P.

j,
~- I
~.J'.
. .

MATRIX ME!HODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS . (Prof.. G.. N... Patel)

.
'::.:o,,. ,,

I I' ...

. I
lntroduct1on : 1 . . ·.

·\":· Jhe object of strj-ctur~I analysis Is the determination of internal fo;c'e~·'a~~ .deformations ~t
.- :~IJ points. The solution is obtained through certain well defined stages. It can be shown that ·
. ·ttte methods which we have studied so far are various of tw.o basic approaches. -The two
/ approaches are classltiedas .. . .

~ (i) Force method or compatibility method of flexibility mehtod. 1

{iQ Displacement method or equilibrium method or stiffness method.

}bepending upon the manner in which the equilibrium equations compatibility conditions and
. .stress-strain relations are fulfilled, the two parallel (or reciprocal) approaches can be.
!>,-developed. · ' · · · ·
.;:~:-

With ·u,e advent of computers, the needto develop the newer methods arose. This resulted
into use of matrix algebra (which leads lo short hand nctations) for solution of indeterminate
structures. The so-called. matrix. methods are nothing but reformulation of existing methods
and principles, at the same time introducing .generalisation. ·

'
Flexibility Mehtod : '
'·: l !

This mehtod is used for analysis of indeterminate structures. The analysis of indeterminate
structi.Jr.e, requi~es additional cond1t10ns such as .comp~tibillty conditions or conditions of
consistent deformation.

Consider a propped contilever beam which is statically indeterminate to first degree

only one redundant).
'{structure has

•••
'

A~-- L ------4-.IB,_--,,:-~-L
I'
r
Original structure
S.l.=1.
e
•• Released Structure
(without redundant)

•
I) (_':,).
6sc is deflection at B (at the point of
redundant) due to given external load
which is at C.

•• A ~}--------=:::::::::====--~ c
· Structure with redundant.
oaa is deflection at 8. due to unit load.

• (_<) ·~~ (Corresponding to redundant) _applic d

at B. .
1

/
•" fig. 1

• 1
I
I
i

i! . : . .
! Figure 1 (b) sho~ statically'determi~ate (released or basic or PEi~ary)_ ~tru~ture. The choic_e"
! of redundant force (Load or Moment) is arbitrary. However the: simpllcity and accurecy :will
I depend on choice of redundant. .
I . . . . .
The deflectlon of release structure due· to given ,lo'c;\ds and redundants are considered
' separately. For the given type of beam, if the support.B is unyielding, the deflection at Bis
zero. Therefore· value of Reaction at B (Rs) is determined by imposing the known condition
uf , , isplacement at B) · . · ·

6sc::. Rax oaa:

Rs= osc. I &aa
: !

·• his clacsicat method is known as method of consistent deformation because the

displacements. produced by combined action of loads and redundants in the actual structure
must be consistent with given support condition .. ·The principle of superposition has been
utilised restrictlnq the validity of analysis tolinear elastic range of structures. · · ·

Flexibility and Stiffness :

I
•
Let an elastic spring be subjected to action A which will produce Displacement D

•
•••
I ·t
I

Elastic Spring. I'•

~·----'------/
;

it
•
! t
iA
Fig. 2 ·
•
The relationship between displacement and action can be established by '
•
. \D
--
= F_9 --------- (I) •
Wher; _F is.fl~xibility of ~e spring an? is define_q_~_ displacement roducod by a u~it value
~· • he a~o,e,express1on can also oe expressed oy action equation as fellows. ··
-!!
i •
'°•

Wh
V = SD . f -------- (ii)
S ~ stiffness of the spring which is defined us action required to produce unit
•
.t\t
-~nt. ~=--·· -
••
From (I) and (ii) it can be seen.th~t

F = 1/S = s-1 ·'

•••
z.
 •: • ... • •· ' 1
I!' .
i.e. flexibility and stiff,ens:s are
inverse of one another or product of the two Is unity. In other I

. words product of flexibility'matrix and stiffri~ss matrix is unit matrix. · · · ·

.
Consider a simply supported beam with load centre. .
, , fi A .
, . at ' ;
. ' .t .
~ 1) t ·:~---->;? . Di.e. displacement due · to ;Jpplied
r i .--:-.-·--_,.. action A. .
. ·1

~--£ t. _____-1, Fi.e. 9isplacerilerit; pr9duced by. unit .

load.
F= l3
· :

s 48EI

~--11 ~· -----
Si.e. action required··fo produce unit
displacement.
S = 48Ef·= •
L3
I . Fig. 3.
It-can be· seen that F.S = 1. . .
l
Consider a beam subjected to forces (Loads and Moment) as shown. ·

3 ,y M t)
-\-\V 1' -.,,•'j) fV,--)
·; c~~J + ~ - -3 C5 J .
.t:·+ s - ,'j .
Original Structure Sf= 2
=-,2-·:

Released structure,
(b)
F,,
t~.~ Unit load correspondi~g to 01•

___ /l F:~
c; ·

(_C)

.·1 ~f.l
t,.
••
~ Unit load corresponding to 02•
1
Fig. 4. -

•• .
The given structure is statically indeterminate to second degree. We can select Jn two
rcdu/nL,Ior tho analys1s,Forslmphc,ty let us choose reactions at sand Gas redtin~ants ·
. .

•
• . ·-i
.]
 denoted. by O"i·~nd Q2 they are assumed upwards. Therefore upward ·deflections will be
treated as positive. Dai and 002 are displacements corresponding to redundan_ts 01 and 0_2.
Which ropresents settlement of support B or C, it should be 'considered as positive rn
. upward, direction.

.
'· :..

I t·
·

Dou and DoL2 are displacements in released structure due to loads corresponding to chosen
redundants 01 and 02 and considered positive if they are in the direction of redundants_. .
. . ' I
,•
n
!;

.Then corresponding to redundan~ unit iorce u.oad or Mornentj.is applied one by one and
displacement F11, Fi,, F12, F22 are .found out. They are· known as flexibility influence
coefficients. · e.g.· F,-2 is displacement at 1 due to unit force at 2 . In general it can be
expressed as Fij, meaning there by displacement corresponding to 01 due to unit force
corresponding to O;. . · . · ·
••
~

I.

. l

From the law of superposltion Le. final displacements corresponding 01 and 02 are equal to
to the sum of the displacements caused by the loads and redundants, ' . . . · · ·

001 = Dau .+.F1101 + F1202

And· Da2 = DaL2 + F2101 + F2202
e Or in matrix form this can be writt~n as

( D~ J = . ( Da:J + (Fl ( a)
V.Jhere

J =
,. r l- 1
[ Da· [D?1
Da2 l .) ~--
'-
DOL = , ~OL1

•
.)
i.... - .... u)

( F) =
[F1i F12 J
J and (a) = 11•·~
...
I .
F21 F22
,
l'.~ore is no support displacement, ( 00]. =0

.J Fl ( I•
( Dm

Ca )
+ ( Q ) =

,-1 .( 1
0 ~
1.
..•
-· ( J
.•
oR = F DaJ?

Where ( F] ·1 is inverse of flexibility matrix.

If th . ff
.,
I . . .
er~ is e ect of temperature, prestrarn and restraint displacement the previous equation
1:, modified as F

V-/hor'c
Do
Des
-
=
Das
Dal
+
+
FO
Dar ·+ DaP +DaR •
 /. : Choosing_Rs and Me as ~edundarits, analyse the beam sho'Nt1_ in fig. 5 {a)
-,:}. 1 p . .
L;3 -~ oiL/3 Original structure. , . · _.
L-----1Y---.---t:~ B Da1 = 0, 002 = 0, S_:I. = 2, K.t:_·=· 0
... \t

Released structure and redundants

Q1 and 02 are assumed · as
redundant.

DaL1 and Oa.12 are displacements

· corr~!\
· o o n'dine__ tored'
. --...-,'""'"'~,.,.k
.......... """·

'
l,
~· rr
. .... .

M. diagram due to given loads.

m1 · cram , with
d .,a~. unit 'toad
01. 0

. corresponding to

m2 diagram witf\ unit moment

correspondinq to 02.

t....1 -!"\
.
~
( ~
'- 3 _, ~ l/ . -::..
) t
fig.5
3-1 -3 . ,. . .3
( .

'-"f-tiou = deformation (deflection) corresponding to 01 due to applied toads

. (.:..

z= M mt t 1 x !: x PL (~[,)x 1_ = 4PL3
81£1 (."")_r :
',El ~~}I -·
"~.:. ·:--
. :{', OaL2 =deforrnation (rotation) correspondinq to 02. due to applied loads.

t!I
~~14-,·
. = M m,
El
r;: ~ x
,2 ~ x~)
1 ~
Er
PL2
18E1
.

!.;li\::
~t.~~-_;·
<:":> "/
.;'.':i.
deflection corresponding toO, due to unit load correspon~ing to Q1.
,~:;:- F,, z:

·= m,m/ x.
Et

F21 . = rotation corresponding to Q1 due to unit moment corresponding to 02.

=m,m~ = 1Lxlx 1. = L2
Et 2 El 2E1
 = deflection corfesponding
l
to QvJue·to unit moment c.orresponding to~
ti . . :_~:, .
,i

I
' - .•
· ~--

: ~
:I

= m2m1 = 1 x L x!:_ x..1_ = L2 , (F12 = F21)

El 2 El 2EI r ,I
I
-±. - .,

F22
= rotation corresponding to a, due to Unit moment correspOnding
,·
,,._- :

to Q,_ I; . •.
I . I
I
.f
I .
= m2m2
El ..
= 1 x L x ..1_
· El
= l:
El I

f Dal J. = ~~~ J = PL2

18EI [8~9)
I '

,·
t.
'
-. !!
- .

, .' . ' .

~11
F21
· F12J =
. F2i ·.
L.:
2El l 2~~
~
21y
~

t I

;l/
;

-1_
Det
Adj, Det. D=
/ 2y3 =, ~--:-
3
1 =1
3
:. F =

·f~' [2/l J
-1
2El
-;
21/3 6EI
L 2~ = L2 -1 . -1
2U3

[ DaJ [oaL] = [FJ [ aJ

( o)~: -1
••1•·•
rtf Da, j, ~ [ F )[ Da.J ( ·.· DQ = 0)
1·...
,
i

[g~ J - - 6EI
L2 [2/L
-1
~1
2/3l
J X PL2
18EI [ ay9J.
1•
le.
I

[g:J
'
±: - p
3 [ 16/9-1
-8U9+2U3
J .
=
r-7127 PJ
+2127 Pl_ I•
i ...
i

'
'
I
I•
i

I•
I._
I
I•
i ..
I
i•
!

·I ..
B. M. diagram. I
! .......
i ...
'
i 1· ..
'

_,
 et:
Ex. 2 Analyse the beam shown irj fig. 6(a} 5 V M --l 1\1 9,_ - b tv S<<~ <-

. • lo kN . (; t<N ~ 3 ~ .) .\ S· ~ ~~ J .
A ,J.
1'
3 )y\ .l 3 m. ff ~~:k .
ff-. -
-,~i~
.
c
f,-
-. l\-J ;::.1.__ '
.El --:- constant. ·

io k.N 6 f<./\.I Da, = o, D02 = o, ~.I. == 2, Kl = 2. . ·8 -)_<.;

4--- t l Choose reactions at B and C as
= 2-.--,

10k.N tQ 1
6KtJ
redundants.
.
~ / 1· .
. 1-===!:::::::===4==c-~----1 D (Q L?.. . "DQ LI a,..._ d... . ]) cl. L:)... c{,u_ e (;
,~00-ds.
M,.
M ·=
(M, +M2) diagrams due to given
loading.

~1 dia. due · to unit · 1oad

corresponding to 01

. ,
f,t~-- ffi2 dia. due to unit load
~ _· - ;· ·ca. - . .,, . corresponding to 02
.
(~ ~G ,:
' ) -f·-
.
:·• -./"''
. .-· «; r·l,
<. • · - :- I

L
fig.6

""-
\ f
DaL1 = ..L (M1m1 + M2m1} = _I (12~x3Jt1x36x6.x'4_:t-1x30x3x5}.= 873
.El · · · ·· · El '..- -,·,;;,. L " 2. . ../ El

r\ .
Dal2 = I . {M1 m2 + M2m2) = ..L {(1x8x48}28 + 1x30x3x11) - = 2287
El · El\2. .
3 2 El

F,, = m1m, = 1 { 1 /2 x 6 x 6 x 4 )) = 72 {t ( ·I··

El El · · El

7
•
.: I
' .. ~
·I: .
.
'
i ' i . :· ('
. -~ .-
I '~-. '._h
F,,= ml!!!, = J. (6X6J+ 1/2x6x6x4) = 180
; El El . !
I
El
. l . . • j -: I

F21 = ,.m1m2 = -1. (1/2 x Bix 6 x 10) = 180

. . El El I. . . ~ L/ El
/ r • I . ' M_\'1 '.>
22 =
t-
m2m2
. El
=· ·...1
El
(1/2 x 1~ x 12 x 8) = fil§
El·.

F =
~11
F21
F12J
F22 · · =~ D 1~ J f '.
a

F -1 = I
36(32-25)
El
~6
-5 ·2 -SJ = _fl_
36x7
[16
-5 .2 -j •.J
-'
f

. Q - · F-1 D QL <q
. . • . I . -:- . - • • •

'

. r ~:J - ~ 3!!7 r1: ; J ~I . [~:7J - . [= 1 g : ~;J

1
i
x

_ (fGXS'fJ )-(S'/.2-2.!s=f) - -10. 4

. . I , . . . ·. ,3(~ '( f-
. Q, 10.05 kN = (Ra) and 02 t = 0.83 kN t (Re}
from statical conditions
4
A~ 6.12 kN ·
c
i
MA= 0.83x12+10.05x6:-10x3-6x~
~ - 7.74 kN.m . .

Ma = 0.83 x e -6 x 2 = 4.98 - 12 _= -7.02 kN-.in

7.02 7 02. ·
q.
7.74 ·. · 4

Io kN ~ 4. b Kf\l
A 3;"'-
,t 3
1"'-
P., ~ tt.t.J, · 4 k<.. . c
.¢,. . . ~
+ t ~
s- 12 15"
·83

B.M. D.

S. F. D

\)
') .
 :.·' i
,· 1'
.~E}. 3 Analyse the same beam of Ex. 2 by choosing MA and MBredundants.
i ]>1-\. {:'0~~6.fl~.J,GKJ·.J~M. c
A! 4 % . - #- El -:- .constant
i Q, Q~ Redundants are

I A~> 15" ") ?;° ·* Moments ·.~. : at A and. 8

I~~:.~. /~,~~ 1··

'· ~
M diagram, due to loads
-.------'- Of released structure.
~ .

m1 diagram
due to unit moment corresponding to
01.
4.
. I .
. '· m2 diagram
due to unit moment ·corresponding to
02.
;
!~g. 7 I
i

= Mm1. =• J. (!x6x 15x!)= 22.5·

El El 2 2 · El
. . } \_ .
= Mm2 = 1. ( 1 x 15 x 6 x 1 +.! x 2 x 8 x I+ 1 x 4 x 8 x 1.J = 35.83
El El 2 2· 2 . 9 2 9 . El
. i
t .

F11 = m1m1. · = .1 (1/2 x 6 x 1 x 2/~} = 2

El .~I El

f;/: ·F12 = .m2m1 = J. (1/2 x 6 x 1 x 1/3) . = J.

-~·:, El El El
:,N+
.:,~ .
F21 = m1m2 = ..1 (1/2 x 6 x 1 x 1/3) ~ 1.
El El El
~

...... ~I'.'( f 11
~·

....., t
F22 = m~~, = ~I (1'1x6 x 1 x ?J3 x2) = ~

F =
4J
. : F :~1
··' .
-
- El
7 (_~ -i]
--;:~ (g;J r
,.·
;i 0 = -F

=
-1

-~I
OaL

~1.
4 -11
2)
x J_
. El ( 22.35.83soJ .
...
~ t

~--- . [0021) = r-7.74J 01·= MA= -7.74 kN.m

~-7.02 and 02 ·=Ma = .:.7_02 kN.m
'

~
 I... ·
·;

-1
I

I
., '
. '
t
I Ex:4 Analyse-the beam as shown in fig. 8(a):· .· ,
.j
tf ;1.1<,·f,.., to j< N . . .. ·
I }6-::~c 6. ~..· . : t,. '..:. . . · . =
I L ~.) A Jf· 6 Ls\
SI= 2.
Da1 :: 0
K.I 2
Da2 = C.
:r , ctr ·.1.T '\'
.I. . C5{ ~
. ..._
..
~.
J.KN{,n.
·.
. ': Ie k.N
~
~--v::'{y·y"\ . ___J
~ 4 . Moments at A and B are assumed as . :
redundants.

,'1~6) M1. Diagram due to given load .i

I
••
I

p-1
.. · -· g ~
M2. Diagram due to given Ioad
•
·e
C1> 1\0~~- • >
rn, diagram due to unit moment
•
•

( ~)
correspondi~gto 01.

' .
,
•

m2 diagram due to unit moment f

corresponding to 02. G

Fig. 8
•9
f
Dau ·= M1m1 +
El
M2!!!1
El
= 0.
; 1 ·
1
••
Dotz = M1!!J.2 + M2m2
El El
= ~ x 6 x 9 x _1_ x
3 2EI
1+ 1x 60 x 6 x
2 2
_1_ x 1
2EI 3
•.
= 9 + 30 = 39 i
•
••
El El · El
. f
I
/ i
I
·g
 F12 ·, - rnzm.1 = .1 (1l2 x 6 xt x 1/3} · = ·.1.. = F21
El El El

F22 = mirr:!2 (1/2 x 1 z

x 6 x + 1 x 1 x sx 2...) - 2
El El 3 2 2EI ·3 El.

.-.F == 1
.El [ 2 1)
1 3 I
. F -1

-:

. '·

MA =-7.8 kN.rn, Ms= -15.6 kN.m

RA= - 3.9 kN. Ra= 22.5 kN and Re = - 16.60 kN.

lo K<v

·..~ ·
'
..
;
.... s.
r : :

-
d(ft

aft
-·--,
Ic

~
 Ex . Analyse the right angle bent as shown in fig .: 9(a)
/. A;- t-s /<IV/~ / 1"'5° KN/tv. .: G_ 'l-

.
0 f. . 'v:V:Y::'tC'IC'K::v'_:<:::,cY:v~
& k-i. I•~ I
C
Qt. '- -----------~
I~•' Kl= 2, S.I. = 2, 01 and 02 are redundants .
. ,C·~ 4
- J J<.;..i . . (Jb'~ Dat = 0, Dci2 = 0

. ,Ai~ , , ..
. ~- . - .. :- .

l.. ,)
·~.· 0
--~ 1<,'J. ~ , .
M diagram· due to loads
structure.
on
. .; ~

released 'I'
-,
-. ' '

1 r____.____"/ ••• 1

(0. (_e.)
..
•
t
.:· ~ajram, . due to unit moment f

1 ···~
.. . 1
corresponding to 01 .

(j)
l /---=-~ m2 diagram, due to
i
unit monierit f

1
(ff) _ ( fi"·v; corresponding to 02.
"----'

Fig. 9

Dau = Mm1 =J)'.:°zx~x12xi1st15el+1x2x8x~/3El+1.X2x8x1/3EI

El \-~~t3 iJ . 2 .. I z
= - 2011.SEI . !

DaL2 =Mrr» = -Zx8x12x1/2x_1_ =-_R,

! I

El 3 1.5EI 1.5EI

I·.
l ! . [ o:'.; ~ .
D .] - (-20/1.SEI
-32/1.SEI
J
\:
t· /
I
 F11 = rn1m1 · - _1_ (1/2 X 1 X 8 X 2/3) + _.1 ·(1/2 X 1 X 4·x 2/3} = ~
· El 1.5EI 'El 4.5EI

.· F12 = F21 = _1_ (1/2 x t x 8 x 1/3) + 0 = ~

,
i• •
1.SEI . 4.5EI [

'
'!'

F22 = rn2m2. · = _1_ (1/2 x ·1 x 8 x 2/3} = __§'· I" !

i
El 1.SEI 4.SEI !
'i .
. [
i
I

F = 1(.: 14 ·.' 4f F ~1 = 4.5EI

\

4.5EI · 4 aJ 96 ,,
i
,·

(~:] = -4.5EI
96
[ 8 -4
-4 14
J x [-2~1.SE~ [ 1!.J
-~2/1.SEj
-
r
!
i.

t:;:
•,
• 1t
.
Ma= 1kN.m, Mc= 11.S'kN:m; HA= 4.25 kN-+,

...
He= 3.75 Kn---., . Ve.= 7.31 kN.1.
•t s

•t
91

•• '
8 KN

• A -t>- l{.;z5:=.HA
I

• t
• VA= li·[Cf

•
•• /
.
t

,I
\·
«,
I
I
i
J ;;

~
Using flexibility
. .
method, analys.e and draw b.m.
I

diagrr·'
••.
- i

••
KN/in. I
•
~
i
c
} .so
~O.:::~:l.(:.~~~ --+-~~~la~~~
s1·t=3
!
KI :a3 ~-- I
I
4m
I :
•
D
Released I '•
Given Structure Structure
•
I
I. A
I

•
'
i
L
i
240

@'_·.
2

~~ ..
2 4

4,,r-:----,,--:::;:::~li
..l.
. :,
·••
B.M~dia \.Y
due to
unit
. .
'

+
(ti>
due tounit
.le : .
due to
load corr load corr
given ·
to 1· o to o2 f
loading
.v .: 'J'
1
p .to41 24 I • . • 2

II _ 1
.·• ·---- ... __ __,l·
1
6). r

I due to'unit
.
I
I

! _
load ·corr
~o o3 ~-
13. 33
Free
. l Body
6 diagram

I
' .
I c
53.33
B.M. diagram. 4

1 .
- -l 'i: "l x1 ( -240} x 4 x 2 +( -240) x 4 x o
EI. EI
{
. + "2 x ( .-200) x .4 x ( - 2/3) f • 1120
3 EI

::
l
EI
- f j x (. - 240) x 4 'x 3 + ( -240) x 4 x 4

c-
M'n3
li
+ l
1 ( - 200 ) x 4 x 4 }
x C -240) x 4 C-1) + ( -240)
-- 6400
EI
x 4 x C-1>

7-
EI
+ l x ( 200)' 4 ( 1) = 1680
xx-· EI

. .
 =y-s:

·.'..,.._

·r
::;; --~----,_:_:--~~-~------~---l-------~-~--~----~~-~----
.
. ,~. . ,·

• m m 1·
1 41
= · -~r . = 2 x 2 x 2 x ~! + 2 x 4 x_ 2 + .
i: 1 4 jI._- .) . . 4 ) 72
,! 1., 2x 2 _x 3·+·~· (-2 ·x· 2 .x ( - J = "!"Er
m2 m2 · · 1 · 2j _ 256
EI .= . ~ x 4 x 4 x ~- x ~ ..+ 4 x 4 ~- 4 '. - : 3 EI

= == C-'1> 'x 2 x C-1) + c.:..l) :x:4 x C-1)

. ·-i- (-1} x ·4 x {-1) = lO
\
l.

.. , . J_.6._ F
:::

EI
= O + 2 x 4 x 2 +, 0 = fil = 12· '"

= m2m3
::: ~ x 4 x 4 x .(-1} + 4 x Li· x (.:.1·> =. -24 =F23
··· EI
EI· ..

= m3ml = (-1} x 2 x 1 + (.l)x 4 x 2 +(~l)x4XO = -10

.:...._
EI EI

1120
72 48 -:J-
1
F = -:-- ~a·. ·256 l·
3EI = EI 6400
·-30 ·-72 1680
2496 720 422~

=
~~l~
lFl
= -87552
3 EI
720 1260 37114
·4224 374{ 16128

p-l
=
· EI

2432
[we
...352
60 105
312
60

1344
ml
312

. .
.

0 = { to I:OL
J· = _p-1 r:QL [Q = 0.
ij

01 208 60'. 352 · ..;. 1120/3

Q2 -· - -2432 EI
60 105 -312 X
1
EI 6400
.03 352 312 1344 16(!0
~
1,,a.t 01
lllllllll') -53.33 KN

•.
~
.02 c: 70 KN
I
...
03
- -53.33 Krl.m

.,

/
} -
 . - '·

' .

.,-- ·7-· -1 .·
·.t.".·-: -.
j - 1
,,
. \,
'
i -
'

fr~ ~--<bx\
I /.
.
'; :
. _ . ·o
. . . . . .

• t.
i
. . . ·}".
:,

.
\ ..
·._
' _ _.
.'.
' ;,··:
.
...
7
_ .: - 1
.. . - ·. ' :~. -:,. : .
.
,I

~·
. I
t,
--- .. _./

I;

.-;_-
I'
r
r
i:
ffi \

V
t : ,,.-~· / .
I

'I·

.- .
. l i

j ·.

, i
I,
l!
"I·
i.
I

/ l
I
I
I

I
II
 ] ~N f'-£J
. ,• .,.. ~
· STIFFNESS METH.OD
'
· . v '""-
1
a: .. .«:
~tt.:1 .;_
,~ethod is a powerf~I tool for ahalysing indeterminate st~~tures. Because of well
v·. . . . '. . ..
1 ··nised approach it is suitable for computer programming.. In case of flexibility method
·~ow~ are redundants where. as in case of stiffn~~·-· method un~nowns are joint
Jt,a~ment:i.e. degrees of kinematic indetermlnacy.. · \' _.·.
::.::• ,! . .

·or\sider a continuous beam ABC . acted upon by actions A1, A2_ and AJ. since this structure',
1 two
\1<ihematicallyindeterminate to second degree;. unknowns .are Le. rotations at joint 81•
-:a C (axial' deformations are ignored); Let these rotations be 01 and 02. Which have been
.\µmed _positive ',t-th~y are in clockwise direction: lntially apply' imaginary restraints to.
{event all joint displacements. The restrained structure thus obtained consists of two fixed
:
·,;' . . .

earns. The restrained- structure is assumed to be acted upon by all the loads except those .
-~ .~· rrespond to unknown displacement e g. AJ. in fig. (a)_ is not shown in fig. (Q) which ~II be
l.;taken into account later.

Unit rotation corresponding to 01

Fig. 1

/ -'\
l
 .... , ' .

..
I
I,
l
• :: l ., ~. •• ~

T oment AoL 1 and Ao1..2 are the actions of restraints corre~ponding to D.1. and ~ 02 - a;,~ ,,
f -,
I c sed by the loads
'
acting . on. the structure :~nd·. ~re considered
.
positive if they are in the ;
- . 1
i.
•
I di -cno ·s of D1 and D2. In sketches (cf .and. (d) unit displacements ar7 applied::~
f
corresponding to D1 and 02 separately to produce actions, :~

The stiff e coefficients S11, S21, S12 an'd. $22 are then determined: S21 ~eans action at 21,
. ' I

due to applied un.i.t displacement

.
at .1.· In general SiJ. is action corresponding Di due to uni ' t
displacement corresponding to Dj .. · ..

. . ·, '
. . . . . . I . .

;,
~ !f ~~ ~nrl An:l. ara ~~tions corresponding· to joint displacement D1 and D2 respectively then •: ~

..
Ao1 = AoL1 + S11 D1 + S12 D2
Ao2 = AoL2 + S21 D1 + S22 D2 ,.

'!
••
4
Ao =
[~· AoL =
.J
[ AoL1)
. AoL2 .
.,·4 •
"
·s - .
[s11 S21
S,2
. S22.
J · ·
D =
[ g;J 4
•
J.

i.1 ,,:;,;, Ao = AoL + ·SD

•
4
or ·D = S -1 ( Ao:-- AoL )' .:,
-- - S -1 . . Ao l. if Ao is Zero· · •
In general D = - S -1 x (Aos) where Aos = AoL + AoT + AoR-
•
•
f
. '

·. Determination of end actions and reactions :

~=AMS + At.ID:o · 4
(

An Ap_ = ~s + ~o.D.

Where~s =~ + ~T + ~P + ~R

/
.
,....,
"
!""'".;.,..._

r C·.·i'~.. •
I_ f:,·i
~- D ~ 'Unknown
I • .

joint displacements.
.
..
•.

.
.. ·.
_

;: :, Ao = Actions ·,n ·a~u~_I... structure corresponc;ling to unknown displacements.

: .:.

Action in 'the restrained structure corresponding to unknown displacements and due

',.; • 1 ;

toall given loads except that correspond t? unknown displacement.

Actions in restrained structure corresponding to unknown displacements due to unit

values of displacement. (Stiffness coefficient)

;r
l, -.-
Actions in restrained · structure . corresponding to unknown
displacements due to temperature, prestrain and restraint
displacement.

Member end actions in actual structure.

Member end actions in the restrained structure due=to all loads except those, that
correspond to unknown displacement.

. .
Member end actions in restrained structure due to unit values of displacement.

Member end actions in restrained structure due to temperature,

: prestrain and restraint displacement.

.:
•r.t
..
~ =

ARL=
Reactions ln actual structure:

Reactions in restrained structure due to all toads _except corresponding ·to unknown

• . is displacement.
-~·
•Ii
.~
.

• i.
' k
f
~o = - Reactions j~ restrained structure due to unit values of displacement.

~T. ~P. ARR = Reactions in restrained structure due to temperature, prestrain and

.: restraint displacement.

•
• /
• 3
•
 ,-. --. ----- ..

. \

Ex 1. F rmulate the stiffness matrix for a beam A B. ·

;- A1)-!
-·----'-L
.
~
--,. ~8
, -~.
~f Beam with chosen coordinates.
Unit rotations and unit deflections ar ·
considered positive as per directio
shownin (a).
?- 5 l/ to-:

' 1 ! ~+---·s_·
~ ,_.
~-- -=--·
·__,__'. .--'----''

Cb)
_JJ S4,
31
Actions · due · to
corresponding to 1.
unit

S31 = - 12EI
. L3
deflectio .

S41= -6EI
. """[2"
. '
·,
·. <
rotatio +
~--····.~··f) Actions due
corresponding toz
to unit
\ {::

If'--~--=- .· . . . . s~ ~ "'+- • S12 = - 6EI S32 = 6EI .

. (_G) I . t! . L!
~ 3:3.; S22 = 4EI S,i2 = 2EI
I.
'I
. :
t S:33
.L 'T

~S~3f}
(_oU
Actions. due

S13=
. -12.EI
-;-r
to
corresponding to 3.

L
unit

S33 = 12EI
-v-
deflectl ·

i, S23 = 6EI $43 =·6EI

I 7 --.-z
L

I Actions due· to unit ·. rotati

correspondinq
. .
to 4.

(_e.) -S14 = - 6EI S34 d 6EI

~ I!
S24 = 2EI $44 = 4EI
L L
Fig. 2.

S11 S12 S13 S14 12EI -6EI -12EI -6EI

~-
L ~ v ~

S21. s~ S23 S:24 - 6EI .4EI 6EI 2EI

s- = L! -L p- L
i
i'
1; S33 .S34 -12EI 6EI 12EI 6EI.
S31 S32 -y
L3 7
! ;

I
L3 L

1/I S.11 S42 S43 S44 - 6EI 2EI 6EI 4EI · -

v v
I
1'.
I; L L

/
l
r-· :f".
/;.:-. \ , :-:-

'
ample - 2 : Analyse a propped canme.ver beam AB. · ~2i:~\·'
I.
l

B. M. diagram.

\. ,I·::..-·,.tt) ,
,J

O i.e. moment at 8 {action corresponding to 01)- in original structure is zero .

.
PL i.e. Fixed end moment atB in restrained structure corresponding to D1
8
· S -1 = ·L
4Et

:. 0 = - S -1 {AoL}= - _l .(Pl}.=
4EI 8

. 4

(
- PL2J
32Ei · 16J
=. (- 3PL~Y.
0 .

= [P/21 + (- 6EI/ L2j x (- P.L2]

P/2) +6EI I L2j . 32EI

= p [ 111 '.·. RA= 11 P t and Rs= SP t

16 ·5 ~ 16 16
') ·, ! d.

~ ..
C ((
\,
L ,.

9-. t=--l· : ') \ -.

C\ fr~~,, )
. \. ', . --.
/
i f. - -·- - -- t ·- \ . ! i
7.
'·. ,,•r j
.
: ;' i : L
 : !

Example,,- 3 : Analyse a continuous beam ABC 1

I
I\
i
1.

- ()J
.,_ \
·A~c =
. K. I. 2') s. I. 2 = i
. (_o:J_
. .
. :"! D
..4-" I
.- . • "') J) 1.
: -4/,
0:rigi~al-'structure. · I
f.- ..
I
A~~¥c
· (_bJ . . · u · · Restrained structure
I
1·

Fixed end moments

. G
-lvL
8'-t.
1.

· Bending moment diagram.

•4
A
I C

I·.·~
j
· Ao1 = O; Action corresponding to 01. Ao2 = 0, Action corresponding to Di. ~-
Aou & Aou are sumof
' .
fixed end moments at B and C respectively

Aou =· wl2 - wl2' = 0. AoL2 = + wl2 t

12 12 . 12· I

s = -BEi - 2EI
L,
2EI
L
L

4EI
L
- ~~ [~ -~J :. -s -1 = -'=-- x 1
El 28
•
'4
[ .. 2 :~), D=s·1
I
.(_J>.o-J
~, .
'•
f
'. f
_L
28EI
4
[ -2
-2
8
J [o O - 0 l r
wL / 168EI
- wl~ = -wL3 /42EI
3
l
12 .
t
~

'
 ------···
_,.
i

AML1 - 1/12 AM012 2EI 0

~'£\ -i
I
I
~011 :,;i
I . L l·~·

= ~12 = wL2 +1/12 ·AMo = ~021

I
At.1022 4EI 0
I L
AML3 .;...
- 1/12 -~03.1 ~032 4EI -2EI
; I L L
AML4 +1/12 041 ~042 2Et 4EI
__ . .,..,,,.~·
L L
. »< -
\,_.../

- 6 MAG
..... ,··C
' ...
AM1
84
= IV/ BA
wl2 +9/84 = AM2'
-9/84 ~3-·
fl,J e (..,. i
·.
.j
0 Mc. B ''i
~

.,..
.....
~ ;~
:.· . ,·,
"' \
. ,
... .·.!.
·l·, ~\..,

('.
~1
-Aiu·
AR011'
~021
~012
AR022
[ ·0o_.
2
~ J
~3 = + ARo31 AR032
~4 ARD41 AR042

,, ...............

,:. . -:
-wl
I_,
2
2EI- 0 wl3 / 168EI
t? . \
',. 12
,
L-
wl3 MA
- 2
~- +wl
2
., . :6EI
I?
0
'
42EI
K'A.
13
= :::.

~lil
+ = wl
+0L 0 -6EI
--<B 32 (Z.B

·[? 11- Re.

+wl + 6EI · + 6EI
2 L2 L2
~
!,
t t·
}
•., t~

/
• 7
•
,·.--- -·· .

. i
: I --

= 2 x ~ a5 N/mm;
t
Example 4 : Analyse a continuous. bJ,m ABCD .. B sinks by 10 mm. E ' .
and I= 1600 x 104 mm4 =lI 16 x 106-IL·mm" ·
.
- 1/,tij
.
· -.
•
. . r1~S:'KN_/1Nt· · . lt;KN ·, \.: · ·. ;,2.t.:,.7.
~~~G M
. ti~. 11 S.l.=4 Kl=2 .· G1 . \1 '
/\~r
.;, -~If¥
.--\ ., - ·~·s·w.1 «I, L_D)
~ Original Structure. .. ').. -i-'
.·t:=,, _.:<
-!} •. •
...VD _;;; . . . ').'1-,o . '.
r" l·.r; ktl(Wl . 1 . . D2 Lt kl\J :.__..------ . i;;
. ~ B .D -~
A ~=-<'r<Yv-:x::v::>~
~ ~ ·
c.
· ;
.
t 't- O,J . Restrained Structure.
, I.~ 'j.\~
--:--::\
~)

.-</': . , i)(J,; . j) (1:

B · it)co Actions due to loads
. ct •. · . ·• ~~ , ~tn..-·.
-6 _.· ._·-b -,~ .· .,-,,· . ·.
-c-~~---4-r~·:ionsduetosinking.
(l><~.(eu;J _·
~;r·--· ·=~=:..__.:--.·~·--·_:·· :::::-~¥1~-==-
-=·

,
:_5-:-:~'~::::,
· /l ~
rl?~- -~5':.::·~~I.:.._·___;____-~~
·
Actions 'due to "unit
p{_g_) correspondinq to 01.

-:=: :. _·, . :. ~_:;2.__2._~· -r«J Actions , ~ue to

ar-----=----~~1t-.S.-. .: ·: ::::~~:P~. unit
/1~ · correspondinq to 02.
I . ~ 3' 'i - 6
-~I : ,1: . .' L),-~~J-·-,-.-+~--~\1-t~(3) Member end actions

~:YY
16•t
-- - jl•S't,(..,

33
v , -~
WI

3·cl7
. ~

~)
l:SkNt'i-n'

3t·0'67 7.736
-
0---"*'----:) Ov
7,733
y

~-t, 33 (Due to loa.. ds

. .
·_

(k")
t"· t6 . 3 r
'.'
t .
~ · JI,
...)·
J Due to moments ..
(KN),,t. iiS t
.'2·4S
t-7 ,.) 7
t., -7 i , . · 1

G·,3 f·S k.tv/-...,. 3-067 -,.733 I ~.o J<N .. · .

~ ~-,c,c,-~jr~ c;. ::V · : . ~ ';) .l • / 33 (__"-.)
r ·
J<rv) _g .. y S-
t . . 3-BS
tF·
19.
5 t. $S ~ 4 t I ·3 .
To+o. .
I

Moments at A and B due to sinking of B = 6Elo= 6 x 2 x 105 x 2 x 16 x 106 x 10 = 6kN.m""

L2 8000 x 8000 x 1000 x1000

Ao1 = 0, Ao2 = 0, Aou =12 kN.m. = 10 kN.m.

AoL2

S11 = 4E:x 21 + 4EI = 2EI . S2, = 2EI . = El

8 . 4 4 2

812 = 2EI = El S22 = 4EI + 4E x 21 = 2El

4 2 4 8
 1 2 -1
2 2
:.s-1 =j_ x L
2 El 3.75· -1 2
2 ·.. ~
' -~.

= 1
2 -1
2
0- 12
=. J. r- 5.067J
El3.75 x El l3.733
-1 2 0-10
,·
2
'v ':.
j .. '·
\ !

...
-14 2x2. 0 1 0.
8 2
2 44 0 1 0
8
10 .· 4x1 . - 2x1 1 1.
= ftw.o =. El 4 4 =El 2· /
14- 2x.1 4x1 1 1
4 ' 4 2
0 4~ 0 1
8
0- 2x2 0 1
8 2

~1 -14 1
2
0 x _1
El
[5.0671 -16.533

~2 2 1 0 ~ 3.73_3) - 3.067

Aw 10 1 1 + 3.067
= + El 2 :;:

~4 14 1 1 7.733
2
Awrs. -4 o. 1 :-7.733

~6 4 0 1 2.133
2·
 ·~
.,

.•
.I

· Example 5 : . . •
· Anal is the bent shown in figure and draw shear force and bending moment diagrams.
3kN ·
J

_:).D1 ,£.'31<N/i'n . , · ·'.:·c; 31<.N ~ 31,<.W/'>'t\.. •

. J> M ·e3·

Kl=2
l11-~, 3r r c. 6K>J.n, B
41M.)
Restrained structure
·-
31.
c,
•
4

j
. Sl=2 Ao1 = -6
Oriqinal 1\02= 0
Structure
"'IA . 1
D~,,v / . : '. . £ s kr-i/ 'rv\_
x· Aou
~C'c,C)C>CV-"YY"lco
I
=.- 4
...
~)
,s~
'-t Actions due to unit rotation
Aol2 =. 0 corresponding to D1.
S111 =
4E31 + 4EI := 4EI
4 4 .
:. S21 = 2Et' = El
4 · - 2

I
.A . . i. .· ~
.__~-+;t=:fc::::x:::~~::)Cc~~~) A
51.t ~ ' . . .. 5· ~ -= A M-3 3·~ = M'~
. . 1_; Actions due to unit· Member end actions .· '
rotation corresponding • '-;· t =-! A1VJ :z. -
I

· to D2.
S,2 = 2EI = El,

1~
. .
. 4 2
· .S 22 .= 4EI
-· = El •
4
AM,
/ I , 1 Fig; 6
:
;
'
: s 2-'1-'t...J [
S= El
8

:1 :. s _, = .2_ ( 2
L- 1 -:J :l [:l, Ao=[ AoL=
[-·~+ 1 L- z.J
2 1 15EI

= S -1 . • ..
0 . l.j
4 .

·- . [-4 J
-, . D [Ao - AoL]

[::] = 1;EI e -~

aj . O-oJ = 152Et 2 = [15},J ·1SEI

0
0 +El
11/2 1
1
1/2
x 1
El
r-8 /15J
4/15
0
- 0.4

• •
-4
+4 Us 0
0
_,
= -5.6
+3.2

.!
'., :, \
I -- 1.~

I
II I

I
I
i

·f;..
 1 12 ·
171EI
[ 184
12 90
90 -9 "\

= ( S -1 ) { Ao ~ AoL - )
184
12
90
12
90
.:.g
90
-9
103.5
J -
. l'~ 50]
40
-40

35.55~5 .•
26.666 •
[0

Aw. = Aw.L + Pw.o. D

=
Pw.u
Aw.L2
. Aw.l3
Aw.L4
+
Pw.011-
. Pw.021
~031
Pw.o.i1
· AM012-
Pw.022
Aw.o-:52.
Pw.042
Pw.013
Aw.C>23
Pw.033,
A,.,.043
x(~ J
D.3

Aw.ts Pw.os1 Aw.002 AMD53

,Aw.L6 Pw.os, ~062 ~063

= AML + Pw.o.O
~

•-
•• J
-1.5 2 0 0
-1.5 4 0 x _I_ (35555
26.666 13.33

:1~
+ El 0 4 2 El 0 -13.33
4 0 2 4 = 53.33
-6 0 8 -53.33
-6 0 -53.33
• ~

•••
•
••
•
•
I

• ·i2
•
 . . . • ~
.I
·,i . '
.
E x.
6
·1 .
.I
.

. : .;
.

Using stiffness method, analyse and draw b. m. diagram.

. . .
..
• •
"•
I
I
!
... Bi c
•
_._.
.;·"
J),
~~~r-~~~~::x::cY~~- •j

5n K'N . I
4m,,f

4m
I
Given SI =3 · Unknown
displacements
. . ·
· Structure Kl = 3

A /. I
1 '.· .. , . . . .
--+
· ~ S"1i=-l.i=t
. 8 . .)
h
s ,,
==-::J_E..I Unit
\6 Unit
displacement
,i,.
Displacement .
Corr. to 01 ® · Corr. to 02

.4
~ 2 3

·unit Member
Displaceme[ilt end
Corr to D.3 actions
i;
.

Fig. 7 I

-,

r27 -6 -2~ 0

s = JJ
16 l6 24
32

8 4:J
AoL = -40

40

50 50

Ao= 0 Ao-AoL = 40

0 -40

1 1.
 . '

1
171EI
[ 184
12
90
12 ·
90
-9. ',
j
·,. 909 . · .
;1_~3.5 ·: :
'.··.

184
12
90.
12
90
~9
-9
90
103.5
J .
. l- 40
50]
-40

35.555~..
26.666 •
[ 0

~L + ~o.D

=
AMu
~L2
~l3
AML4
+
. AM011-:
~021
~031
AM041
. At.101-2-
~022
~32
AM042
~013
~~23
AMD33.
AMD43
x[~J :'

AML5 AMos1 ~052 AM053

,AML6 Ai.,061 ~062 ~063

AML + AMo.O

+ El
-1.5
-1.5
0
2
4
4
0
0
2
x _I_ [35555
El
26.666
0
J -0
13.33
-13.33
4 0 2· 4 = 53.33 ·
-6 0 8 -53.33
-6 0 -53.33
~

I•

•• '

••
'

•••
•a ~

• ·1'; '-·
_.,,

•
 ·,.

Li~.
• $ .

l
[ 184
12
90
12 ·
90
-9. \
· 90
·. ;1~;.sJ
'··: .

184
( S -1 ) ( Ao -e. AoL · ) = '; • '[ 12
171EI . 90

35.55~5 .
26.666 •
[0

~ = AML + AMo.D

~1
~
AM3 =
~L1
At.iL2
At.1L3 +
. AM011
AM021
AMo31
. At.1012.
AM022
At-Ao':51.
~013
~P23
~033.
x(g: J
0.3
~4 At.1L4 At.1041 ~042 At.10-0
~ ~LS A-Mos, AMOS2 AMD53
~6 , AML6 At.1061 ~062 ~063

At.Ji = AML + At.10.0

•• + El
-1.5
-1.5
0
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