and B is a roller. EV is constant, 40kN | 20kN Prob. 11-7 “ILS. Determine the moments at A, B, and C, then draw the moment diagram. EY is constant. Assume the support at B isa roller and A and C are fixed. 6k osk/te Prob. 11-8 119. Determine the moments at each support, then draw the moment diagram. Assume A is fixed. £7 is constant. 12k kgf 20t—}—18 SN Prob. 11-9 DisPLaCEMENT METHOD OF ANALYSIS: SLOPE-DEFLECTION EQUATIONS 11-10, Determine the moments at A and B, then draw the ‘moment diagram for the beam. ETis constant. 2400 Ib 301 10h Prob, 11-10 AL-11, Determine the moments at A, B, and C, then draw the moment diagram for the beam, Assume the support at Ais fixed, B and C are rollers, and D is a pin. EJ'is constant. Prob, 11-11 11-42. Determine the moments acting at A and B. Assume A is fixed supported, B is a roller, and Cis a pin. ET is constant. Prob, 11-1211.4. Avatysis oF Frames: No Sipeswar 11.4 Analysis of Frames: No Sidesway A frame will not sidesway, or be displaced to the left or right, provided it is properly restrained. Examples are shown in Fig. 11-14. Also, no sidesway will occur in an unrestrained frame provided it is symmetric with respect to both loading and geometry, as shown in Fig. 11-15, For both cases the term in the slope-deflection equations is equal to zero, since bending does not cause the joints to have a linear displacement. The following examples illustrate application of the slope-deflection equations using the procedure for analysis outlined in Sec. 11-3 for these types of frames, Fig. 11-14 469470 CHAPTER 11 DISPLACEMENT METHOD OF ANALYSIS: SLOPE-DEFLECTION EQUATIONS EXAMPLE |11 ARN Determine the moments at each joint of the frame shown in Fig. 11-16a. . Eis constant. SOLUTION Slope-Deflection Equations. Three spans must be considered in this problem: AB, BC, and CD. Since the spans are fixed supported at A and D, Eq, 11-8 applies for the solution. From the table on the inside back cover, the FEMs for BC are Swi? _5(24)(8)? 96 _ 5(24)(8)* —s = -80kN-m = 80kN-m Note that 04 = 0p = Oand Wag = Wac = Yep = 0, since no sidesway will occur. co) Applying Eq. 11-8, we have Fig. 11-16 My = 2EK(20y + 6p — 34) + (FEM) Mas = 28(5)e0) + Oy — 3(0)] +0 Mag = 0.1667EI0 @ Mea = 2e( 4) +0 -3(0)] +0 Mpa = 0.333EI0g @ Myc = 28(2)2% + 0 — 3(0)] = 80 Msc = 05EI0s + 0.25EI0¢ — 80 @) Mes 24(2)e2% + 05 — 3(0)] + 80 Meg = 0SEI0¢ + 0.25EI0s + 80 4 Mep= 24( 5 )e% +0-3(0)] +0 Mev BE10¢ 6) Mpc 22(5 2) + Gc — 3(0)] +0 Mpc = 0.1667EI6¢ ©11.4. Avatysis oF Frames: No Sipeswar 471 Equilibrium Equations. The preceding six equations contain eight unknowns, The remaining two equilibrium equations come from moment equilibrium at joints B and C, Fig. 11-16b, We have Mpa + Mac Mes + Mcp Mm ° (8) To solve these eight equations, substitute Eqs. (2) and (3) into Eq. (7) and substitute Eqs. (4) and (5) into Eq, (8). We get 0.833E 10, + 0.25EI0¢ = 80 0.833E 0c + 0.25EI@g ~ -80 Solving simultaneously yields 137.1 On = be = which conforms with the way the frame deflects as shown in Fig, 11-16a, Substituting into Eqs. (1)-(6), we get, ‘Using these results, the reactions at the ends of each member can be determined from the equations of equilibrium, and the moment diagram for the frame can be drawn, Fig, 11-16c. S23kN-m asTeneml [BIER Vastu 22.9 N-m. 22.9N-m © Msa ®)472 CHAPTER 11 DISPLACEMENT METHOD OF ANALYSIS: SLOPE-DEFLECTION EQUATIONS EXAMPLE |11 Determine the internal moments at each joint of the frame shown in Fig. 11-17. The moment of inertia for each member is given in the figure. Take E = 29(10°) ksi Fig. 11-17 SOLUTION Slope-Deflection Equations. Four spans must be considered in this problem, Equation 11-8 applies to spans AB and BC, and Eq, 11-10 will be applied to CD and CE, because the ends at D and E are pinned. Computing the member stiffnesses, we have 400 200 = 3 = —200_ Bit kan = Fepqayt = 90012868 ep = Terao = 0.000648 18 800 650 =r = 0.002411 Eee = = 0.002612 ft Be T6(12)"* ee 1242)" ‘The FEMS due to the loadings are 16) (FEM) gc = 2 = oo = -12kft PL _ 6(16) _ (FEM) ep = >= Go = 12k ft 2 3(12)" (FEM)eg = 8 = SO seat 8 8 Applying Eqs. 11-8 and 11-10 to the frame and noting that 6, Was = Yee = Yen = Yce = O since no sidesway occurs, we have My = 2Ek(28y + Op — 3) + (FEM) y Mar = 2{29(10°)(12)"](0.001286)[2(0) + 0, — 3(0)] + 0 10740.74 a11.4. Avatysis oF Frames: No Sipeswar 473 2{29(10°)(12)°](0.001286)[28, + 0 — 3(0)] + 0 21 481.505 @ Myc = 2{29(10°)(12)°](0.002411)[205 + He — 3(0)] — 12 Mac = 40277.80y + 20138.98¢ — 12 @) 2[29(10°)(12)?4(0.002411) [28 + @ — 3(0)] + 12 Mcp = 20 138.90 + 40277.80¢ + 12 @ My = 3Ek(Hy — 4) | (FEM) y 3[29(10°)(12)"](0.000643)[9- — 0] + 0 ©) s g ‘ Mp = 8055.60. Mee = 3{29(10°)(12)?](0.002612)[4¢ — 0] — 54 Meg = 32725.10¢ — 54 © Equations of Equilibrium. ‘These six equations contain eight unknowns, Two moment equilibrium equations can be written for joints B and C, Fig, 11-176, We have Mpa + Mac = 0 Mm Mcs + Mcp + Mce (8) In order to solve, substitute Eqs. (2) and (3) into Eq. (7), and Eqs. (4)-(6) into Eq, (8). This gives 61 759.30 + 20 138.98¢ = 12 20 138.905 + 81059.00¢ = 42 Solving these equations simultaneously yields 6g — 2.758(10") rad = $.113(107*) rad These values, being clockwise, tend to distort the frame as shown in Fig. 11-172, Substituting these values into Eqs. (1)-(6) and solving, we get Mag = 0.296 k- ft Ans Mpy = 0592 k-ft Ans Mpc = -0.592k-ft Ans Mcp = 33.1 k-ft Ans. 412 k ft Ans Mcg = ~37.3k-ft Ans Mua Mex )474 CHAPTER 11 DISPLACEMENT METHOD OF ANALYSIS: SLOPE-DEFLECTION EQUATIONS 11.5 Analysis of Frames: Sidesway A frame will sidesway, or be displaced to the side, when it or the loading acting on it is nonsymmetric. To illustrate this effect, consider the frame shown in Fig. 11-18, Here the loading P causes unequal moments Mgc and Mcg at the joints B and C, respectively, Myc tends to displace joint B to the right, whereas Meg tends to displace joint C to the left. Since Mc is larger than Mcg, the net result is a sidesway A of both joints B and C to the right, as shown in the figure.* When applying the slope-deflection equation to each column of this frame, we must therefore consider the column rotation y (since y = A/L) as unknown in the equation. As a result an extra equilibrium equation must be included for the solution. In the previous sections it was shown that unknown angular displacements 8 were related by joint moment equilibrium equations. In a similar manner, when unknown joint linear displacements A (or span rotations if) occur, ‘we must write force equilibrium equations in order to obtain the complete solution. The unknowns in these equations, however, must only involve Fig. 1-18, the internal moments acting at the ends of the columns, since the slope+ deflection equations involve these moments, The technique for solving problems for frames with sidesway is best illustrated by examples. Determine the moments at each joint of the frame shown in Fig. 11-194. woe Elis constant. SOLUTION Slope-Deflection Equations. Since the ends A and D are fixed, Eq. 11-8 applies for all three spans of the frame, Sidesway occurs here since both the applied loading and the geometry of the frame are non- symmetric. Here the load is applied directly to joint B and therefore no FEMs act at the joints. As shown in Fig. 11-194, both joints B and C are assumed to be displaced an equal amount A. Consequently, Yan = A/12and ypc = 4/18. Both terms are positive since the cords of members AB and CD “rotate” clockwise. Relating Ys 10 dpc, We have Wag = (18/12)Wc. Applying Eq, 11-8 to the frame, we have ® rT 18 niga Mar =24(4)[200) = 05 ~ 3( Bune) | + 0= 16016675 - 075400) Mpa = 28(£)[206 OR (Bore)| + 0 = EI(03330g -— 0.75ne) (2). Mac 28( £206 + Gc = 3(0)] + 0 = EI(0.2670g + 0.133%) @) “Recall that the deformation of all three members due to shear and axial force is neglected.11.5 ANALYSIS oF FRames: SIDEsWAY 475 Mcp = 2 (Ze. + Og — 3(0)] +0 = E1(0.2670¢ + 0.13308) L Mep = 20( 52% +0 — 3Up¢] + 0 = E1(0.2228¢ ~ 0.333 nc) I @) 6) Mpc = 28(£)20) + 8c = 3Wpc] + 0 = EI(O.1110¢ = 0.333¥pe) (6) 40k Equations of Equilibrium, The six equations contain nine unknowns. Two moment equilibrium equations for joints B and C, Fig. 11-19, can be written, namely, Mpa + Mac = 0 Mer | Mep = 0 Since a horizontal displacement A occurs, we will consider summing forces on the entire frame in the x direction. This yields EF, = 0; 40-Va-Vp-0 The horizontal reactions or column shears V, and Vp can be related to the internal moments by considering the free-body diagram of each column separately, Fig. 11-19c. We have Mas + Mj EMz = 0; Van ~ Maes Mow Mpc + M Mc = 0; Vp= a Thus, Maz + Mea 40% 12 In order to solve, substitute Eqs. (2) and (3) into Eq. (7), Eqs. (4) and (5) into Eq, (8), and Eqs. (1), (2), (5), (6) into Eq, (9). This yields 0.665 + 0.1336¢ — 0.75¥pe = 0 0.1330p + 0.48906 ~ 0.333¥;p¢ = 0 480 0.509 + 0.2228 ~ 1.9444 pe = — Fr Solving simultaneously, we have Ely = 43881 Ele = 136.18 Elpc = 375.26 Finally, using these results and solving Eqs. (1)-(6) yields Mag = —208 k ft Ans Mga = ~135 ft Ans. Moc = 135 k-tt Ans 94.8 Kft Ans: 94.8 k-ft Ans. =110k ft Ans: mM (8) ~) Mac B Mra 128 Va May c Mes Meo © Men ¢ ist Vo © Mov476 CHAPTER 11 DISPLACEMENT METHOD OF ANALYSIS: SLOPE-DEFLECTION EQUATIONS EXAMPLE |11 Determine the moments at each joint of the frame shown in Fig, 11-20a, ‘The supports at A and D are fixed and joint Cis assumed pin connected. ET's constant for each member. 1OKN, SOLUTION Slope-Deflection Equations. We will apply Eq. 11-8 to member AB since it is fixed connected at both ends. Equation 11-10 can be applied from B to C and from D to C since the pin at C supports zero ‘moment. As shown by the deflection diagram, Fig. 11-20b, there is an unknown linear displacement 4 of the frame and unknown angular displacement dy at joint B.* Due to A, the cord members AB and CD rotate clockwise, = Yar = Upc = A/4. Realizing that 4 = 0p = 0 and that there are no FEMs for the members, we have i @ 1 ons sty = 24( 200 +0¢— 36+ (Fy L Mas = 26 Jeo +0, -3y] +0 a Sem +0-3) +0 @ s i & ten - 0) +0 ° Mpc = 3E| Jo-w +0 @ Equilibrium Equations, Moment equilibrium of joint B, Fig. 11-20c, requires Mga + Mgc = 0 (6) © If forces are summed for the entire frame in the horizontal direction, we have 42F, =0; 10-Va-Vp=0 © tow Moc As shown on the free-body diagram of cach column, Fig. 11-20d, we ON have 2Mg = 0; Moa EMc¢ = 0; ‘The angular displacements Ag and 6cp at joint C (pin) are not included in the analysis since Eg, 1-10 is to be used.11.5 ANALYSIS oF FRames: SIDEsWAY 477 ‘Thus, from Eq. (6), 4 Maa + Mea, Moe 10 7 Te =0 a) v ve Substituting the slope- 285K 4 4381 kN diem 1 4} 74x be 2.86KN «f it4en-m 381kN 7k Praieem A tha sane © 6478 Chapter 11 EXAMPLE |11 DisPLaCEMENT METHOD OF ANALYSIS: SLOPE-DEFLECTION EQUATIONS ee ow a) Fig. 11-21 of Applying Eq. 11-8 to the frame yields Maz - 20( ec) +0, -3u] +0 Mpa~ 20(2)206 + 0-344) +0 r Mpc = 2E( [28x + Hc ~ 34a] +0 I Meg ~ 2E()[20c + 0p — 3] +0 I Mcp = 28(= [2c + % ~ 3(0)] + 0 Moc = 20(2)r200 + Oc — 3(0)] + 0 I Mee = 2E(= [2m + #2 — 3(0)] +0 r Men ~ 2E(=)[2%e + #9 — 3(0)] +0 L Men = 26( 5) [le + & ~ Wa] +0 I Mpg = 2E( 5 [2p + = — Ma] +0 r ES )I2(0) + Oe ~ 3a] + 0 L Map = 2E( 3 )[20e + 0 - 3H] +0 ‘These 12 equations contain 18 unknowns Explain how the moments in each joint of the two-story frame shown in Fig. 11-21a are determined. Eis constant. fy SOLUTION Slope-Deflection Equation. Since the supports at A and F are fixed, Eq. 11-8 applies for all six spans of the frame. No FEMs have to be calculated, since the applied loading acts at the joints, Here the loading displaces joints B and E an amount A;, and C and D an amount A, + Ay. Asa result, members AB and FE undergo rotations A,/5 and BC and ED undergo rotations of ys = 2/5. ® @ @ ® © © o ® ® (10) ay 2)11.5 ANALYSIS oF FRames: SIDEsWAY 479 Equilibrium Equations. Moment equilibrium of joints B, C,D,and E, Fig. 11-216, requires Mpa + Mpg + Mpc = 0 (03) Meg + Mcp =0 (a4) Mpe + Mpp =0 (as) Mer + Meg + Mgp =0 (16) Asin the preceding examples, the shear at the base of all the columns for any story must balance the applied horizontal loads, Fig. 11-2lc. This yields 3xP, = 0; 40 — Vee —Vep =0 Msc + Mex , Mev + Movi 49 + BCT eh, SED PE 9 an 5 3 SRF, = 0; 40 + 80 - Van — Vee Mas + Moa, Mer + M, 109 = Mas + Moa , Mur + Mee _ 4 sy 3 3 Solution requires substituting Eqs. (1)-(12) into Eqs. (13)-(18), which yields six equations having six unknowns, yi, va, Op. 8c, Op, and Bp. These equations can then be solved simultancously. The results are resubstituted into Eqs. (1)-(12), which yields the moments at the joints, Ven <4 ©480 Chapter 11 DisPLaCEMENT METHOD OF ANALYSIS: SLOPE-DEFLECTION EQUATIONS EXAMPLE |11 @ Determiine the moments at each joint of the frame shown in Fig, 11-22a. ELis constant for each member. Ast c As 60" 3s © ) Fig. 11-22, SOLUTION Slope-Deflection Equations. three spans. The FEMS are Equation 11-8 applies to each of the 2 2(12)* (FEM) sc = — “ a 24k ft _ ow? 2(12)? (FEM)cs = = Sp = 24 et ‘The sloping member AB causes the frame to sidesway to the right as shown in Fig, 11-22a, As a result, joints B and C are subjected to both rotational and linear displacements. The linear displacements are shown in Fig. 11-22b, where B moves A, to B’ and C moves A; to C’. These displacements cause the members’ cords to rotate di. vs (clockwise) and > (counterclockwise) as shown.* Hence, AL Ae As 10 12 20 ‘As shown in Fig. 11-22c, the three displacements can be related. For example, A)—0.5A, and A; ~0.8664,. Thus, from the above equations we have Ya = O41, Ys = 0.433 ‘Using these results, the slope-deflection equations for the frame are oat = ws “Recall that distortions due to axial forces are neglected and the are displacements BB’ and CC" can be considered as straight lines since yy and vs are actually very small11.5 ANALYSIS oF FRames: SIDEsWAY 4a1 ye.) + Op — 344] +0 a) “(E)e% + 0-344] +0 (2) Sees + Oc — (-0.41TY)] — 24 @) r( 4) + Og — 3(-0.417y,)] + 24 (4) “(Ze + 0 = 3(0.4334;)] +0 6) Mpc = 2E (Z)e + 6¢ = 3(0.433,)] + 0 Gy These six equations contain nine unknowns. Equations of Equilibrium. Moment equilibrium at joints B and C yields Mpa + Mpc = 0 a Mep + Mcg=0 (8) The necessary third equilibrium equation can be obtained by summing moments about point O on the entire frame, Fig. 11-22d. This eliminates the unknown normal forces Nq and Np, and therefore 7+2Mo = Man + Moe (us ! Mas) a4 _ (sez + Mep 7 x (4078) = 24(6) = -2.4M ag - 34Mpq — 2.04Mcp — 1.04Mpc - 144=0 (9) Substituting Eqs. (2) and (3) into Eq. (7), Eqs. (4) and (5) into Eq. (8), and Eqs. (1), (2), (5), and (6) into Eq. (9) yields 24 0.73305 + 0.1670¢ ~ 0.3921 = > 0.1670g + 0.5330¢ + 0.07844, = -3 144 1.84004 — 0.51286 + 3.880; = —— 104 512 + 3.8800; = 7 Solving these equations simultaneously yields Eldg ~ 87.67 Ele = ~82.3 El, ~ 67.83 Substituting these values into Eqs. (1)-(6), we have Yo 20 Moc Mag = ~23.2k+ft Myc = S63K-ft Mcp =-253k+ft Ans Mga = —5.63k-ft Meg = 25.3k-ft Mpc = -17.0k-ft Ans. @ No482 CHAPTER 11 DISPLACEMENT METHOD OF ANALYSIS: SLOPE-DEFLECTION EQUATIONS Trrosems 11-13. Determine the moments at A,B,and C,then draw ‘11-18. Determine the moment at B, then draw the moment the moment diagram for cach member. Assume all joints diagram for each member of the frame. Assume the support are fixed connected, ET is constant. at A is fixed and C is pinned. ET's constant. sn Prob. 11-13 Prob, 11-15 11-14, Determine the moments at the supports,then draw *11-16. Determine the moments at B and D, then draw ‘the moment diagram, The members are fixed connected at the moment diagram, Assume A and C are pinned and B ‘the supports and at joint B.The moment of inertia of each and D are fixed connected. EJ is constant, member is given in the figure. Take E = 29(10°) ksi. 2k Prob. 11-16 Prob. 11-1411.5 ANALYSIS oF FRames: SIDEsWAY 483 2k/ft le,484 Chapter 11 11-21. Determine the moment at joints C and D, then draw the moment diagram for each member of the frame. ‘Assume the supports at A and B are pins. ETis constant. om Prob. 11-21 11-22, Determine the moment at joints A,B, C, and D, then draw the moment diagram for each member of the frame, Assume the supports at A and B are fixed. EI is constant —— Prob. 11-22 DisPLaCEMENT METHOD OF ANALYSIS: SLOPE-DEFLECTION EQUATIONS 11-23, Determine the moments acting at the supports A and D of the battered-column frame. Take E 29(10°)ksi, T= 600in'* Skyft List ne Prob, 11-23 *11-24, Wind loads are transmitted to the frame at joint F. IA, B, F, D, and F are all pin connected and C is fixed connected, determine the moments at joint C and draw the ending moment diagrams for the girder BCE. Eis constant. 12k 8m Prob, 11-24(CuapteR Review 485 Biron LAP. The roof is supported by joists that rest on two girders. Each joist can be considered simply supported, and the front girder can be considered attached to the three columns by a pin at A and rollers at B and C. Assume the ‘oof will be made from 3 in.-thick cinder concrete, and each Cola joist has a weight of 550 Ib. According to code the roof will bbe subjected to a snow loading of 25 pst. The joists have a length of 25 it, Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the girder. Assume the supporting columas are rigid. 3h 3 3m 3h 3m 3m 3m 3A ert ttt a B c Project Prob. 11-1 ‘The unknown displacements of a structure are referred to as the degrees of freedom for the structure. They consist of either joint displacements or rotations. ‘The slope-detlection equations relate the unknown moments at each joint of a structural member to the unknown rotations that occur there. The following equation is applied twice to each member or span, considering each side as the “near” end and its counterpart as the far end, My = 2EK(20y + 0p — 34) + (FEM)y For Internal Span or End Span with Far End Fixed ‘This equation is only applied once, where the “far” end is at the pin or roller support. My = 3Ek(@y ~ y) + FEM)y Only or End Span with Far End Pinned or Roller Supported Once the slope-deflection equations are written, they are substituted into the equations of moment equilibrium at each joint and then solved for the unknown displacements. If the structure (frame) has sidesway, then an unknown horizontal displacement at each floor level will occur, and the unknown column shears must be related to the moments at the joints, using both the force and moment equilibrium equations. Once the unknown displacements are obtained, the unknown reactions are found from the load-displacement relations.