Delhi Public School, R.K.

Puram Computer Science

Array of Characters and Strings

Declaration of an array of character
char C[10];
Initialization of an array of character
char Grades[5]={'A','B','C','D','E'};

EXAMPLE 1:
char Grades[5]={'A','B','C','D','E'};
for (int I=0;I<5;I++)
cout<<Grades[I]<<endl;
OUTPUT
A
B
C
D
E

EXAMPLE 2:
char Grades[5]={'A','B','C','D','E'};
int G,Scores[5]={12,5,10,2,9};//Scores out of 12
for (int I=0;I<13;I++)
{
G=4-(Scores[I]+2)/3;
cout<<Scores[I]<<":"<<Grades[G]<<endl;
}
OUTPUT
12:A
5:C
10:A
2:D
9:B

Initialization of an array of characters as a string

char City[10]=”Delhi”;
char University[]=”Delhi University”;
char Landmark[10]={'T','E','M','P','L','E','\0'};

EXAMPLE 3:
char City[10]=”Delhi”;
char University[]=”Delhi University”;
char Landmark[10]={'T','E','M','P','L','E','\0'};
cout<<City<<”,”<<University<<endl;//Displaying content of Strings
cout<<Landmark<<endl; //Displaying content of a String
OUTPUT
Delhi,Delhi University
TEMPLE

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 Delhi Public School, R.K.Puram Computer Science

A ​string is an array of character, which has a null character ​\0 termination for the content. In the above
example, the first two initializations, null character was automatically assigned after the last characters
i ​and ​y respectively. Whereas, in third initialization, null character is explicitly assigned to make the
array of characters to become a string.
EXAMPLE 4 EXAMPLE 4a
char Name[30]; int A,B,C;
cout<<”Enter Name:”;cin>>Name; cin>>A>>B>>C;
cout<<Name<<endl; cout<<A<<”:”<<B<<”:”<<C<<endl;
OUTPUT: OUTPUT:
Enter Name: ​Rudra Pratap Singh 120 30 459
Rudra 120:30:459

Look at the above EXAMPLE 4, if “Rudra Pratap Singh” is entered by the user for Name variable using
cin>>​, only the first name “Rudra” will be taken as content of Name and remaining portion of input will
be in buffer. Here, ​Name will be ​a string as a null character will be automatically inserted immediately
after ‘a’ of “Rudra”. EXAMPLE 4a illustrates clearly that cin>> uses space as a separator for inputs.

EXAMPLE 5
char Address[20],City[20],Country[20];
cout<<”Address:”;cin>>Address;
cout<<Address<<endl;
cout<<”City:”;cin>>City;
cout<<City<<endl;
cout<<”Country:”;cin>>Country;
cout<<Country<<endl;
OUTPUT:
Address:​E-40,ABColony Delhi India
E-40,ABColony
City:Delhi
Country:India

In the EXAMPLE 5, if “​E-40,ABColony Delhi India​” ​is entered by the user for Address variable using
cin>>​, only the first portion “​E-40,ABColony​” will be taken as content of ​Address and remaining
portion of input will be in buffer and will automatically assign ​City as “​Delhi​” and ​Country as “​India​”
from input buffer. The program will not ask the user to give inputs for City and Country explicitly.

EXAMPLE 6
char Address[20],City[20],Country[20];
cout<<”Address:”;gets(Address);//gets() requires stdio header file
cout<<Address<<endl;
cout<<”City:”;gets(City);
cout<<City<<endl;
cout<<”Country:”;gets(Country);
cout<<Country<<endl;
OUTPUT:
Address:​E-40,ABColony Delhi India
E-40,ABColony Delhi India
City:​Delhi
Delhi
Country:​India
India

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 Delhi Public School, R.K.Puram Computer Science

In the EXAMPLE 6, if “​E-40,ABColony Delhi India​” ​is entered by the user for Address variable using
gets​, now the entire content “​E-40,ABColony Delhi India​” will be taken in ​Address alongwith
spaces. The execution of the program will stop to take inputs for ​City​ and ​Country​ separately.

Important:
● String Variable can’t be assigned with assignment operator =
i.e. char Name[20];
Name=”Preeti”; //is wrong
● String Variables can’t be compared with relational operators ==, <, >, >=, <=, !=
i.e. char MyName[20],YorName[20];
gets(MyName);
gets(YorName);
if (MyName==YorName) //is wrong
cout<<”Both Names are Same”<<endl;

User-defined Function to ​copy content from one User-defined Function to ​compare content of one
string to another string with another
void COPY(char Another[],char One[]) int COMP(char One[],char Two[])
{ {
for (int I=0;One[I]!=’\0’;I++) for (int I=0;One[I]==Two[I] &&
Another[I]=One[I]; One[I]!=’\0’ &&
Another[I]=’\0’; Two[I]!=’\0’;I++);
} return One[I]-Two[I];
}

User-defined Function to find the ​number of User-defined Function to ​concatenate content of

characters​ present in a string one string with another
int LENGTH(char Str[]) void CONCAT(char One[],char Two[])
{ {
for (int I=0;Str[I]!=’\0’;I++); for (int I=0;One[I]!=’\0’;I++);
return I; for (int J=0;Two[J]!=’\0’;J++)
} One[I++]=Two[J];
One[I]=’\0’;
}

User-defined Function to ​reverse the content of a User-defined Function to extract a ​portion

string (substring)​ of a string
void REVERSE(char Str[]) void SUBSTR(char Str[],char Sub[],
{ int Pos,int L)
for (int L=0;Str[L]!=’\0’;L++); {
for (int J=0;J<L/2;J++) for (int I=0,J=Pos;
{ I<L && Str[J]!=’\0’;J++,I++)
char T=Str[J]; Sub[I]=Str[J];
Str[J]=Str[L-J-1];
Str[L-J-1]=T; Sub[I]=’\0’;
} }
}

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 Delhi Public School, R.K.Puram Computer Science

Main() function to illustrate the working of the above string OUTPUT

manipulation functions with sample data

void main() Length:6

{ Both Strings Different
char S[30]=”Bharat”,T[30]=”New Delhi”; Changed String:BharatNew Delhi
char R[30],P[30]; New Delhi reversed as ihleD weN
cout<<”Length:”<<LENGTH(S)<<endl; New is portion of
if (COMP(S,T)==0) BharatNew Delhi
cout<<”Both Strings Same”<<endl;
else
cout<<”Both Strings Different”<<endl;
CONCAT(S,T);
cout<<”Changed String:”<<S<<endl;
COPY(P,T);
REVERSE(T);
cout<<P<<” reversed as ”<<T<<endl;
SUBSTR(S,R,6,3);
cout<<R<<” is a Portion of ”<<endl;
cout<<S<<endl;
}

Pre-defined string functions

Header File: string.h
Description Function EXAMPLE OUTPUT
To find length of a string strlen() char Str[]=”Qutab Minar”; 11
cout<<strlen(Str)<<endl;
To copy a string to another strcpy() char S[]=”Qutab Minar”,T[20]; Qutab Minar
strcpy(T,S);
cout<<T<<endl;
To concatenate two strings strcat() char S[20]=”Qutab”,T[]=”Minar”; QutabMinar
strcat(S,T); Minar
cout<<T<<endl<<S<<endl;
To compare two strings strcmp() char Different
S[20]=”Qutab”,T[20]=”Minar”;
if (strcmp(S,T)==0)
To compare two strings strcmpi() cout<<”Same”<<endl
ignoring upper/lowercases else
cout<<”Different”<<endl;
To reverse content of a string strrev() char S[20]=”Qutab”; batuQ
cout<<strrev(S)<<endl; batuQ
cout<<S<<endl;
To convert content of a strupr() char S[20]=”Qutab”; QUTAB
string into uppercase cout<<strupr(S)<<endl; QUTAB
cout<<S<<endl;
To convert content of a strlwr() char S[20]=”Qutab”; qutab
string into lowercase cout<<strlwr(S)<<endl; qutab
cout<<S<<endl;

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Delhi Public School, R.K.Puram Computer Science

Array of Strings
Initialization of an array of Strings
char Cities[3][20]={”Delhi”,”Kolkata”,”Mumbai”};
for (int I=0;I<3;I++)
cout<<Cities[I]<<”:”;
cout<<endl;
OUTPUT
Delhi:Kolkata:Mumbai:

User Defined function to allow user to enter the User Defined function to display the content in an
content in an array of String array of String
void Enter(char S[][20],int N) void Display(char S[][20],int N)
{ {
for (int I=0;I<N;I++) for (int I=0;I<N;I++)
{ cout<<”[“<<I<<”]”<<S[I]<<endl;
cout<<”String[“<<I<<”]?”; }
gets(S[I]);
}
}
User Defined function to search for a string content User Defined function to sort an array of String in
from an array of String ascending order
void Search(char S[][20],int N, void Sort(char S[][20],int N)
char SS[]) {
{ for (int I=0;I<N-1;I++)
int Found=0; for (int J=0;J<N-I-1;J++)
for (int I=0;I<N;I++) if (strcmp(S[J],S[J+1])>0)//1
if (strcmp(S[I],SS)==0) {
{ char T[20];
cout<<”Found..."<<endl; strcpy(T,S[J]);
Found++; strcpy(S[J],S[J+1]);
} strcpy(S[J+1],T);
if (Found==0) }
cout<<”Not Found..."<<endl; }
} //Statement marked with 1 will be
//changed to the following for
//descending order sorting
// if(strcmp(S[J],S[J+1])<0)

main() function to illustrate the working of the above array of string manipulation OUTPUT
functions with sample data

void main() [0]Kolkata

{ [1]Delhi
char Cities[3][20]={”Kolkata”,”Delhi”,”Mumbai”}; [2]Mumbai
Display(Cities,3); Found...
Search(Cities,3,”Mumbai”); Not Found...
Search(Cities,3,”Chennai”); [0]Delhi
Sort(Cities,3); [1]Kolkata
Display(Cities,3); [2]Mumbai
}

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