EVOLUTION OF MOBILE GENERATION
TECHNOLOGY: 1G TO 5G AND REVIEW OF
UPCOMING WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY 5G
I. INTRODUCTION
In the last few decades, Mobile Wireless Communication networks have experienced
a remarkable change. The mobile wireless Generation (G) generally refers to a change
in the nature of the system, speed, technology, frequency, data capacity, latency etc.
Each generation have some standards, different capacities, new techniques and new
features which differentiate it from the previous one. The first generation (1G) mobile
wireless communication network was analog used for voice calls only. The second
generation (2G) is a digital technology and supports text messaging. The third
generation (3G) mobile technology provided higher data transmission rate, increased
capacity and provide multimedia support. The fourth generation (4G) integrates 3G
with fixed internet to support wireless mobile internet, which is an evolution to mobile
technology and it overcome the limitations of 3G. It also increases the bandwidth and
reduces the cost of resources. [1]. 5G stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology
and is going to be a new revolution in mobile market which has changed the means
to use cell phones within very high bandwidth. User never experienced ever before
such high value technology which includes all type of advance features and 5G
technology will be most powerful and in huge demand in near future.
II. EVOLUTION
Mobile communication has become more popular in last few years due to fast reform
from 1G to 5G in mobile technology. This reform is due to requirement of service
compatible transmission technology and very high increase in telecoms customers.
Generation refers change in nature of service compatible transmission technology and
new frequency bands. In 1980 the mobile cellular era had started, and since then
mobile communications have undergone considerable changes and experienced
massive growth.
A. First Generation, 1G
These phones were the first mobile phones to be used, which was introduced in 1982
and completed in early 1990. It was used for voice services and was based on
technology called as Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS). The AMPS system
was frequency modulated and used frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
with a channel capacity of 30 KHz and frequency band of 824- 894MHz. [5]. Its
basic features are:
Speed-2.4 kbps
Allows voice calls in 1 country
Use analog signal.
Poor voice quality
Poor battery life
Large phone size
Figure 1 Architecture of Advance Mobile Phone
Limited capacity
System
Poor handoff reliability
Poor security
Offered very low level of spectrum efficiency
It introduces mobile technologies such as Mobile Telephone System (MTS),
Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS), Improved Mobile Telephone Service
(IMTS), and Push to Talk (PTT). It has low capacity, unreliable handoff, poor voice
links, and no security at all since voice calls were played back in radio towers, making
these calls susceptible to unwanted eavesdropping by third parties
B. Second Generation (2G)
2G refers to the second generation based on GSM and was emerged in late 1980s.
It uses digital signals for voice transmission. Main focus of this technology was on
digital signals and provides services to deliver text and picture message at low speed
(in kbps). It uses the bandwidth of 30 to 200 KHz. Next to 2G, 2.5G system uses
packet switched and circuit switched domain and provide data rate up to 144 kbps.
e.g. GPRS, CDMA and EDGE. [5]. The main features of 2G and 2.5G are: Second
generation, 2G:
Data speed was upto 64kbps
Use digital signals
Enables services such as text messages, picture messages and MMS (Multimedia
message)
Provides better quality and capacity
Unable to handle complex data such as videos.
Required strong digital signals to help mobile phones work. If there is no network
coverage in any specific area, digital signals would weak.
. 2.5 G:
The GSM technology was continuously improved to provide better services
which led to development of advanced Technology between 2g and 3g
Provides phone calls
Send/receive e-mail messages
Web browsing
Speed: 64-144 kbps
Camera phones
Take a time of 6-9 minute to download a 3 minute MP3 song
C. Third Generation (3G)
3G is based on GSM and was launched in 2000. The aim of this technology was to
offer high speed data. The original technology was improved to allow data up to 14
Mbps and more using packet switching. It uses Wide Band Wireless Network with
which clarity is increased. It also offers data services, access to television/video, new
services like Global Roaming. It operates at a range of 2100MHz and has a bandwidth
of 15-20MHz used for High-speed internet service, video chatting. [5]. The main
features of 3G are:
Speed 2 Mbps
Typically called smart phones
Increased bandwidth and data transfer rates to accommodate web-based
applications and audio and video files.
Provides faster communication
Send/receive large email messages
High speed web/more security/video conferencing/3D gaming
Large capacities and broadband capabilities
TV streaming/mobile TV/Phone calls
To download a 3 minute MP3 song only 11 sec-1.5 minute time required.
Expensive fees for 3G licenses services
It was challenge to build the infrastructure for 3G
High bandwidth requirement
Expensive 3G phones
Large cell phones
3G mobile system was called as UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System) in Europe, while CDMA2000 is the name of American 3G variant. Also the
IMT2000 has accepted a new 3G standard from China, i.e. TD-SCDMA. WCDMA is
the air-interface technology for UMTS.
D. Fourth Generation (4G)
4G offers a downloading speed of 100Mbps. 4G provides same feature as 3G and
additional services like Multi-Media Newspapers, to watch T.V programs with more
clarity and send Data much faster than previous generations [3]. LTE (Long Term
Evolution) is considered as 4G technology. 4G is being developed to accommodate
the QoS and rate requirements set by forthcoming applications like wireless broadband
access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), video chat, mobile TV, HDTV
content, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), minimal services like voice and data, and
other services that utilize bandwidth. [2]. The main features of 4G are :
Capable of provide 10Mbps-1Gbps speed
High quality streaming video
Combination of Wi-Fi and Wi-Max
High security
Provide any kind of service at any time as per user requirements anywhere
Expanded multimedia services
Low cost per-bit
Battery uses is more
Hard to implement
Need complicated hardware
Expensive equipment required to implement next generation network
E. Fifth Generation (5G)
5G refer to Fifth Generation which was started from late 2010s. Facilities that might be
seen with 5G technology includes far better levels of connectivity and coverage. The
main focus of 5G will be on word -Wireless World Wide Web (WWWW). It is a
complete wireless communication with no limitations. The main features of 5G are:
It is highly supportable to WWWW (wireless World Wide Web)
High speed, high capacity
Provides large broadcasting of data in Gbps.
Multi-media newspapers, watch TV programs with the clarity (HD Clarity)
Faster data transmission that of the previous generation
Large phone memory, dialling speed, clarity in audio/video
Table 1: COMPARISON OF ALL GENERATIONS OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES
c 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G
Start/ 1970 – 1980 1990 – 2004 2004-2010 Now Soon (probably
Deployment 2020)
Data Bandwidth 2kbps 64kbps 2Mbps 1 Gbps Higher than
1Gbps
Technology Analog Cellular Digital Cellular CDMA 2000 Wi-Max LTE WWWW (coming
Technology Technology (1xRTT, EVDO) Wi-Fi soon)
UMTS, EDGE
Service Mobile Digital voice, Integrated Dynamic Dynamic
Telephony SMS, Higher high quality Information Information
(Voice ) capacity audio, video access, access,
packetized and data Wearable Wearable
data devices devices with AI
Multiplexing FDMA TDMA, CDMA CDMA CDMA Capabilities
CDMA
Switching Circuit Circuit, Packet Packet All Packet All Packet
Core Network PSTN PSTN Packet N/W Internet Internet
V. CONCLUSION
Mobile Wireless Communication Technology is going to be a new revolution
in mobile market. With the coming out of cell phone alike to personal data
assistant (PDA) now our whole office is in our finger tips or in our phone. 5G
technology has a bright future because it can handle best technologies and offer
priceless handset to their customers.5G will promote concept of Super Core,
where all the network operators will be connected through one single core and
have one single infrastructure, regardless of their access technologies.4G and
5G techniques provide efficient user services with lower battery consumption,
lower outage probability (better coverage), high bit rates in larger portions of
the coverage area, cheaper or no traffic fees due to low infrastructure
deployment costs, or higher aggregate capacity for many simultaneous users.
