Executive Summary

IMAGES OF CHILDREN,
CRIME AND VIOLENCE
IN PLAYBOY, PENTHOUSE
AND HUSTLER MAGAZINES

This research was sponsored by Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
(OJJDP), United States Department of Justice, Project No. 84-JN-AX-KOO7, and carried out
at The American University, Washington, DC, from February 1984 to November 1985 and
delivered to OJJDP in November 1987. Principal Investigator was Judith A. Reisman, Ph.D.
While the complete three-volume Reisman Report is available from OJJDP, the agency
shelves several drafts of various reports ostensibly written by Dr. Reisman. However, only the
November 1987 Reisman Report has been approved by the Peer Review Board and
authenticated by the Principal Investigator. The Overview, Volume L is recommended as a brief
( 503 page) synopsis of the research project and relevant information. All three volumes total
nearly 2,000 pages. For further information contact Dr. Reisman at The Institute for Media
Education. Box 7404, Arlington, VA 22207 (703-237-5455).

CONTENTS
Letter Jrom John B. Rabun, Jr., Deputy Director,
National Center Jor Missing & Exploited Children,
................................................. 2

Introduction: Children in Playboy, Penthouse and Hustler ........................ 3

Reprinted from Preventing Sexual Abuse

Composition oj External Review Board ........... , ......................... " .... 3

Comments oj Members oj External Review Board ............................. , .. 4

Executive Summary oj Content Analysis oj

Images oj Children, Crime and Violence
in Playboy, Penthouse and Hustler ........................................ 8

Selected Bibliography ............................ , ......... , ............. ....... II

Discussion oj Cartoons and Photographs ....................................... 11

Sample Cartoons and PhotographsJrom the Study ............................. 15

 1835 K Street. N.W.• Suite 700. Washington. D.C. 2000E
202/634-9821

NATIONAL
CENTER FOR
March 24, 1988
HI&~INO
I~XI....oI'I'I~J)
CHILDREN

Judith A. Reisman, Ph.D., President

The Institute for Media Education
P.O. Box 7404
Arlington, VA 22207

Dear Dr. Reisman:

Many, many thanks for honoring our request and providing at no cost the hundreds of copies of the
"Executive Summary: IMAGES OF CHILDREN, CRIME AND VIOLENCE IN PLAYBOY, PENT-
HOUSE AND HUSTLER MAGAZINES" and for sending them to our mailing lists of criminal investigators
working cases of missing and sexually exploited children.
I have carefully studied the Executive Summary and strongly urge all those concerned with the welfare of
children to thoroughly review the document and give heed to the many disturbing implications contained
therein for the protection of children. This study must be read by all those concerned with the ways
pornography and violence in the media affect the incidence of child sexual exploitation and abuse. In support
of this thought, you may like to know some of my professional background and investigational findings.
Prior to my coming to the National Center as its Deputy Director, I was the Program Manager for the
Louisville-Jefferson County, Kentucky Exploited & Missing Child Unit.-This police/social work Team was
the first in the nation created to provide detection, investigation, and protective services on behalf of youth as
well as apprehension and prosecutory services against adults criminally exploiting children through
prostitution, pornography, or child sex rings in the Louisville SMSA.
From July 1980 through February 1984 the police/social work Team of the E.M.C. U. investigated about
1,400 cases of children suspected of being victims of sexual exploitation. Fifty-four percent (756) of the
children were found to be victims and an additional 31% (431) of the children were considered probable
victims although lacking sufficient proof for court proceedings.
During this time period, the E.M.C.U. prosecuted hundreds of adults for various crimes involving the
sexual exploitation of children. Over 40 major cases involved the successful prosecution of adults involved
with over 12 children each. In one particular case, investigators thought there were up to 320 child victims. At
the time of arrest of and/ or service of search warrants, ALL of these adult predators were found with
various forms 9f adult pornography and in most cases child nudes and/or pornography_ Over four
years, the E.M.C.U. Team learned to expect to always find adult pornography as such was used by the adult
offenders for their own sexual arousal, for self validation of their own sexual deviation(s), for extortion of
child victims or other adults, and for the deliberate and planned lowering of inhibitions of child victims.
Truly, the media you have identified can be devastating in effect in protecting children and gives real cause
for COnccrn and study when child erotica seems to be on the increase in popular literature. Please keep in
touch with all current updates and new initiatives.
Again, many thanks for the mUltiple copies of the report and all your efforts in behalf of children.

Cordially,

John B. Rabun, Jr., ACSW

Deputy Director
 INTRODUCTION
From Prevellting Sexual Abuse, Summer 1986

A study to determino how pomography &lid violence in the media • Almost aU depictifjns ofchild sexual abuse portrayed the child as
atree! the incidence of sexual abuse/exploitation, family violence IIId unharmed or benefited by the actiYily.
juYenile delinquency was r_ntly completed al American UoiYersity From 1954 to 1984. these 6.004 images of children were
in Washington, DC. The projee! was funded through the Office of interspersed with 15,000 images of crime IIId violence, 35,000 female
Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Preyention (OJJDp) U.S. De- breaBlS and 9.000 femsle geoitslia.
partmenl of Justice. Playboy, PelllhollSe aDd Hustlerwerechosen for the study because
Dr. Judith Reisman, principal investigator for the study entitled they are the three top-selling eroticlpornographic magazines.
"Cbildren, Crime and Violence in the Picloriallmagery of Ployboy, Approximately 2SI\) of the professional adult msle populalion reads
PelltlwllSe &lid HIIIIIIIIl" teotified on the Iindi1lgs before the United al leasl one of these three magazines. In addition, PltJyboy and
States Attomey General's Commission on Pornography on Novem- PellthollSe are accessible 10 jUyeniles since they are available at
her 21, 1985. ViBuaI imaBes of children in sexual and violent contexlS newsstands, hotel lobbies. 1Ilrports, coUese bookstores and in the
were analyzed in 683 issues of the three adult magazines beginning home.
with Playboy's initial Der.ember 1953 issue through Playboy, Playboyreacbes 15,SJ4,OOO people per issue, PelllhoIlSe1,613.ooo
PeJttllollSe IIId H/I.SIler issues of Der.ember 1984. Researchers IIId Hlllltier 4,303,000. This compares to ~lIology Today with
counted children In cartoons or photographs, and references 10 4,704,000 readers. Spo/'lS Rlllllt/'QIed with 13,034,000 IIId Ms. with
childten in cartoon/photograph captions. 1,635,000.
EIcb cartoon or photograph WII examined for characteristics of
the child or adult depicted, the activities in which the child was ConclUlions and Recommendations:
inYoIved, the nature of theactlvity, aDd the Slate of dress or undress of The study attempted to draw conclusions about the efleets of the
the cluld. Pseudo-children (adults dre5aed and posed II children) and imqes onjuYenile aDd adult readers, and explore the possible role of
any discrepant body features, such II oversized brealla on small the mlpunes II sources of sex education.
child's Crame, Mre also noted. SeYerallasues were raised for fulure study:
The study identified three basic themes: nonsexual. nonviolent 1. The role of these mqlZines in maldo8 children more acceptable
activities such II simple memories; violenl acli'lilies such II murder, II objecll of abnse, oe8Ieet and mistreatment, especiaUy sexual abuse
molml", or surgical procedures; and sexual activities such II IIId exploitation.
intercourse or a child appearin. nude. 2. The possibility that these imqes of children reduce taboos aDd
A total of 6,004 photographs, iUustralionsllld cartoons depicliq inhibitions restrainina abusive, neglectful or exploitative behavior
children appeared in the 683 magazines. H/I.SIIer depicted children toward children.
most often, an ayerage of 14.1 times per issue, foUowed by Playboy 3. The possible trivializalion of child msltreatment in the minds of
(8.2 times per issue) IIId Pelllhouse (6.4 times per issue). readers; and,
Findinp included the foUowing: 4. The consequences of presenting sexual and violent images of
• 1.675 child images were associated with nudity. children in magazines that caD attention to sexual and!or violent
• 1,225 child images were associated with genital activily. activily.
• 989 child imaaes were uaociated sexually With adults. Dr. Rehman recommended the National Institute of Mental
• m adulta were portrayed II peeudo-childreD. Heslth, the Departmenl of JUBtice IIId child welfare ..encies
• m child Images were IIIOCIated with foree. cooperate 10 address the problem of pomopphy fa our society
• 267 clilld imapa were IIIOCIated with sex with animalI or thr. the use of !Uk forces IIId research efforts.
objects. She Corther recommended a voluntary moratorium on child or
• 51 % of the child cartoons and 46% of the child photographs pseude-ehild images until verifiable research CIII be conducted on the
mowed. children ... 3-11. harm factor. Such action by sex-industry representatives could be
• More girls than boys were associated with sexual assaull. seen as &II act for responsibility based on concem for the welfare of
• More boys than girls were associated with vwlentlSSlluit. children. rather than an admission of guilt.

EXTERNAL REVIEW BOARD FOR IMAGES OF

CHILDREN, CRIME AND VIOLENCE IN PLAYBOY,
PENTHOUSE, AND HUSTLER MAGAZINES:
Cooperative Agreement #84-JN-AX-KOO7
Dr. George Comstoclr. Samuel I. Newhouse Professor of Public and HUma/I BeIIo.vi01' (1918). His extensive work in the area of mass
Communication al Syracuse University. is a foremost authority on media has yielded numet'OUl books &lid articles which are seen as a
televisionaDd social behavior. His work, in part, has focused on mass foundation for this field.
media and its effects on social values, social instilutiOl18, and, in Dr. Robert Figlio iJ &II Associate Professor of Criminology al the
particular. the young viewing public. Dr. Comstock serves QIl the UniversityofPeDDS~vania.HiscriliqueoftheunauthorizedAmeriC&ll
editorial boards of several major communication journals, is a University draft was helpful in the identilicalion of issues and data
member ofthe National Council for CbDdren IIId Television &lid was requiring clariIicalion, addition &lid correction. With Dr. ~
seniorauthor/ editor for the SurgeOll GeJteral's Report 011 Telel'ir/oll Wolfgang, Dr. Figllo co-authored the Department of Juatice
3
 "National Survey of Crime Severity." He is the only original peer who photographic education, and visual perception. Dr. Zakia published
was unable to review and evaluate Ibis fina1 technical version written numerous books and articles on photograpbyand visual perception,
by the Principal Investigator. presented papers, lectures, and conducted workshops in the U.s. and
Ms. Jane Huntingtoll is a specialist in the area of juvenile justice. Canada as well as contributing an excellent analysis of photography
She is pas! Director of the Juvenile Justice Project of tbe American for the fina1 Volume I Overview for the Reisman Report.
Red Cross, and served as Juvenile Justice Coordinator for the Supplementary Critiques:
National Coalition for jail reform. Ms. Huntingtoll has written widely Edward Eiebel, is a certified psychotherapist and consultant in
in the area of sexual crime and juvenile behavior. Health Education/Human Sexuality and Family Life Education in
Dr. Emanuel Landau is an epidemiologist and statistical analyst New York City.
whose specialty is the critique of large-scale, complex research Gordon Muir, M.D Director of Medical Communications at
designs. As a senior statistician, Landau, past Chairman of the Glaxo Research Laboratories is responsible for the evaluation of
American Statistical Association Committee on Statistics and En- medical research protocol and is also associated with the North
vironmen~ served as the outside, anonymous, expert selected by the Carolina Chapter of the National Committee for the Prevention of
American University to evaluate project methodology. Child Abuse.
Ms. Laura Lederer is Program Officer for the L.J. Skaggs and Mary Linnea Smith, M.D., is a psychiatrist whose professional role in the
C. Skaggs Foundation, and one of the country's leading experts on Collegiate Athletic Community involves the education of athletes and
pornography. She is author and editor ofthe well-known work Take coaches on the treatment of illicit drugs in mainstream, sexually
JJackrheNight· WoltWlonPornogmphy, and in 1977 established the explicit mass media.
organization Women Against Violence in Pornography and Media Dr. Dorothy Tennov, discoverer of "Iirnerence," past tenured
(W AVPM). Ms. Lederer's unique knowledge of both grant manage- professor of PsYchology at the University of Bridgeport, is a clinical
ment and pornography research have been an invaluable asset to the psychothera~ theorist and author of three books on psychology.
advisory board. Dr. Marianne Wamboldt is a psychiatrist, formerly of the
Dr. Richard Zakia is Chairman of the Fine Art Photography Department of Health and Human Services, Section on Comparative
Department of the Rochester Institute of Technology and brings to Studies of Brain and Behavior; and Dr. Janet Negley is a psychologist
the board his expertise on educatinnal psychology, photography, with The Callforrua Psycbotherapy Association.

Comments of Members of the External Review Board

George Comstoek, S.I. Newhouse erotica/pornography» (which you state in your introduction was a
Professor of Public Communications purpose of Ibis "exploratory research"). Though I am nol a researcher
I have reviewed the draft of your report of November, 1986, and cannot speak to the statistical methodology, my lay conclusion is
Childrell, Crime alld Vfolel'lCe in the PictorilllImagery of Playboy, the same as Dr. Landau's in that the "content apalysis did adequately
Pen/house alld Hustler. My jndsement as a scholar of the empirical test the hypolheses of the s\udy regarding representation ofchildren in
investigation of tbe social intluence of the communications media is the three magazines with special reference to sexual and violence
that contexts. The findings are clearly of interest but the possible adverse
1. The research meets the usual critem and standards for such effects from such presentation cannot therefore be inferred."
endeavors, and suffers from no problems or weaknesses not common Dr. Zakia, also, points out that this was a "survey, a content
to the genre of research represented. analysis,» and, as such, I agree that it ought to be published. Your
2. Its findings should be of value to those interested in. popular research has constructed a base upon which to huild furtber research
culture, erotica or pornograpby, and the effects of erotica, por- studies. However, at this point, the research itself cannot be the basis
nography, and violence in the media, and particularly to those for any conclusions and recommendations, other than for furtber
concerned with the implications of such phenomena for women and research and, ofcourse, of the empirical findings of the cbiId images in
children. mainstream erotica/pornography.
3. The synthesis of marketing data, child abuse statistics, the media
elJects Iitetature, and various psychologica1 formulations relating to ExeerpU from Dr. Emanuel Landau'. Review"
medIa effects is adventureaome, intri&uina and an admirable e_cise Volume I of the report, which represents an overview of the
proj~ presents the nete!lSilY back&round material which tbe reader
in that neceuary hllllWl venture, thinkin& the unthinkable.
The doCument is of .ulIIclent comprchenlibWty and completeness sbould have to understand the relevance of Ibis project to tht broader
lOr lubmialoll to a IpoIIIOIinl qom:y III the drift of. final tccbniceI issue. The introduction stateJ that "Tho overall objective of the study
Will to ascwin whether and to what enrot representationl of
venioll, ThiI Will nol \rUt of the vcniQn pRlpsred by the American
Unlvllllity. ,children ulst in Playboy, Penthouse and Hustler mllQiPes. The
particular fOCUll of the study was the depiction of"children" i!lIe~
Jllle Buntlnpon and violent contexts." ThiI proj~ representlns iI content anaIya/II of
I have reviewed the Bxecutive Summary of your final project the three mentioned journals, constituted an attempt to deal with the
report and the leiters that you !ellt me. broader issue of "The Role of Pornography and Media Violence in
AB you know, I have studied juvenile justice issues as part of my Family Violence, Sexual Abuse and Bxploitation and Juvenile
master's course at the School of JUlltice at The American University, Delinquency."
IIId I have participated in projects Iimded by the Office of Juvenile The stndy was designed III a longitudinal study. The report up
Justice &: Delinquency Prevention, particularly dealing with early "MoIIt importantly, the Itndy provides an exhaustive analysis of the
intervention strategies. I must advise you thai lim no longer working roles played by children in Playboy, Penthouse andHUSllermagazillCl
injuvenilejustice; however, as I observed to you in the initialsragesof
the proj~ I believe your research would be of intetest to cbild "These statements are excerpts from Dr. f..andau's 13-pap
protectinn workers as web as to any professionals who intetact with evaluation. On August 13, 1987 Dr. Landau wrote: "Having noted
youthful sex offenders. Again, as lhave stated before, I find the"cbiId the August 1987 materials planned for delivery to OJJDP, I wish to
magnets» conoept of particular interest reaffinn my origioal AngUllt 1986 sentence regarding themetho-
Your research presents a longitndinal content analysis of child doJogy used in Ibis research. "This is a sound study, producing bigb
representations in the three magazines examined. As I see it, the quality data in a complex and dilIicuIt area conducted in a
research provides a data base of child images in "mainstream scientifically aa:eptable fasltion.»
over lime~ (p.la). PlaYDoy, Penthouse and Hustler. The Role of Pornography and
I have reviewed Volumes n and ill of the stndy entitled"A Media Violence in Family Violence, Sexual Abuse, and Exploitation,
Content Analysis of Playboy. Penthouse and Hustler" mtlgazine. with and Juvenile Delinquency." Your research is of tremendous value. It
speciaJattention to the portrayafofchildren, crime, and violence with is the first study ever to document the complete representalion of
comiderable care. The review consisted of several examinations to cbildren, children depicted in sexualsituatiOllS. and children depicted
ensure that I could lind no sil!llificant error of commission or omission in criminal and vinlent situations in Playboy, Penthouse and Hustler
which could bias the result regardless of the overall quality of conduct magazines, the three leading mainstream pornograpby magazines in
of the study (p.1 b). [Pase numbers in this seclion refer to the original our country. It documents these images over time, which makes it
dncumenlS.] possible to pinpoint the introduction of such images into the social
Havinll participated in several Iarge..scale studies involvins the fabric. It also makes it possible to trace the proJi!eration of certain
preparation of complex coding manuals and trainin8 of coders, I themes, sucb as cbild assaull, cbild sexual molestation, and inoest and
appreciated the care with which this operation was conducted. The to correlate tha increases in these images with reportinga of real Ji!e
prqjectclearly demonstrated the awareness of the professional staffto crimes against cbildren. In addition, the stody yielded an enormous
the necessity for pilot or pre-testiog and the comparability of the amountofinvaluabledataneverbeforegathered.ltisnowpossibleto
coders' entries. This concern for the form of the questions with its identify the ale of the children portrayed in these magazines and to
interpretation is needed in any study, but especially in this one where note that the largest number portrsyed were between theases ofthree
objectivity is so difficult 10 maintain in the codinsgroup. Many of the and II, to identify tbe race and relision of these cbildren, as well as
questions raised in this review process were also perceived by the their sex. The data can be identified for anyone of the three
Principal Investigatur and are discussed in thesection on "Limitations magazines, or a pooled lisure representing an three magazines can be
of the Study" (p.2). found. The data also identify criminal and violent activities such as
The care attached to coding applied also to the data handling in rape, hattery and murder. These data can be used by other
order to minimize the likelibeod of error. Thus far, simple frequencies researcbers, as well as police, child proteeliOD asendes, pbysicians,
and cr__ tabulations have been carried out Theta are alarge numbet nwses, clinical therapists, educators, government officials and others
of additional unpublisbed tabulations available from the project files who now work in various capacities to bait cbild abuse, cbild sexual
(p.8). molestation, and inoest, as well as an forms ofjuveoile delinquency.
The meticulous care with which the project attempted to deal with As a foundation program director of a private pbilanthropic
the "overall objective of the study... was 10 ascertain wbether foundation, I can say that the grant was properly administered and
and to what extent representations of cbildren exist in Playboy, wen-used. This was an enormous undertaldng: a Iargc>Scale atudy
Penthouse and Hustler magazines To descn'be the environments in with complex coding processes, boused in a university, which took a
which the depictions occurred, the portrayal of crime and violence good percentage of the original grant amount to cover overbead coats.
without children was also studied" (p.3). As principal researcher, you set up the research parameters, tested
The pattern of training for specific questionnaires followed by them with preliminary studies, and then ran the project within a two
actua1 ending represents. in my judgment, an excellent way to year lime limit, employing over 30 people, including 25 coders, a
III8lIimize elliciency and minimize errors. The te~t notes that a guide complete administrative team, and a dozen e~pert consultants.
xuaI An'~ Iated sian ter d I ped ~ tb bild . ual I urge the immediate pUblication of your IinaI report dated
tose ~ ...-re g msWas eveo or ec VIS November 1986,andits full distnbution, by the U.S. Department of
and adult crime portions (p.7).
Noticeable througbout the report is the empbasis on quality Justice and tbe Ollice of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Pre-
control. It is clear that quality control was rigidly enforced from the vention. I know that the American public very mucb wants to read
initial assisnrnent ofma88zines to tbe completed coding (p.7). thelinal reporl,and lbe6eve that our society will reap benefits from it
The discussion of"cbild masnets" i.e., the presence of Santa Claus Dr. Rkhard D. Zakla
and fairy tale characters is believed to be new and of interest. The Thank you for the opportunity to read your report on "The Role of
depiction of children as initiating, receivins or observing sexual or Pornography and Media Violence..... and to offer some conu:nents.
violent activity with Santa Claus may be of consequence as is also the First let me again state my position that the data you have gathered is
appearance of children as adult sexual partners in the fairy tale important and should be made available 10 serious researchers along
illustrations (pola). with valid qualifyinll statements and criticism you have included in
The training of the coders involved a meliculous procedure of your November 1986 Report ut me oullinesome of the things I find
trainin8 and praClice on the CbiId Cartoon Coding Instrument. Inter- r = - b l e in your report:
rater reliability was assessed at the conclusion of coding and coders Your data on the cartoons in Playboy. Penthouse and H/lSIIer
were debriefed to document their unique approaches 10 the content provide a reference point that we never before had. This is important
~~m~j~eot that this content analysis did adequately test the for longitudinal studies and for possible comparison with other
bypothesis of the atudy regarding representation of cbildren in the tm~~:,on; i.e., cartonns and visuals in other magazines.
three magazines with special reference to sexual and violence The instruments you developed for your study and your approach
contexlS. The Iindinga are clearly of interest bnt the possible adverse in establishing verbal categories for pictorial information can be very
effects from such presentation cannot therefore be inferred (p.4). belpful to others.
Volume I also demonstrates a carefally conducted study of the 3. Correlatlomo
content of the three joumals constituting the mainstream of Your findings on the number of cartoons in whicb the principal
erotic/pornographic publications (p.4a). cbild is "Scbool ase to puberty: elementary scbool ase six tbrougb
In summary, the statement of limitations notes in detail the eleven" raises an important question. Do national statistics on cbiId
shortcomings of this atudy. However, in my judgment, the authors molesting reveal a similar situation. In other words are most cbildren
have tended to overstate the imperfect qualities of this content that are molested between the ases of six.eJeven?
analysis atudy. It is a sound study providing bip.-quality data in a 4. CartoonIIIIJ
complex and difficult area conducted in a scientifically lU:Ceptable Of the several cartoonists mentioned. the one most often used by
fashion (p.12). Hustler magazine was Dwaine B. Tinsley by a margin of twice the
Laura J. Lederer next most used cartoonist. Can the Tinsley cartonns be isolated and
I write to congratulate you on the successful completion of your studied between the years 1974 to 1984? This could uncover usefu1
study, "Children, Crime, and Violence in the Pictodallmasery of information regarding cartoon codes and po5SIble changes which
5
might have emerged. Do cartoons such as Tinsley's have historical Laboratories. In this environment I have been fully exposed to the
precedence? Having done some visual research in the Kinsey Library principles and practice of sound medical research and its proper
on Sex and Human Reproduction at the University of Indiana, I presentation. I have also been lately associated with the North
believe they do and can be identified in the collection of pornographic Carolina Chapter of the National Committee for Prevention of Child
visuals available there to researchers. Some of these visuals are by well Abuse, and partly because of this interest and what I recently have
known artists of earlier years. been learning about child abuse, I feel that the subject of your research
S. Similar hut DilTerent is important, timely and of considerable public interest.
The cartoons in all three magazines althougb somewhat similar are Just as physicians (and the public) have had a growing interest in
also different. Playboy for example is more verbal wbile HUSIler is the role of television in child abuse (see Wharton an4 Maudell,
blatantly visual. Hustler cartoons also portray more violence and Pediatrics, June 1985), there would undoubtedly be a similar interest
conlain ethnic slurs. How do other "girlie" magazines compare? in the role, ifany, of mainstream pornography. Now. for the first time,
6. Syntax major documentation has been provided regarding how children are
The placement of cartoons on a page along with specific articles depicted in mainstream pornography and how images of children are
and advertisements, the size of the cartoons, left Pille vs. right page. related to situations of nudity, abuse, crime and violence. This has to
black-and-white vs, color is of slinilicance and provides information he an important body of data and an important first step, if the
not previously amiable. Your "eye scan" data points out the methodology of data collection bas heen sufficiently rigorous. My
importance of judging the cartoons for not only what is within the own view is that tbe methodology employed here has been more tban
cartoon but also for what lies outside the cartoon. Perceptual sufficiently exacting. And, while SOme modifications may be sug-
psychologists would find this very useful information. gested for the future, I would concur with the statistical reviewer, Dr.
7. Body Valldallon Landau, that this is ". sound study providing high-quality data in a
Your proposed Body Validation instrument could be very useful to complex and difficult area, conducted in a scientifically sound
researchers in the field. What we see, and somelimes often mistake as fashion."
a photograph of a nude woman, is often a retoucbed photograph with My chief conclusions from reading this report are as follows:
"visual transplants". By that I mean we now have tbe technology to I. Children bave been extensively sexualized in mainstream
create a real, imaginary, fantasized perfect nude woman. Computers pornography. Documentation of this point alone is an importanl
can store pictorial body parts, faces, noses, hands, legs, breasts, etc., finding.
aod display them on a screen for an artist to composite. The final 2. It is clearly established that there has heen a pictorial
fantasized Venus can then be directly transferred onto printing plates trivialization of child sex abuse-particularly in cartoons. And as
and tben into magazines for the voyeuristic eye. The face of a 20-year- Harrison is quoted as saying in this report: "The cartoon is a unique
old can be connected to the body of a l6-year-old. Your proposed force· in modern society.n
Body Validation instrument warrants further study and testing. Socialization of other taboos, in cartoons especially, is also
8. Comparisons documented.
Do any of your findings support or question the voluminous Meese Bearing in mind that everyone is influenced in some way by what
Report? they see and read, it is absolutely essential that tbe impact of tbese
9. Kinsey Library child representations on both adults and children be further in-
As you know, the Kinsey Library is an important resource for vestigated. We are not dealing here with the content of television soap
researchers in the field of human sexuality. The library has an operas, etc. but with a pictorial medium that is seen to bave a record of
outstanding collection of texts and visuals, including a considerable portraying the breaching of the most sensitive social taboos as a
amount of material, historical and contemporary, on the involvement subject for humor. Serious investigation of the impact of this should
of children in sexual situations. Some of the material is in cartoon now begin.
form and some pictorial visuals. I am sure that the Kinsey Library I commend you and your staff for an admirable execution of a
would welcome a copy of your report for their collection. complex task performed in a relatively short period of time. I look
10. Heuristic forward to the Department of Justice making this report available to
Another important aspect of your study is its heuristic value; it the medical and child-welfare communities, as well as to the general
raises what I would call a Janus question. Looking back into earlier pUblic.
publications, what child cartoons preceded the ones your study Linnea W. Smith, M.D.
found? And looking forward, particularly as the electronic media The significance of your research cannot be overestimated, that of
begins to lake over with its moving image and sound, where is this undertaking the most comprehensive to date content analysis of the
type of erotica headed? We now have an important benchmark for three topgrossing erotic! pornographic magazines. This information is
Playboy. Penthouse and Husller for the years 1953-1984, 1969 to an invaluable precursor for the scientificcommuruty as well .. society
1984 and 1974 to 1984 respectively. to critically evaluate issues of causation and potential for distortion of
I hope the Justice Department will soon make your report attitudes on human sexuality and antisocial behavioral impact.
available to serious researchers in the field. As a member of your peer There has been appropriate criticism of those of us in the medical
group I concur with my colleague Dr. Landau that the criticism of profession in general, as well as those of us in psychiatry specifically,
your report has been overstated. It has teuded to obscure the to be more cognizant of the role of mass media and its impact on the
imporlant data your research has uncovered. It was a survey, a well-being of juveniles and adults.
content analysis of particular information. Perhaps it should be These pUblications target juveniles as an important part of their
formally titled "A Survey of ...". readership and aggressively market their product to this segment of
J. Gordon Muir, M.D. the population which may be most vulnerable during the formative
Thank you for the opportunity to review Volume I of your report years of sexual identity. Your analysis of the depictions of children in
"Children, Crime and Violence in the Pictoriallmillery of Playboy, a sexual and!or violent context is especially pertinent. Recent surveys
Penthouse and Hustler." confirm an overwhelming majority of adolescents reported repeated
By way of hackground, I am a physician with six years of exposure to this material.
experience in the clinical research departments of two of this Research examining the effect of precocious exposure to por-
country's leading pharmaceuticaJ companies. I have been assistant nography on children's attitudes and behavior is seriously inaaequate.
director of clinical development and associate director of medical Chlldren must be assumed vulnerable to adverse health consequences
communications althe Squibb Institute for Medical Research, and I unless and unlil proved otherwise.
am currently director of medical communication al Glaxo Research It is imperative Ihal your report be made available immediately to
6
 the general public. It;' beyond comprehension that additinnal data . On~ possible da~gerous effect of these pictures i~ that they
currently in the P?Ssession of American University;' not accessible to dlSlnh.bll the prohIbllion. making less secure people more aware of
you or made available to other researchers. . inapproprIate sexual feelings aod more confused about what to do
Dorothy Tennov, Ph.D. about them. Repeated exposure to sexual scenes with adolescent (or
My Ph.D.. (U. Con~ecticut, 1964) is in experimental psychology y~unger! girls could stimulate hidden sexual feelings towards young
w.th emphas!~ on learnIng and on methodnlogy in behavioral science. gIfls WhICh the man had been keeping at bav.
I conduct basIc research, am a consulting psychologllit (Lic., Conn), There is also an inherent permission given'to indulge in this kind of
have attained the academic rank of tenured Professor (U. Bridgeport), sexual b~havk)f when viewed in the media. Of particular concern is
taught to,ehavloral psychology. research design, and stat;'!lcs (U. the relauonsh!pof step-parent to step-child, particularly stepfathers
Connecticut, U. Bridgeport, Hunler CoIL), and have published and stepdaughters. These pairs do not share a long history of·
artIcles m professional jnurnals and three scholarly books. I am a nurtur!mce; often a stepfather first meets his prospective stepdaughter
member In good sta?d!ng of national and internatinnal professional as ~he IS. entenng puberty. In fact. the literary story ofLollt. describes
orgamutJons meludmg the American Psychological Association and a slluaUon where the stepfather married the mnther because of his
the International Society for Human Ethology. In recent years my altr~ctinn to. her daughter. Without a history to help suppress sexual
research and theory fncused nn interpersonal sexual-affectinnal feehngs, these P31rs often must consciously do so.. To have media
attra~tien~ in a centext of the ethology of human reproduction and on present scenes of child seduction mav make it mnre difficult fnr men
tbe blOlog.cal and social implications of reproductive technologies. to conscinusly suppress these feelingS.
I have complIed WIth yeur request that I review "Images of . The ~agazine edito~ will surely say they are only interested in
ChIldren, Crime and Violence in P/o.yboy Penthouse and Hustler st.mulaung fantasy. not illegal acts. BUi toa person who has difficultv
Magazin~s." A full report;' to fonow, but in summary I feel your separa~ing fantasy from reality, the magazine gives tremendously
research IS on the cutting edge of crucial social issues and that you confUSing messages; for mstance. some men may use the presence of
ha~e prnduced, nn a subject of intense contrnversy, valuable and these scenes as support for the notion that "women must like this or
relIable data. I am most interested in the results of the additional data they wouldn't have posed for it."
analyses as well as additional projected research. If... adolesc-ents view confusing pictures of "sexualized children" Or
I congratulate you on your perseverance in the presence of the cartoons about adult men, often fantasy heroes (espe(.ially Darth
uniq~ obstacles that working with these materials produce. The Vader) sexually using children, their dual developmental drives of
reactIOns ev~ked by your work-of offiCialS, participants, colleagues, becoming sexual as well as nurturant adults may blend blur and be
and the pubhc-to the very subject of pornography reveal an aspect C<?nfused ...addi~g visual po~rayal of child sexual ab~ may indeed
nf human nature that must be understood if we are to behave tngger actual a~ng out, parttcularly in younger teens who have not
responsibly as a society. In conjunction with other recent data on developed good Impulse contro.l over their new and overwhelming
violence aod abuse ynur findings confirm that our children are in sexual feelings.
jeopardy. Edward W. Eichel, M.A.
Dr. Marianne Z. Wamboldt and Dr. Janet Negley. In reviewing your research on pornography, I can say from my
The eIghteen examples offered for evaluation seemed to be twenty years of experience as a sexnlogist that you have gnne to the
representative of several themes in current pornography: The heart oflhe matter. Let me identify several points tbatl wllih to touch
association of sex with violence, the depiction of adult grown women On:
as children and the association of childhood symbols and fantasies l. Your market research and additional other reviews of the
with sexualacts. literature are an important contribution to. our understanding of the
In ad?ition to those pictures where women are dressed as girls, I complex role of commercial sex information in our nation's life.
would lIke to make a few comments on those comics and v;'uals in 2. As a sex researcher, it is of grave concern for me todllicover that
which childhood fantasies and heroes are used. As in the series of the malerials under investigatinn have been instructing both juvenile
increasingly more explicit pictures using Willlrd of O. characters, it and adult readers about the desirability nf children as sex partners and
seems that pornngraphy is seeking to be more and mOre nutrageous... the harm!essness nfearly sexual activity for children. The fact lhallhis
So, we see priests, Santa Claus and the Tin Man in sexual pnstures... type nf VISual education is mass distributed in magazines I consider
The real difficulty with these images is that they carry messages another key finding. This makes me wonder aboul th~ SOurce of
beyond "isn't this funny-it's so naughty" which are only seen clearly inspiration for some of the bizarre sexual hehaviors-auto-erotic
If one gets beynnd the initial respense er if one is sensitized to the asphyxiation, fnr example, wbich has been responsible for numerous
greater issues at play. fatalities amongst juveniles.
The increasing explicitness of the pornographic images is remi- 3. Ynur !de.rllification.nf "Child Magnets" i~ each of the magazines
niscent of an addiction. More and more is needed to create the same ad<!s fresh lDSJ~ht to the Impact oftbese matenals onjuvenile readers.
effect. .. But with the number nne complaint in sexual therapy being ThIS mfor~~lIon would be very useful to sexologists. child develop-
"a lack of desire," one must wonder just what it takes to get stimulated ment specialIsts, and a broad spectrum of child welfare workers.
these days. A possibility is that we are all affected'by the amount of .4. Thealten.tion .given to the pairing of violem, sexual, andjuvenile
sexual input and respond by shutting down. slImulI-WIthm thIS sex educallon medium-raises the issue of visual
As mental health professionals, we can postulate that pornography communicatio.n to. new levels ?f complexity and scholarly concern.
bas del~tenous effects ~n some individuals. First of an, some men may In my opImon you have raIsed some powerful questions for the
have difficult~ separatmg the use of women as sex objects from their research community and p~ovided basic data to assist in answering at
everyday dealIngs with women in their lives. This comment pertains least s?me of those quest.ons. The data you provide on juvenile
to pornography in general. The use of childhood heroes and fantasies stImulI suggest.a Slmulta~eous arousal ?fboth genital responses and
adds even more complexity to the problem. fear responses In s0!De VIewers. I consider these findings importanl
and suspect the>: w!~ be tbe basIS for majnr steps in resolving the
'Excerpts from Dr.'s Wamboldt and Neglev's seven-page critique problem of definmg pornography." Congratulations, I look forward
of eighteen sample imag~ selected from PI~yboy, Penthouse and to your repnrt being made available to professional researchers aod 10
Hustler. the public at large.

7
 CONTENT ANALYSIS OF IMAGES OF
CHILDREN, CRIME AND VIOLENCE
IN PLAYBOY, PENmOUSE AND HUSTLER
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
ABSTRACf man Report, delivered in November 1987 to the Office of Juvenile
. Mainstream erotica!~rnography is generally said to portray non- Justice and Delinquency Prevention, incorporates clarifications
VIOlen! adult female nudity for an adult audience. However, a content corrections and additions to the September 2, 1986 draft delivered by
analysIS of PII1yboy (N=373), Penthouse (N= 184), and Hustler The American UnivetSity to OJJDP. (A chronology of the project
(N=126) magazines, December 1953 to December 1984 yielded report appears on the overleaf of Volume I, p. iv.)
6,004childimagesaswellasanestimatedI4,854imagesofcrimeand As the first indepth investigation of Playboy, Penthouse, and
violence. Received both by juvenile and adult readers, newsstand HIlS/fer-leaders in the commercial sex industry-this projec:! was
aVlilabie child imqery in the context of erolleal pornography the subject of extensive press and public attention. On the one hand,
iocreased nearly 2,600% (16 to 412) from 1954 to 1984 peaking in the public has expressed an abhorrence of child pornography and of
197881 465 newsstand aVJilabie depictions. Nearlytwo-thirdsofthe violence associated with sexuality in sexually explicit magazines.'
child scenarios were sexual and!or violent; the dominant age bracket Yet, the most prominent of these magazines publicly denied any
3-.11 years; girls more pre.valent than boys and most likely associated misuse of children in its content' while certain public offic:Ws and
Wlth adult males; and racial portrayals almost exclusively Caucasian. individuals otherwise noteworthy as proponents of child weItare
Close to 1,000 sexual scenarios incJnded children with adulls; 80% of a~mpted to dismisIf this ~esearch, largely because they were sore
the children were actively involved in aU scenes; and each magazine children were not DllSused In these popular magazines.'
portrayed children as unharmed and!or benefited by adult-clilld sex. On the other hand, preliminary research· by the Principal In-
Juxtaposed with some 50,000 imqes of adult female nudity, the yes!igator had indicated that children had been extensively sexualized
6,004 child depictions were also associated with 14,854 images of III popular E/P.· F\lrtherrnore, Juvenile Justice and other pro-
adult crime and violence. In the Jailer, young-adult Caucasian males fessionals idenllfied "softcore" E/P as tools employed to lure and
and females were equally victimized with primary otrenders young- indoctrinate children into sexually abusive situations.' Child
adult Caucasian males. As the only mainstream newsstand pub- well'are professionals have also observed that \'ic!imized children
Iicalinn of ill genre from 1954 to 1968, Playboy averaged 17 monthly often continue the cycle of violence, frequently becoming juvenile
depletions of children, crime and violence. Since 1975, the addition of deHnquenll and! or adult offenders. Based upon growing concerns
hIItIIw.re andHustleriocreased the newsstand aVJilable aggregate to regarding the role of E/P in cbild sexual abuse, and the preliDliDary
111 monthly depictions ofchildren, crime and violence. In sum these work idenlUy!ng ch!I~n, crime and violence in these magarines. an
mqazines paired adult female nudity with images of children, 'crime exploratory mvesllgation of the most widely read erotic/por-
and violence, for millions ofjuvenile and adull readers for over three nographic mqazines was undertaken. The ptesellt research focused
decades. upon the analysis of children (juveniles), crime and violence in
INTRODUcnON Playboy, Pell/house, and Hustler, the three most popular "sotk:ore"
The concept of true democracy presumes both freedom of erotic/pornographic magazines read by both juveniles and aduill.
information and adequate public access to trothful information. In Why SWdy Mass Media Communication?
1832 J~es Madison' argued that an informed public was a Communication researchers tend to debate particular ways in
prer':'llllSlle to educated debate and decision-making on social issues. whi~h specific media messages may dec:! particular recipienll and
Public debate regarding the role of pornography in child abuse has ~vers.· Numerous communication models have been de!igned
already begun. Yet, until the Pteselll research,little information on the whi~ attempt 10 precisely replicate the communication process.
incidence and nature of child abuse in mainstream erotica/por- DespIte subtle differences, communication theorists may be said to
nography [EIPJ' has been publicly accessible. The purpose of this agree that any commullication process has some etl"ec! on receivers:
exploratory research has been to provide the juvenile justice systems [I]n most general terms, communication implies a sender, a
and the public with requisite information for informed debate on cha~ne~ a message, a receiver, a relallonship between sender and
children, crime and violence in ElP, and to provide researchers with a receiver, an etl"ec!, [and] a contexi in which communication OCCUlS.'
solid ~ta base for future research and testing of hypotheses. To this It foUows from the above accepted body of communication !henry
end, this stody tested three hypotheses: first, that children have been that EIP messages etl"ect receivers in some mattoer and thus are
portrayed both sexually and nonsexually in mainstream EIP maga_ worthy of indepth analysis.
zines; second, that crime and violence have been portrayed both Why SWdy Playboy. PeDtbouse and Hustler?
sexually and oonsexually in these same ElP magazines; third, thai Recent data available from Canada confirmed existing American
these images of cbildren, crime and violence have been paired with studies of early onset of exposure to ElP. The Canadians found
fenIaIe nudity and graphic sexnai display. adolescents, ages 12-17 reporting most frequent exposure to main-
BACKGROUND stream ElP.. • Moreover, according to recognized market research
The ptesellt exploratory research, funded by the Office of Juvenile sources, Playboy, Penthouse and Hustler maintain the highest
J~ ~d ~~ncy ~n~ (OJJDP), was designed to reade~hip am~ngsl all ElP magazines,!1providing "inforrnalsex
provide Juvenile Jusnce ageDctes WIth an extensive data base on educatiOn" for Juveniles and adults since Decenther 1953 inside and
Depictions of Chi1dren, Crime and Violence in Playboy, Pe1lthouse, outside the home environment. The overall readership ~ be said to
and Hustler. The complete Reisman Report in three volumes, cross all socio-economic boundaries, while a 1arge percentage of
constitutes the definitive report by the Principal Investigator. These readers may be cIas!silied as relatively weli-educated upsca1e "change
three volumes are avllilable separately or together from the Juvenile agents." Based upon circulation figures and juvenile justice and
Jnstice ~0!'5" in W.u:hingtoo, DC. Volume I (S03 pages) is delinquency prevention concerns, Playboy, Penthouse, and HllSIler
The Overview. This volume lDCOrputates a large body of important were selected for the present examination of children, crime and
projec:t information, including materials contained in Volume IT, violence.
Methods and .Procedures (382 pages) and Volume HI, The Data Why SWdy the Depiction of Children?
Book (appromnately 700 pages). The AUTHENTICATED Rei&- Children have historically been ex)lloited in pornography." Yet,
8
prior to tbis research, it was generally believed that such exploitation clinical psychologist who held one-honr group sessiollll each week.
was confined to peripheral, "hardcore" pornography, traditionally 3. Training: Coders learned Critical Viewing Skills via great works of
found on the fringes of society. Research confirms that hardcore child an. Following tbis, content analysis training followed the Krippen-
pornography is nearly always of a sexual nature, and that itcon,litutes dorff process. Bach coder underwent test trials and group training
a form of child abuse. The current research effort, however, sought to blocks in the use of the "Coder's Portfolio;" coding instruments,
identify nonsexual and sexual depictions of children as well as coding manuals and sheets, the Canoon/Visual Guide,the Emotional
depictions of crime and violence in "softcore" or mainstream Expression Guide (BEG), aDd the Age Evaluation Guide (ABG)."
erotica/pornography. 4. Materials: From December 1953 to December 1984, all issues
Why Study the Depiction of Crime and Violence? (N=683) were coded for depktions of cbildren: Playboy (N=373),
The general public has expressed its concern about the juxta- Penlhouse (N= 184) and HUlitier (N= 126). Magazines missing in the
position of vioience and sex within one medium. For example, in the collection were coded at the Library of Congress. A 42 percent
Newsweek Poll by Gallup (March 18, 1985) 73 percent of respon- random sample was coded for depictions of canoon and visnal crime
dents believed explicit sexnal magazines, movies and books lead some and violence.
people to commit Illpe or other sexnal violence wbile 93 percent 5. MagazineDislributlollandInstmmentHandiillg: Coders received a
called for stricter control of magazines displaying sexnal visual random distribution of magazines in their library carrels, marking
violence. Moreover, the concern ahout the association of sex and instruments with a red peo and personally initialing any changes in
violence is supponed by the body of research on media depictions of analysis. A random selection of two coding sheets per coder per week
crime and violence. Here, it is generally conceded that gratuitous were cheeked for accuracy, original coding sheets copied and held in
depicrions of crime and violence have been known to precipitate locked metal cabinets for safety while originals were hatched and
aggressive behavior." The present investigation: a) established the delivered for key punch and data entry to the contracted key punch
general context of crime and vioience in wbich cluld depictions also agency.
appeared, and b) captured information on both the nonsexual and 6. Inter·Rater Reliobllity Measures: Inter·rater reliability was com-
sexnal depictions of crime and violence in the context of mainstream puted at 0.87 in the pilot study and subsequently, 0.85 for child
erotical pornography. canoons. 0.83 for child visnals, 0.81 for crime and violence cartoons,
Why Study Cartoons? and 0.85 for crime and violence visuals.
Approximately two-fifths of the images examined were canoons. CONCLUSIONS
Research confirms that adult readers of E/P magazines commonly The present research findiags quantify the nature ofcbildren, crime
rate cartoons as favorite features, while funher evidence suggests that and violence imagery in over three decades of Playboy, Penthouse and
juveniles are also drawn to the canoon feature." The cartoon has its Hustler magazines. Sexnal and·nonsexnal cbild depictions and sexual
own artistic and OOtoric tradition. By its very nature, the cartoon and nonsexual crime and violence depictions were common themes
has a way of overstating, stereotyping and exaggerating its case. thronghout all three magazines. The pairing ofthese themes over time
Similar to other art forms, the cartoon demonstrates a view oflife, of with images of adult female nudity and graphic sexual display are
an issue, of an event, or of a people. While appearing as light and pertinent to the current debate on erotica/pornography.
guileless humor, the vast body of canoon research documents Contrary to popular belief, the depiction of sexual and nonsexual
cartoons as a sociopolitical an form. It is speculated thalSome son of cbild abuse· has not been limited to "hardcore" pornography. It is
"Socialliation of Taboo [deas" often used the cartoon format to a) surprising to many that in 1954 Playboy delivered 170 images of
circumvent readers' resistance by b) humorously triviallzing existing crime and/or violence to the public. Total newsstand depictions
taboos. Based on its historical and popular role in mainstream E/P, an increased 650 percent aCross aU three magazines by 1984. Looking at
examination of E/P cartoon messages about children, crime, and children. the Playboy only distribution of 17 child images in 1954
violence is appropriate. were increased-across aU tbreemagazines-2,600 percent by 1984.
Why StodY Photograph s? Since May 1954 children have been documented as desiring of and
unharmed by adult sexual interactions in these "softenre" magazines.
Almost half of the total images examined were photographs. Moreover, the present research found cbildren depicted as viable
Photographs are genellllly viewed as accurate fair representations of targets of both sexual and nonsexual physical ubuse, documenting a
reality, with little public awareness of the illusions inherent in the trivializationofcbildabuse.Itisnownptothepublicandprofessionai
photograph." .Research identifies such illusion as ·the result of communities to document the role of mainstream erotica/per-
professional skill and knowledge: The making of the photograph via nography in cbildren's lives and child abuse.
lighting, camera angles and often composite pbotography, and its An unroreseen linding may be the estimated 27 percent of Playboy.
professional reproduction into an artistic product. Upon reception, .33 percent of Penthouse and 47 percent of Hustler cartoons and
the ebild or adult interpretation of the photograpbic scene takes plal:e, illustrations identified as "Cbild Mqnets." Briefiy, Child Magnets are
wIIbout need for cosnitive eifon or attention. Since the Feat fealum which are Ilellerally unique to the ellildron's world of
~orIty of I3/P paaes contain pbotOlfllphic dopictiolll. it II entertainment (e.... boob and televilion), and known to altraQt chlId
appropriate to examine any wideecaIe circulation of. photoaraphle or
readm/viewel'l. I3xamplel chlId mapell are run-color, Ibree-
IIICIIIIFI pertalniDa to children, erime and violence. dimenllon&! pop-ups and cutouts, colorina boob, paper dolls, Sanla
METHODOLOGY C1aIll, fairy tall111, cowbo)'l and IndlaOl, Donald Duck and Mickey
1. DrvtloPIfIIllt of /1IStrl/lflllIkltioll: utlllzlna llandlll'd COnteDt MOllie, choo-dloo traina, etc. 81_ evidence COIllirllll !be Iarae
analytll metbodolo.y, four diacrete Inltrumenta were dlllped,lIIIIted Juvenile rlllldel'llllp ofthele mapzlnllll, the unique quality of Cbild
andlmplomented: 1)chlldcartOOlll(exeludln.comicltripl).2)cbUd Mqneta may be viewed .. a technique both caterini to, and
vllUlll (llIU11rallolll and pl!otoirapbs), 3) crime and violence attractln., a juvenlle audience. Therefore !be deplcllonl pruented In
cartoonl (excludina comic Itriplllld child cartoonl). IIId 4) crime "Child Mqneta" may be preeumed to beohpeclJl public Intereltand
and violence vllualt (iIlUllrallolllllld photnarapbs,exeludinl child concern.1I
viluall). The Onal ch!ld cartoon Inltmmenl conlalned 114 varlabltllJ, The body of rellelrcb on lexual arollllllUOtllJlI thalaclil of child
cbild vllnala 75, adult crime ~nd vlQlene<l c~rtoQIII 3~, and adult
crime an(\ vlolen~e vlsualA 49, yleld1na 273 variabl.. and 11,126
CUll.
or
2. CDlhrs: Twenty-two coden "ver 21 yean a,e were employell or
_n
NXW molClllatlon by lome vulnerable juVOllU.. or adulUi art
prec:Jpllated It one acblevea orl.1ID m fanlNl .. oflex with chlldren,
S!mllarly, Ibe body of _reb on medI.aad ... do\:ulIIODli
deplotlonl violence .. prec:JpllIl!na"'-ve rtlllpoIIMIlII certain
(114 percent female. 315 percent male. 14 poreent Black. 86 percent vulnerable vlewell. Therefore, II 'Ppelll of compeiUDs PIIbllc
CaUCU!III. 95 peNOn! colle.. Il'aduatet). The project rtlllnecl a coneero tballb. preMOI rtlllfOh documentu conllXtual IIIIOclaIlol'l
9
 of three discrete stimuli: I) adult femaie nudity and graphic femaie analysis of Playboy, Penlhouse and Hustler uncovered a steady
sexual display, 2) neutral, sexual and violent child depictions, and 3) escalation of graphic depictions from 1954 to 1984 progressing from
depictions of crime and violence. The magazine genre evidences a simple femaie nudity to those described by the Attorney General in
unified culture and world view which incorporates all three stimuli: his discussion of obscenity:
pairing the arousal to an adult sex object with child sexualization and ...child pornography, sado-masochistic scenes, rape scenes,
crime and violence. Thus, it is not unlikely that some vulnerable depictions of bestiality or excretory functions, and violent
juvenile and adult receivers may f_ child depictions with arousal to and degrading images of explicit sexual conduct... "
sex (aenital stimulus) and!or arousal to violence (agressive stimulus). Arguments supporting mature age-of-alnsent parameters for sex
RECOMMENDATIONS Industry employees appear to be reasoned and compelling, based as
Dusem/Mtioll of lltjontllltioll they are on the notion of youthful vulnerability. As the three
These findinp should be provided to public agencies, educators, magazines examined do include substantial displays of the above
policymaken, parents and juveniles. Distilled into dispassionate, activities singled out by the Attorney General Meese in his Octobl:r
concrete components (i.e., charts, graphs, statistical tables and 23,I986pressconference,itisproposedthatPIayboy,Penthouseand
explanatory narrative), the information is now ready for public Hustler magazines be included in the Commission's recommendation
access. Such access means that both adults and juveniles may that sex industry models be twenty-one years of age or older.
objectively U8eS8, critique, and debate this issue without requiring Simi1arly, publishers should be required to maintain records proving
exposure to primary sources. that models are twenty-one years or older.
Educatioll In addition, a voluntary moratorium of child depictions (in
Evidence and anecdote confirm extensive juvenile and adult cartoons, illustrations and/or photographs)-by all sex industry
exposure to, and reliance upon, the informal sex education provided publications-is urged until such time that sophisticated research
by these mapzines. Thus, it is only realistic to implement these techniques yield adequate data on the harm factor."
research data into nonexplici~ nonexploitive school programs as well Notes
as other modes ofjuvenile guidance. The findings should be provided I. Letter from James Madison to W.T. Barry (August 4, 1832), reprinted
. naI' . lid . book! in The Complete Modison 337 (S. Padower ed. 1953).
in wholesome educatio .ormats usmg s e presentations, ets 2. The slash in "erotica/pornography" (E/P) is intended to indicate a
and videotapes (a preliminary videotape has already been prepared separation or a bridge between erotica and pornography. For the definition of
by the Principal Investigator). The _ of underllle models by the sex· E/P in the present research, see Reisman', Ove",le .. 0/ Project (Volume I),
industry, the entry of increasing numbers ofjuveniles into prostitution'. "Workiug Definition," (p.27). For additional definitions, see "Central
and the growth of juvenile pregnancy Slll!8est the need for a critical TermS" in the Attorney General's Commission on Pornography (1986, pp.
examination of the notions of sexuality which have been and are now 227-232). .
presented to youngsters by these informal sex education materiaJs. 3. See for example, Ne ..s ....k Poll by Gallup (March 18, 1985), wherein
Use of the suggested educational formats addressing mainstream 73 percent of respondents believed explicit sexual magazines, movies and
erotica/pornography could facilitate creative discussion by youth books lead some people to commit rape or other sexual violence while 93
regarding the role of these m.ateriaJs inJ'uvenile sociosexual behavior. percent called for ,tricter control of magazines displaying sexual visual
violence.
Trainillg 4. See for example, Playboy (1985, December): "U other magazines are
Beyond dissemination of the research findings, training in crime publishing cartoons of 'gsng rapes of children, fathers sexually abusing
site data collection should be conducted. Techniques developed for daughters, benevolent or father figures raping or murdering young girls,'
data collection should be taught on several levels: justice, law Playboy never has, never will" (p.16). For evidence to the contrary, see
enforcement and child protection teams; health professionals such as 0ve",1e .. 0/ Projecl (Volume I), "Appendices A-L."
physicians, nurses, clinicians and counselors; secuJar and religious 5. See for example, commentary by Senators (1985, May). In Reisman
educators; parents and juveniles. A data base on the distribution and [Statement], Oversighl (Hearing] 0/ lire Office 0/ Juvenile Justice and
use of E/P is vital for future policy making. In addition, such data .Delinquency Prevenllon. Committee on the Judiciary (Serial No. J-99-23),
may potentiate revealing lines of questions and may serve as evideoce (pp. 152-175). Said Senator Spector: "This subcommittee has reviewed a
great deal of tbis kind of literature, I have never seen an actual picture of a
from point of arrest to final case disposition and sentencing. . crime being committed against a cIuld" (p. 64).
Research 6. See Bat Ada (Reisman) and Lederer (1980). Playboy isn't playing: An
As in most large scale data collection efforts of this nature, due to interview with Judith Bat Ada. In L. Lederer (Ed.) Take back lire /light:
time I( ,trictions, only a limited amount of analysis was conducted, Wo,""n on pornography (pp. 111-124).
leaving it to other researchers to more fully explore the policy 7. For more extensive information see Ove",le .. 0/ Projecl (Volume t
questions suggested by these data. The voluminous data base provides Literature Review): "Research on Child Abuse" (pp. 6U7.), and "Research
extensive opportunity for future analyses on mainstream erotica/por- on Erotica/Pornography .. an Information Delivery System"; "Research on
nography. The present investigation should facilitate continued and the Role of Erotica/Pornography Among Children and Adolescents" (pp.
innovative research on erotica/pornography in general and its 28-30).
specific influence upon juveniles in particular. Time series should be 8. Ibid. "Resean:h on Mass Media as an Information Delivery System"
conducted across all magazines on all variables. For example, when (pp. 3()'38), and "Content Analysis as a Mass Media Research Technique"
(pp. 55-58).
were child images juxtaposed with violence, sex or crime imqery and 9. See McQuai1and Windahl (1981). Communlcallon models/or lire study
text? Special mention should be made of the potential for change 0/ III/W communication (pp. 304).
exhibited by these magazines during the duration of the present 10. See the Allo"",y Gen.",l:r Commls.lon on Pomog7llpily. (1986,July),
research project. While under direct scrutiny, there appeared to be a p. 916. Also see Rasa' research Teenag. S.xuallly: A Su",.y 0/ Teena,.
marked change in the treatment of children, crime and violence, &xual Blhavlor (1979). In chapter 12, "Teenaaers' Respo.... to Por-
particularly in the most popular of these magazines. Thus an ongoing nography" (pp.153·161), teenagers disc... the influences of erotica/por-
monitoring system should yield valuable changes in the editorial nography (particularly Playboy) in their personal and sexualliv...
policies of these mqazines. Society can no longer avoid recognizing II. For more extensive information see Ov.",I... 0/ ProJOCI (Volume I:
that sop
. ted
his!i .. h . uan L'_ Literature Review): "Research on Erotica/Pornography .. an Information
ca commumcation tec nology reqwres eq y sop...... Delivery System" (pp. 22-29), and "Market Resean:h on Playboy. Penlhous.
ticated techniques of analysis. and Husll4r" (pp. SUI).
Age oj' COMenl 12. Ibid. "Research on Child Abuse" (pp. 62~7), and "Research on the
Finally, based upon the research findinp on the - of children, role of erotica/pomOllraphy among children and adolescents" (pp. 28-30).
crime and violence in mainstream erotica/pornography, those 13. Ibid. Reference is made to crime and violence in "Research on
recommendations proposed by the Attorney General's Commission Erotica/Pornography .. an Information Delivery System" (pp. 22-30),
on Pornolraphy (1986) are all strongly supported. The content "R.arch on children, te1evisionand aaression" (pp. 32-38),and"Content
10
AoaIyois IS a Mus Media Research Technique" (pp. 55-58), and "R""""",b research an /nlentaJloltal pel7lpectJl't Procedt,.,. """""'" 1rtmdbooIc I1Itd
on Child Ab...." (pp. 62-67). _",h guide (pp. 116-125). TOfOIIIO, Ontario: Media Action Group.
14. Ibid. "Resestcb on CarlOaDS and Humor as an Information DeliveI}' Reisman, J.A. (1983, January). An iIlvestipooninlO peer IIIId medialinll
System" (pp. 39-44). contagion in IsteaI: Three poinleval...tion and probable forc<:ut sceaarico
IS. Ibid. "Resean:It on Photosraphs as an Informs~n Delivery System" (Science Ministry Grant). Proceedings ojlhe &colld1nIe1'llllli<NftJJ C6,."e.u
(pp. 4H4). on Drugsalfd AIcoIwl[unpublished]. Tel Aviv.
'16. Por e.tensive information ... Reisma.'s MethO<ls aIfd Procedtue£ Reisman, J.A. (1983, January). Pahshizm TechDoIrniti: B'Hoba L' Arik
(Volume 1I}.1n addi~•• the "Research Parameterslllld Limi~ (RPL)" Prome[1!rich Promm and 'Iechnocratic fascism.']. HizcIrlmUt ~
"'" located in o..rvIJ!w oj Project (Volume I. pp. 68-117), &Machlaka /'CItIn""" HaKlbbJiJ:z HaA.rtlzl [Joumal of ~onaI
17. For extenSive data p.....ta~........ Reisman', DaI4 &ok (Volomc Thoupt and I'rIII:Iice ,in Collective SeuIoments)U)7, 41-46. Tel Aviv.
~ A <Ompendinus o-.iow of SeIectad PIodinp and Discussion of Reisman, J.A (1m, July.Seprember). The PIQy/JoJ-1'enI1uw.Ie Getn
FIOdinp are located in Ovenlew oj Project (Volume I. pp. 118-162). In and female identity. Women 8p<akIJIg. 4-6. Londor
addition, theseven prelimiuary stl!diescondudeddurinB the p.....tmearch Shepher, J., &; Reisman, J.A (Bat Aoa) (198)~ Pomopphy: A
projecI are discossed in (Volume I, pp. 163-185)., sociobioIosi<:a attempt at understaodins- EtIrology aIfd &ciol1loltJgy. 6,
18. Foradditional information on the Child MIIpet ••tdy, see Qvenilewoj 103-114.
PrtIjtcI (Volume I: PreIlmiuary Studies),"ChlId Mapets," (pp. 163-169). SIaIf, (lllll~, Decemher).1'tIJybo}\ 32 (12).
19. Thls quote is from the Wtultlngton PO$! article "MA:ese forms anti- U.s. Department of Justice. (1986, July)AIIo",<), GerIertJl'l CQIIlIIIi.atOll
poroosraphy task foroo" by H. Kuru (October 23,1986, p. All), on Ponrogrophy, Yolume 11 (Publication No. 0-158-351). WaabiqIOn, DC:
20. The concept of a voluntary moritorlum was raised by the PriIIcipsi Go~mmc.t Prinli"l 0IIiaI, p. 1402.
investip.tor in the testimony delivered 10 The United StaleS AtIOmey
General'. ColDDlission on Pomosraphy, Miami (November, 1985). "The bibliosraPby is limited 10 re&rences ill the executive summary and
the fiBI ••thor's pertine.t wrili!llS. A comprebensive bibliograpby ia
Selected BlbUopapby* included in th~ OverfItew oj /'1r)jecl, Volume 1.
Bal Ada (Reisman), J.A. (1985). Porn i. the promised land. In a.E.
McCuen (Ed), Pontogrophy alld w:ua/ nolellCe: ldetJs In cOl!/lid series
(pp. 104-109). Hudson, WI: GEM.
Bat Ada (Reisman). J.A. (1985, May-June). MassIve PofllOit*PhYc:0me8
10 Israel in Iutfive years, reports Judlth Bat-Ada iIlLilUII: inVolves Children. A BRIEF ANALYSIS
MtdJtJ Rqort 10 WOlMn (13), 9-10.
, Bat Ada (Reisman), J.A (1981, Summer). Preedom of speech IS OF THlRTY·SIX CHILD SAMPLE
mythoqy. New UIfI..niIIa Qruuterlr; Culton, ~ aIfd SodeIy.
3$ (3). 150-359. Univmity of IIriatoL CARTOONS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Bat Ada (Reisman). J.A and Lederer. L (1980~ Playboyis.'! pIa)'in8: An FROM PLAYBOY, PENTHOUSE
IIII/1rV1ow with Judlth Bat Ada. ... l. Lederer (ild.) Tau back 1M If/gIII:
Wo""" on ~ (pp. 111-124). New York: IIulam lloolu. AND HUSTLER
Bat Ada (Reisman), J.A (1978-79). Preedom of speecIIas mytholosy, or
'quill pen and parv;bment lhinkiq' in an electronic environment New York
fhf/Hr.Jtt)I ReYiew oj Lt!w aIfd &cIal CIumge, JI1Il (2), 271-279.
Gallup. (1985. March 18). Newsweek.
Halo, A. (1979), TeenagnexoaIity; A """"'Y ojteenage sexual belulnor.
New YorIt; Macmillan.
Kurtz, H. (1986, October 23). M.... (0""" ••~-pomogr.phy task force.
ne W<ultlngton Prut (p. All).
McQnaiI, D., &; Windabl, S.(1981). Comm.,.;caJIonlrllJ/k/sjorIM$lwy
oj maJS commU1llcatioll, New York: Lolllman.
Podower, S. (Ed). (1953). The Complete Madiso•. New York: Harper.
Reisman, J.A., Reisman, D.P., &; Elman, B.S. (1986). Sexual expIoita~.
by health profossionalsin cartooDSof. popular masaz;oe.1n A.W. Burs= &;
C.R. Hartman (Ilds.), Sexual explollatio. ofptJIIe1l1S b)' Iu!aJIh J11'I'/es3Io1llJls
(Sexual mtdiciJte, YoU) (pp.l07-119). New York: Praeser.
Reisman, J.A Chlldml, CrIme aIfd Vk>Ienc. In 1M PtclorilJll1Mgery of
1'tIJybo}\ l'ImIh...,., aIfd Hustkr (1987). (aka: -Role of POfIIOIIIlIPbY and
media viole""" ill family violence, sexual abuoe and exploitation, and j1Mnile
ddiIIquency") VoI_ I, II, and m (Project No. 84-JN-AX-KOO7).
WubiJIaton, DC: "Reisman Report" submitted for publlcation 10 Juvenile
JIIIIice CJearlnaho.....
Reisman, J.A (1986, January). AoontentanalyoisofPlil]bo}\ l'e1fIhoflJIe
and HIlSIler mepri_ with spociaI attention 10 the portrayal of cbildreD,
crime, and 'I'ioIenc:e. ... H. Hudson (Chair), Hesring on :>onrogropIt)' aIfd
Organ/zed CrIme. Supplementary testimony requested by The United Slates
AI!AmIeY General's Commissilln on Pornoaraphy, Now Yorl< (p. 1402),
Reisman, J.A. (1985, November). A content IUlIIyois of Pl4ybo)"
hlllll8_ and Hllllfler mapzines with spociaI.tImI1lon to the portrayal of
children, <:rime, and viOlence. In H. Hudson (Chair), lI«ui.g o. CIUkI
Pvntogroplry. T..~ony delivered 10 The United Stales AtIOmey General's
Commission on POI'IlO81'J.pby, Miami. .
Reisman, J.A [Statement) (1985, May). Ovtnlg~I{H/llJr/.gJ ojlMOjJIce
ojJU>elfl/e JUl/1Ice aIfd DeUnquenc)' Prevelllloll, Committee on the JIIdlclary
(Serial No. J-99-23), (pp.152-175~ Washi.B!On, DC: U.S. Govetnment
Prinli"l 0IIice.
Reisman, J.A (1985). Mus modis sex/violence and women and
chiIdrtn's clvill'iib!S: An eye toward the future .... A. w. Burs= (Ed.). IItJptI
aIfd sexual ......ulJ: A _ h 1rtmdbooIc (pp. 365-373). New York: Gotland.
Reisman, J.A. (1984). Children';' PIa]bo)', l'ImIlwuse and HIIII1/er.1it D.
800It (Ed), Proceedings oj lire l)I1IIJIQSIum on me4it1'1ioIence aIfd p-
Whatever happened to chiidhood1 The above WaJlIiIrgtoIdmI
cover portrays two Ii.... to six-year-old children, appareolly sib_
11
 penIIins Playboy magazine. This picture may be seen as a dramatiza-
tion of actual data wbich identify Pltqboy. Pen/lrouse, and Hustler 0, PLAYBOY CHILD "SEX
magazi_ as primary sourees of sexual education, entertainmen~ EDUCATION" CARTOONS
stimulation and guidance for child and adult conaumers. Our research 5) Implied Incest (3/72, p.l63). The "Teddy" cartoon is a full
considered these magazine< with due regard for their widespread, page color image describing a sexual scene between a female child
10"ll-term use as sex education by children as well as adults. Small and a male adult. The story takes place in mid-dJly (based upon the
children (and some adults) are often Ullable to read, and thus attend to light violet or tbe window scene) and in a middle to upper class home
pktures more than to captions. With this in mind, project analysts (based upon the dormer window, well kept furnishings, violet wall·
(coders) were trained to mask off captions before determining the to-wall carpeting, clear possession of room by the lone child, etc.) The
pictored children's ages. Until "caption m.skjng~ was standardized, artist, Ffolkes, typically draws this child in his cartoons: a girl ofabout
the age-inappropriate nature of much child texl and imagery seven to eigbt yealll, large wide eyes wbich occupy nearly half of the
commonly caused coders 10 inllate children's ages by more than five face, an unformed nose and cupid bow mouth. But for the
years (e.g. judging a fout-year-old as nine-years, etc). II is similarly exaggerated breast development, her polka-dot hair bow and yellow
utged thai readers mask the captions of the allaChed 36 sample images cutis complete an unambiguous pre-school look. Since the exag-
to assess child ages. (To guide objective analysis we developed the gerated breasts deliberately confuse the reader's age evaluation, place
Age Evaluation Guide presented in Volume II of the final "Reisman your finger over the budding breast to determine the holistic age
. Report.") Remember, il can be said that images are more speedily information provided. Ffolkes creates the overall impression ofa very
received and longer retained by the brain than is text. young child by simultaneously linkiag breasts with a child-like face
The Principallnvestigatofs analysis reflects a) Ph.D. in Speech and general body, a flowery illustrative technique, a doll bouse, teddy
Communication from Case Western Reserve Universily with a bear and ball.
specialty in mass media effects, b) expertise as a multi-media art The story is of child sex for money (prostitution). Cartoonist
educator for the Cleveland Museum of Art, the Mjlwaukee Public Ffolkes has the child cheerily blame her ~y" for the UDexpected
Museum, the Los Angeles Skirball Museum, and Scholastics Maga- price, portraying the youagsler as mercenary and more clever than the
zine, New York, and c) an award-winning professional career adult male offeoder. Thus, Ffolkes "equalizes" the child and adult in
CIIlIIIingeducalional "mwic~forbolhpublicandcommercial television. bis drama, suggesting that the male, not the child, may be victimized,
SI*lO limited this lIIIIysis to children and dtugs. See The Institote tricked and exploited. In additino, the casual safety of the lIWI's
for Media Education (TIME) for a portfolio of sample crime and mid-day entry into the bedroom of the &tready nude female cbild aud
violellce cartocos and visuals in the tbroe magazines. his shock al a chll'lle (blamed 00 ~y"), would imply SOme sort of
kinship pattern; father, UDcle or litep-dad, etc. Some may question the
incest implication or prefer to SOlI this as an adult prostitute dressing as
L PLAYBOY "DRUG EDUCATION''''' CARTOONS a child, an equally problematic "joke". However, a complete review.·
Education: Cultivati01l and training. as ofthe mind; the acquisition or of Ffolkes's 35 child cartoons presents an identifiable artistic palteni .
Imparting of kllowledge... mental /ralnlllg alollg a certain line. of nude female children in bed with men, women and other adult·
I)·· Grandmother Enjoys Marijuana (9/72, p.195). A bip family members (e.8. "Uncle William"). Furthermore, as Playboy has
grandmother enjoys the modem amenities of marijuana suggesting become aware of the Reisman research activity, Ffolkes has lately
both the hominess and the harmlessness of drugs for juvenile and abandoned these child-adult sex dramas for other themes.
adult readers. II is relevant that the male's appearance, bis age, race, wbite collar:
2) You"ll Children Et1joy Marijuana (12170, p. 296).· Two small and blue sutge suit, identify bim as a similar profile to millions ofi
brothers, about teD years of age, link the joys of Christmas with Playboy readers. Tbis child molestation drama suggests intercourse' .
marijuana use, suggesting both the bominess and the harmlessness of may OCCUr and is part of a documented Playboy claim of adult-<:hiId I,
dtugs for juvenile and adult readers. sex harmlessness.
3) Women Enjoy illicit Drugs (6/77, p. 201). Women describe use Reality is in contrast to Ihe Ffolkes humor mythology. For, should
of ~ine and other illicit drugs as an integral part of party • child of this age be penetrated by the sex organ of such an adult
entertamment, suggesting the advantages of "recreational" drug use male, the child would commoDlysUSlllin significant, often permanent,
for both juvenile and adult readers. physical (as well as emotional) trauma. Here, as throughout bundreds
4) Parents Enjoy Marijuana (3170, p.lll). Parents and other of similar '~okes," children are seen as sex objects for some normal
"elders" learn to enjoy youthful drugs, suggesting both their borniness aud pedophile juvenile and adult readers.
and the har:tnlessness for juvenile and adult readers. 6)Uncle/lncest (5174, p. 205). As in "Teddy", Ffolkes again uses a
The fout cartoons in this set are themes representative of the data young child (adding a bow, cutis and exaggerated breasts) for an
00 child aod drug images in Playboy, as well as those in Penthouse and incest/trickery/statutory rape story. Ffolkes has the child describe an
Bus/hlr (see the "Reisman RePOrt" Volume III). Hundreds of apparent statutory rape by her overweight, elderly, uncle as a fun
cartoons, fiction aild editorials educate readelll to the notion thatchild game. Typical of most Playboy child sex abuse bumor is the adult use
and adult drug uselll are adventurous risk-takers who do no harm to of "games" to trick children into first degree sex assault with no
self or society. Documentation of Playboy's funding and legislative physical or emotional barm resulting to the child.
lobbyi"ll role for NORML (National Organization for the Reform of 7) Sexual Molestation (10171, p. 166). Note, Interlaow"s seven-to
Marijuana Laws) and for the decriminalization and IICCeptance of all ten-year-old child appears older than does Ffolkes's youagslers (sans
illicit drugs in the USA, is available through Thelnslitute for Media Ffolkes's exaggerated breasts). Interlandi insinuates that bis female
Education (TIME). child is experienced with hands-on sexual molestation, for weare told
sbe is comparing this aIIaCk with those past. As in the "Teddy"
cartoon, the male otJender (a IOssled, now robed, neighbor, teacher,
·NOTE: COVER THE CAPTION FIRST. NEXT, READ TEXT uncle, friend, etc., lighting bis "after" cigarette), is the more innocent
AND DETERMINE TIlE AGE OF CHILDREN IN CARTOON. of the two characters. ThisPlayboy sex education cartoon claims the
&sed upon a found perccptua\lbehavioral bias toward inllating sexually savvy nature of the child who, as always, is not pbysically or .
children's ages in cartoons due to precocious captioned language, it is emotionally harmed by a man's suggested full sexnal assault.
crucia1 to cover captiollS for a more accurate assessment of children's
chronological ages. 8) Gaog Rape by Adult Friends/Beast/Objects (3/78, p. 231).
12
 Again Ffolkes uses the culture of childhood to set his scene. He places appears to have cannibalized a boy whose clothing is piled on the
his exaggerated breasts, bow and curls upon a "Dorothy" likely raped floor at right. Santa's pointy, sharpened teeth and bloody handker-
by all three cheery Wizard of Oz friends. An immobile policeman chief clearly in~ic::ate t/le child was "dinner." A separate study of the
stands by providing no movement toward chase or arrest. This treatment of rehll'on and Santa, in all three magazines, identified the
particular sex and violence child assault joke is rare for Playboy as it treatment of these themes as systematically violent and deviant.
inclndes some suggestion of harm (although humorous) and sexual (Preliminar.y liDding, on this study an: ayailable from TIME).
force (versus trickery) of the child. 18) Bestiality (1179, p.360). *Bestiality between wives and the
family dog, etc., is a common Playboy theme and reported in the
m: PENTHOUSE CHILD "SEX findings under "crime." It is noteworthy however, that one of the rew
EDUCATION" CARTOONS Playboy male characters to be portrayed in bestiality is Santa Claus.
The signllicance of sucb images-particularly including Santa-for
9) Clnld Assault ( 11/76, p. 92) "Straight" sex between an apparent millions of cIti\dren, voluntarily and involuntarily, viewing these
adult and a five- or six-year-old is not seen as "deviant." The magazines cannot be overstated:
Penthouse sex education cartoon implies the child as mature, 19) Sadi~c Sexual Assault (12174, p.87). Here the small girl in
mercenary, promiscuous and uobarmed by sexual intercourse. Penthouse IS portrayed as pained, and the lyric supports the notion
10) Prostitution/Homosexual/Orgy (2n9, p.60). Penthouse that a rape is taking place. Upon closer inspection we find that while
proposes, as above, the precociously natural prostitution of clnldren, Santa's pants are down, the pants are still ON the child. "Public"
suggesting orgylbomosexual activity with adults as harmless and adult-child sex and violence (rape) is the Sll8gested entertainment and
funny. This child is seen to be about three to five years of age. sex education theme. See Drn. Wambolt and Negley's commentary
II) Statutory Rape by Object (5/84, p. 137). The use of fairy tales on this cartoon and 17 other images appendixed to Volume I of the
by pornographers is discussed in peater detail in the "Reisman "Reisman Report,'"
Report" Volume I. Here Dorothy was depicted grinning, voluntanly 20) Child Murder (12/77, p. 208). Killing of boys is portrayed as
grasping the Straw Man with her arms and legs, while her two humorous in this bloody Penthouse image of a "good boy" sbot by
protectors casually observe the activity. Again, the idea of "adult" and Santa. The genre regularly uses Christmas and Santa as its holy or
bizarre sex as harmless to the child is the sex edUllltion presented. spirit'>.i ~nce. Hence, it is important to DOte that all three
~bcs p\()tlllly Santa consistently as an immoral, violalina or
12) Child Assault (11/82, p.171). Artist Bill Lee applics the violated 1IIaI\o;
Ffolkcs tecbmque: very small child with waerated breasts. The
nude "conservative politician" in bed with the nude child slJlll!CSlS sex VI:' PLAYJIOY CHILD "SEX
bas pleasantly laken place. AI. with "Uncle William," (and Interlandi) EDUCATION" PHOTOGRAPHS
me child p!a=a happy phone call to mom while the man smokes his 21) Nude adolescent and "Rubber Ducky" (7185, p.133).
"after" cigarette. Harmlessness of adults tricking cbildren into sex is FoUowing the anDOuncement of this research, although loudly
the sex education presented. denying ibm biltory of child sex abusive imagery, Pttzyboy and
PeN/wuse drastically reduced the numbers and natllIe of their
IV: HUSTLER CHILD "SEX sexually assaultivo images ofchildren. This 1985 photograph was pert
EDUCATION" CARTOONS of the genre's many subtle attempts to retain the child in sexual scenes.
13)IncestiFather Assault (5/84, p. IS). Artist Dwaine Tinsley bas The yellow duck (ca1!ed ber "rubber ducky") in this model's hand, the
a falber attack his teen-age daughter. Sbe appears frightened but oversized red high-heeled shoes (taken from mommie's cJoset'/), the
resigned. Some emotional harm of sexual violence is implied, though knock-kneed long, adolescent legs and narrow hip 'line, white
apparently disregarded by Tinsley's father character. stockings with yellow duckies, and the suggestive text, testify to
Playboy's attempt to circumvent the juvenile and adult pedophile and
14) Abortion (2179, p.85). One of dozens of similar Hustler normal reader's resistance to sexualized images of children, stimu-
abortion ·~okes." Hundreds of "birth" jokes in all three magazines lating readers with "child" arousal stimuli.
describe the genre's systematic portrayal of birth as producing
generilly illegitimate, deformed, and/or undesirable o.tf.!pring. 22) Incest/Father/Rape (11171, p.I20). This incestuous photo-
15)Sexual Assault in Children's Public Space (3/77). This Tinsley graph bas been assessed by computer air-brush expelU as a cut-and-
story provides "Chester the Molester" (a monthly feature) with a paste image of both an adult female and a young child, Iir-bruabed
playground victim. Noting the smiling face of the potentia1 victim and loJ!ether to arouse the reader!'Y the child imagery. The pig-tails and
the unusual way in which the child's legs are opened as she goes bait bows, Raggedy Ann, white bobby-sox and Mickey Mouse/nur-
toward Cbester, Tinsley suggests here that children may seek, but sery rbyme sheets, are c1ear symbols tu simulate the child. Moreover,
surely are unharmed by such sexual assaults. Children's assault by the call to the reader/fathers to force sex on their sleeping daughters is
fatbers/lIeigbbors/uncies/Santas/politicians/ministers/fairy tale blatant in this Playboy text (e.g., "Naturally, she digs forceful father
friends, in the child'. private space (home) and lor public space (e.g. figures, so come on strong, Big Daddy!"). A,pin, as in the cartooned
playground) is common in all three masWnes: All three descn'be sexlviolence images ofP/aybo;; there is no suggested harm (physical
children as sexual "targets" with neither a safe place nor an adult or emotional) to the alleged child from such a "forceIul father figure.»
person (male) they may expect tu trust. The double entendre of "come" on strong, urges fathers/readers to
16) Kidnapping Children (10177). HuslleTgenerally builds Stories use violence for fall sex entry.
around the kidnapping of small girls in the monthly Chester activities. 23) IncesURape (8I7S, advertisement). This image of a developing
These bound cluldren appear apprehensive and "Chester the Moles- adolescent-apparently handcuffed for giving trouble to ~is
ter" is naked. Tinsley specializes in portraying fearful faces on his especially meaningful due to the real life cases of such young women
children and his later cartoons often used much more graphic sexual and girls who have been tied to beds by parents or guardians and
scenes than this in 1977. However, the children here are treated with forced to perform sexually. It is especially useful to note that this
as little concern for the harm of adult sex assault as are the Playboy photo' is an advertisement for Playhoy~ once "harder" magazine, au,;
FfoJkes smiling children.
V: SANTA CLAUS (RELIGION) IN PLAYBOY "NOTE: This "childless" Santa cartoon (#18) is prl*lnted as a point
of information due to Santa's emotional/spiritual role in most
AND PENTHOUSE CARTOON HUMOR" children's lives. Additional Santa analyses are available through the
17) Cannibalism of Boy (1/77, p.221). Here Playboy~ Santa institute (TIME).
13
which used even s\ronger child and violent sex educative material renders regarding tbe right of children to attain their majority before
than did Playboy_ The incestuous and sadistic information links sex giving consent to sex displays. These two youngsters are seen as under
and violence and again suggests that the young girl (Jane) is getting 18. The 21-year-age-<>f-ronsent is meant to provide youth with an
what she deserves, with pleasure for all. opportunity to mature prior to being legally acceptable asat-risk node
24) Simulated Lesbian/Incest(7/81, p. 108). Pbotngrapher David sex objects. That is, such models serve, irreversibly, as a stimulus te
Hamilton ptovides Pioyboy with "private" scenes of (foreign) nude, the imaginations and possible behaviors ofsome portion of the pablic
young girls whom he porlrays as "cousins," embracing and displaying large.
themselves for the reader's entertaimnent. Publicly displayed images
of these youngsters (unsubstantiated as either cousins or lesbians) is VB: PENTHOUSE CHILD "SEX
nOt presented as possibly harmfol for the girl models now or later, EDUCATION" PHOTOGRAPHS
when they gain their age of majority. 31) A 12-Year-Old Sex Object (1176, p.54). This explicit
25) Incest/Rape of "Retarded Nymphette" (11176, p. 147). As in Penthouse display included graphic genital and anal exposure of at
cartoons, Playboy photos have generally utilized "themes" to exploit apparent 12-year-<>ld child. For several months foHowing Ibis photo
child nudity. "Sex in Cinema" has been a theme which permitted story, Pellthouse conducted a "suessin8 game" with prizes for readen
Playboy to "report" expticit pictures of nude children in foreign films who guessed the "real" age of "Baby Breeze." Eventua1ly the
and!or sexually graphic but unscreened outcuts from American films. publisher claimed the English "Baby" to be 21 years old (uns~
This photo uncrilically and glibly describes a "retarded nympbette" stantiated), further blurring perceplual distinetinns between cbiId aod
about to be "ravished" by her "father" figure. adult females as appropriate sexual objects for both normal and
26) Incest/Father-Daughter (1l/80). Using a now famous pedophile juvenile and adult readers.
actorldirector and a well known child star, this film outcut portrays a 32) A Six-Year-Old Sex Object (1/81, p.133). This Pelltlrb~
Cather apparendy about to perform oral sex on his young daughter. model's face alone (as it appeared in the opening photo of Ihil
Again, Playboy's text artfully suggests that incest is harmless for a pboto-essay) was shown to doctors attending Dr. Reisman's seminal
Cather or his child. for pedislricians at Georgetown University Hospital. From the
27) Adolescent and Simulated Lesbian (8/71). This typical model's face, the pedislriciansjudged ber to be six years of age. As Ihil
Hamilton photo-essay "peeps" at (foreign) young girls during the photo-essay continued, the "chnd" attained breasts and became a
"growth" stage. Hamilton poses the girls as self-explorinS and lesbian. "woman," and graphic genital exposure and images of "fantasy'
Despite the documented abuse of nude models (from obscene phone violence were added. The repeated magazine genre theme both irI
calls to violent rape-murder). the harmless, artistic nature ofposins is cartooll! and later in photos has been a blurring of distinctiOlll
emphasized and no JlOSSI'bUity of present or foture harm to the young between child and adult females as appropriate sexual objects for botII
girls from sex display is presented. normal and pedophile juvenile and adult renders.
28) Teen Nude (8178, p. 238). Relying upon the sexually mature
appearance of the youngster to legitimize the (now illegal) sexual vm: HUSTLER CHILD "SEX
exploitationofan underage youth, Playboy knowingly used this nude EDUCATION" PHOTOGRAPHS
photo of Natassja Kinski at 17 years of age. The use of voluntarily 33) Incest/Child Molestation (1176, p. 82). Arguably, the small
nude young "actresses" further undermines the sensitivity of renders boy has been manually stimulated to erection for Ibis illegal,
regarding tbe capability of young persons, sucb as IS-year-old "spontaneous" photo essay, implying the barndessness of mother and
Penthouse pet Tracy Lords (9/84), to give cOnsent to their irreversible son sex.
appearance in public sex displays. The Alrorney General's pending 34) Child Assault (2175, P. 68). This exteusive photo essay picllll'e!
Jesislation will require a 21-year-age-<>f-ronsent cap for nudelsex a nude young girl with a clothed middJe.a8ed man. The youngster ha!
models. Not surprisingly, the cap is opposed by the sex industry. not attained puhic hair as yet, or it has been removed to suggest •
29) "Pseudo-Child" (4/76, cover). Fantasizing child sex for the mucb younger child.•
reader, Playboy dresses the explicit, sexually seductive, half-nude 35) Scout Display (10176). Hustler often dresses their child or
adult in a white virginal petticoat, black patent Mary Jane sboes and adult sex models in Brownie, Girl Scout, Camp Fire Girl, Candy
white tights, finishing with a little-girl blond hair-do. She sits on a Stripe uniforms, etc., in photo-essays. Based upon general n:search
white bedroom rocker, encircled by child symbols in her pink, blue conducted on "paired stimuli" (See discussion in Volume I of the
and white waUpapered bedroom. Clutching her (surrogate Pioyboy "Reisman Report"), genitallanal displays of nude young models
render) white "bunny" to her full breastandsurrounded by hersmall dressed in children's uniforms would place some snch uniformed
crushable, vulnerable pastel-rolored dolls and stuffed animals, sbe children at increased risk of assault from associationaUy stimulated
pres out at the reader with a Iitde-girl, "come-hither" pout. Similar normal and pedophile juvenile and adult renders.
semi-nade child-adults are now regular features in sexually explicit
magarines, films and videos. (Note thatthis April 1967 Pioyboy is the 36) Child Sex Display (8/83). The "litde girl" is displayed
magazine our two little children are examining on tbe Washingtonian genitally and anaIIy. Allegedly an adult, the text claims, "You would
cover.) be surprised what a 1itd. girl can do.....' As always, thesephtots
Several medical and photo-moDtage experts examined this cover. systematically hlur the social, physical, and emotiunal dislinclioll!
Each independently concluded that two, perhaps three bodies were between female children and adults as appropriate sexual targets fOl
combined to create this cut-arul-paste female image. The child normal and pedophilejuvenUe and adult readers. This photo repeats
clothing and props were all carefully designed to create cluld arousal the same sex educative cartoon ioformalion discussed earlier,
stimuli by blurring perceptual distinctions between child and adult suggesting thatadult-cllild sexlviolence is fun and barmIess physically
females. As in cartoons, technically deceptive photos suggest to hoth and emotiouallY for even the youngest of cbildren.
normal and pedophile juvenile and adult readers that the child is a 'NOtE: CbiId Surrogates: the increased use of Slliived remate
woman and the woman is a child and thus hoth children and woman genitalia in all three magazines continues to simulate cluldren as sex
may be envisioned as appropriate sexual ~ects. objects for thestimulatioD of both normal and pedophile juvenUeand
30) "Peeping" (11171, p.174). An ostensibly natural, "private" adult readers.
scene of two nude youths in love provides public entertainment for The following 36 cartoons and photos are numbered as pel
Playboy viewers. This may be said to undermine the sensitivity of foregoing discriptions.
14
1. Playboy: 9172, p. 195, Artist: Unknown 2, Playboy: 12170, p. 296, Artist: Unknown

uHaTold~ a.ren't yotl going to give )IOUT sweet (LThal was strong grass! I've got visions of
old grandmother any pot?" sugar plums Mncing in my head."

3. Playboy: 6177, . 4. Playboy; 3170, p. 221, Artist: Unknown

~
....- . . Jl
~-

"It W,", • fan/a.llc partyl There was graat COKe, 'Ludes, pol. ·"It·s fair enough. The little 'quirt borrow,
group aex, and Merge mixed the moslfabulou. guacamole dlpl" OUT car, we borrow his pot.'1

15
5. Playboy: 3/72. p. 163. Artist: Ffolkes 6. Playboy: 5174, p. 205. Artist: Folkes
,~:;

"Bul fllSt of .11. we h .... to "ElIIIrythlng'll fin., Momm •• Uncle WIII18m and I are
and th.t coots $40." playing. gam. ",,"od consoquencH."

7. Playboy: 10171, p. 166, Artist: Interlandi 8. Playboy: 3/78. p. 231, Artist: Ffolkes

·You Dill/hilt b.lng mal"ttd'" ·Th.,.. ,h"". off/wi"

9. Pllnthouse: 11/76. p. 92, Artist: Tatt 10. Penthouse: 2179, p. 60, Artist: Lee

~II you nict:t ~ don', wanl to buy

"Yeahf and he gNeS you OfIe of these, jusf for straight sex, no deviations I" any marches, how about a menage A trois?~

12. Penthouse: 11/82, p. 171, Artist: Lee

17
 14. Hustler: 2179. p. 85. Artist: Kohl

I. l.l. Il., ;.,,·1,. T"""I. b~ "I ;1; h........

.... exllt hMeI!oM ""'" r" ... ,..Ighl."
15. Hustler: 3/77. Artist: Tinsley 16. Hustler: 10/77. Artist: Tinsley
17. Playboy: 1177, p. 221, Artist: Wilson 18. Playboy: 1179, p. 360, Artist: Cochran

"The'ladyat the employment ofJiceJaid Ihe

only prerequisite was the ability to fly."

1 20. Penthouse: 12177. p. 208, Artist: Unknown

19
21. Playboy: 7/85. p. 133, Photo: Unknown 22. Playboy: 11n1. p. 120, Photo: Smith

"Young Glfl"...[and hIIf} "Rubber Ducky.· In"",,! ("Com. on Strong. Big Dllddy")

23. Playboy: 8nS, p. (AD), Photo: Unknown 24. Playboy: 7/81, p. 108, Photo: Hamilton

HowonefamllylOlYeclltsillsdpllneprolillm
"Thl.,. Jane. Whlln .hIIl. nlc•••h. I. very nloo.
aut when .~.,. n,ughty••h. hI. to ba pufli4Md." Simula!ed LlObl.nllncNt

20
17-y••r-old N"d. Display
 30. Playboy: 11171, p. 174. Photo: Unknown

In f.o'.' PON"" only, G.org./own pedl.trlolan.

·"Baby s,..,," Judg.d mod./ee 6-y..,.·old.

22
33. Hustler: 1176, p. 82, Photo: Unknown 34. Hust/sr: 2175, p. 68, Photo: Unknown

23
 SELECTED FINDINGS
Child Depictions Adult Crime and Violence Depictions
Basic Facls: Basic Facts:***
49% (2,971) photographs 42% (6,273) photographs
34% (2,016) cartoons 36% (5,338) cartoons
17% (1,017) illustrations 22% (3,243) illustrations
PRINCIPAL AND OTHER
CHILD CHARACTER VICTIM AND OFFENDER
Wh.", Depicted Where ""plcled
47% female 49% male 46% male 54% male
32% male SEX 35% female 43% female SEX 22% female
21% both/othet 16% bothlother 11 %bothlothet 24% boch/other
39\\\ 3·11 years 78% adults 66% 18-39 years 57% 18-39 years
26% 12-17 years 7% 3-11 years 15% 4(J.6() years 17% 4(J.6() yeatS
16% fetus-2 years A.GE 7% 12·17 years 3% 61 + years A.GE 3% 61 + years
14% pseudo children (') 6% unspecified 16% uuspe(:/mixed 23% unspe(:/mixed
5% unspecified 2% fetus.2 years
85% Caucasian 85% Caucasian 85% Caucasian 82% Caucasian
3% Black RACE 3% Black 2% Black RA CE 2% Black
12% Other minority 12% Other minority 13% Other minority 16% Other minority
Sample Cbi1d Depictions (Nonadditive) Sample CrIme and Violence Depictions: (Nonadditive
29% nude/geoital display (visuals only) S6% violent props (VISuals only)
21 %visually exposed/sexualized 32% nude andlor sexualized victims
20% genital activity 14% killing/murder
16% sexual encounter with adult 14% assault/battery
10% force 12% sex dealingIprostitution
10% kiUinglmurder/maiming 12% violent sex ad
6% internal genital ("pink") exposure (visuals only coded) 12% other violent activity
4% sex with aoimalslobje(:ts 11 %white collar crime
Share of Crime and Violence Depictions by Magazine
Share or CbiId Depictions by Magulne·· Playboy. 21 avg/issue (12% of cartoons/visuals)
Ployboy. 8 avg/issue (5% of Playboy cartoons/visuals) Penthouse: 16 avglissue (10% of cartoons/visuals)
l'e1u1uJuse: 6 avg/issue (4% of Penthouse cartoons/visuals) Hustler. 32 avglissue (26% of cartoons/visuals)
HJUtler. 14 avg/issue (12% of Hus/kr cartoons/visuals) .Playboy highest year. 1976 (N=490, or 41per issue)
Playboy highest year: 1971 (N=187, or 16 per issue) Penthouse highest year: 1980 (N=271, or 23 per issue)
Pelllhouse highest year: 1972 (N=13I, or 11 per issue) Hustkr highest year: 1984 (N=S68, or 47 per issue)
HJUtler highest year: 1978 (N=228, or 19 per issue)
AGGREGATE SHARE OF CHILDREN,
Over 9,000 scenarios in Playboy, Pelllhouse and Hustler were CRIME AND VIOLENCE BY MAGAZINE
identified as depicting characters under 18 years of age. From this Playboy. 29 average per issue
population pool, a mere 6,004 scenarios met the project's unusually Penthouse: 22 average per issue
narrow criteria for the analysis of child depictions." HJUtler. 46 average per issue

• The description of "pseudo-child" provided in the Attorney appear to be children or youtbs.'Models used in such publications are
General's Commission on Pornngraphy (1986, Vol. I, p. 618) reads: cbosen for their yoothful appearance (e.•• in females, slim build and
"PlielllkK1hild pornngraphyor 'teasers' involve women allegedly over small breast); and are presented with various accountremenlS
the age of eighteen who are 'presented in such a way as to make them designed to erthance the illusion of immaturity (e.g., hair in ponytails
or ringlets, toys. teddy bears, etc.). 'PIIelJdo.clrild pornography' is of
The Imtitute for Media Education Non-Profit Org. concern since it may appeal to the same tastes and may evoke
80.7404
Artington. VA = U. S. Postage
Paid
Binningham, AL
responses similar or identical to those elicited by true child por-
nography." .
Permit No. 60 •• For ratiooale of estimates, see OvervIew 0/ProJIICl (Volume I),
Table I, "Average Total Number of Features Per Magazine," and
Table II, "Average Number of Cartoons and Visuals Per Issue
Containing Child Imagery" (pp. 95·96) .
••• For ratiooale of 1inal14,854 estimate, (originally 14,692) see
OvervIew ProJecl (Volume I). Table I, "Average Total Number of
Features Per MagazIne" (p. 95), and Tables "Crime and Violence
Data" (p. 133). "eriale and Violence <MIoon Data" (p. 134), and
"Crime and Violence Vilual Data" (p. 137).