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Computer Architecture Basics

This document contains summaries of the differences between extended and expanded memory, descriptions of interrupts and their types, and details about modems and their types. It defines extended memory as memory addresses greater than or equal to 1MB, while expanded memory uses addresses within the lower 1MB space. Extended memory does not require page framing, while expanded memory does. Interrupts create a temporary halt in program execution to allow peripheral devices to access the microprocessor via an interrupt service routine. Hardware interrupts are caused by peripheral devices, while software interrupts are inserted into programs. Interrupts can be maskable or non-maskable. Modems modulate and demodulate signals to transfer data between computer networks over phone lines. Modems

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3K views2 pages

Computer Architecture Basics

This document contains summaries of the differences between extended and expanded memory, descriptions of interrupts and their types, and details about modems and their types. It defines extended memory as memory addresses greater than or equal to 1MB, while expanded memory uses addresses within the lower 1MB space. Extended memory does not require page framing, while expanded memory does. Interrupts create a temporary halt in program execution to allow peripheral devices to access the microprocessor via an interrupt service routine. Hardware interrupts are caused by peripheral devices, while software interrupts are inserted into programs. Interrupts can be maskable or non-maskable. Modems modulate and demodulate signals to transfer data between computer networks over phone lines. Modems

Uploaded by

Kaustubh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Q1. Differentiate between Extended and Expanded memory.

Extended memory Expanded memory


Memory addresses greater than or equal to Expanded memory is addressed from
one megabyte are called extended memory. within the lower 1MB space, usually above
640K.
Extended memory does not required Page The expanded memory requires hardware
frame. and/or software that maps the expanded
memory to a piece of address space, in
what is called a "page frame".
Applications developed under DOS cannot DOS applications need Expanded memory
use extended memory. to store data.
Extended memory is regarding with HMA Expanded memory is regarding with UMA
(High memory area) (Upper memory area)
Extended memory can be used as An expanded memory card cannot be used
expanded memory by using software. as extended memory

Q.2 Explain in detail Interrupts and its types.

Interrupt is the method of creating a temporary halt during program execution and allows
peripheral devices to access the microprocessor. The microprocessor responds to that
interrupt with an ISR (Interrupt Service Routine), which is a short program to instruct the
microprocessor on how to handle the interrupt.

The following image shows the types of interrupts.


Branching

Interrupt
occurs

ISR

Hardware Interrupts

Hardware interrupt is caused by any peripheral device by sending a signal through a


specified pin to the microprocessor.

Software Interrupts

Some instructions are inserted at the desired position into the program to create
interrupts. These interrupt instructions can be used to test the working of various
interrupt handlers.
Maskable interrupts
maskable interrupts are those which can be disable by the programmer. That means, when
disabled, even if the interrupt comes, the CPU simply ignores it and doesn’t provide a
service to it.

Non-maskable interrupts

a non maskable interrupt (NMI) is that which can’t be disabled and when comes, CPU has
to provide a service to it.

Q.3 Explain Modem in Detail. State its Types.


MODEM

Modem is abbreviation for Modulator – Demodulator. Modems are used for data transfer
from one computer network to another computer network through telephone lines. The
computer network works in digital mode, while analog technology is used for carrying
massages across phone lines.

Asynchronous Modem
• Asynchronous modems can handle data bytes with start and stop bits.
• There is no separate timing signal or clock between the modem and the DTE.
• The internal timing pulses are synchronized repeatedly to the leading edge of the start
pulse .
Synchronous Modem
• Synchronous modems can handle a continuous stream of data bits but requires a clock
signal.
• The data bits are always synchronized to the clock signal.
• There are separate clocks for the data bits being transmitted and received.
• For synchronous transmission of data bits, the DTE can use its internal clock and supply
the same to the modem.

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