Al-Jaber International Company

Procedure System of Scaffolding

1 Revision History
Revision Description of
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Projects Manager &

01 Management
Construction, Mechanical 10th Oct 2018
Manager
Representative

Management Management
02 10th Oct 2018
Representative Representative
03 Management
CEO 10th Oct 2018
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04 Management
Chairman 10th Oct 2018
Representative

Document Issue Revision Original Revision Document Document Document

Number Number Number Issue Date Issue Date Prepared By Reviewed by Approved By
Projects
Manager &
MM/ CM /PM
Construction, Chairman
AJB-HSE- /MR / CEO
1.0 00 10-10-2018 00 Mechanical
PR-16 Manager

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This document contains confidential information. It may be copied in full or in parts only by Al-Jaber
International Company and only for the purpose of Al-Jaber International Company related activities.
Disclosure of any information contained within this procedure to any person (s) outside the employee of Al-
Jaber International Company without written permission of the Top Management is strictly prohibited.

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 Al-Jaber International Company
Procedure System of Scaffolding
Original Issue Date:
Doc. No: AJB-HSE-PR-16 Issue Number: 01 Revision Number: 00 Revision Issue date:
10th Oct2018
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS……………………………………………….. 6

1.1. Acronyms…………………………………………………………………………. 6
1.2. Definitions………………………………………………………………………… 6
2. PURPOSE AND SCOPE………………………………………………………… 8
2.1. Purpose………………………………………………………………………………... 8
2.2.Scope………………………………………………………………………………… 8
3. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES…………………………………………….. 8
3.1. Construction Manager (CM)……………………………………………. 8
3.2. Superintendents, Supervisors………………………………………….. 8
3.3. SHE Deputy Manager …………………………………………………………….9
3.4. Scaffolding Supervisor……………………………………………………… 9
3.5. Scaffolding Inspector………………………………………………………. 9
3.6. Scaffolding Foreman……………………………………………………. 9
3.7. Scaffolder………………………………………………………………….. 10
3.8. Sub-Contractors…………………………………………………………. 10
3.9. Scaffold Users (Craftsmen and Workers)…………………………….. 10
4. PROCESS………………………………………………………………………….. 11
4.1. General…………………………………………………………………… 11
4.2. Scaffold Types………………………………………………………………… 12
4.2.1 System Scaffolds………………………………………………………………. 12
4.2.2 Tube and Coupler Scaffolds……………………………………………… 13
4.2.3 Mobile Scaffolds…………………………………………………………. 13
4.2.4 Suspended Scaffolds…………………………………………………………. 13
4.2.5 Form and Carpenter Bracket Scaffold………………………………… 14
4.3. Scaffold Hazards………………………………………………………… 15
4.4. Risk Assessment……………………………………………………………… 15
4.5. Erection of Scaffolds………………………………………………………. 16
4.5.1 Safe Erection and Dismantling……………………………………………… 16
4.5.1.1 Safety of Scaffolders……………………………………………. 16
4.5.1.2 Safety of the Other Workers and Persons…………………… 17
4.5.1.3 Incomplete Scaffolding…………………………………………. 17
4.5.2 Scaffolding Materials……………………………………………………. 18
4.5.2.1 Standards……………………………………………….. 18

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Procedure System of Scaffolding
Original Issue Date:
Doc. No: AJB-HSE-PR-16 Issue Number: 01 Revision Number: 00 Revision Issue date:
10th Oct2018
4.5.2.2 Transoms…………………………………………………. 19
4.5.2.3 Ledgers…………………………………………………… 19
4.5.2.4 Tubes……………………………………………………….. 19
4.5.2.5 Couplers…………………………………………………….. 20
4.5.2.6 Other Fittings…………………………………………………. 22
4.5.3 Stability………………………………………………………………. 24
4.5.3.1 Foundations…………………………………………………… 25
4.5.3.2 Ties……………………………………………………………….27
4.5.3.3 Tie Spacing……………………………………………… 30
4.5.3.4 Bracing……………………………………………………. 31
4.5.4 Working Platform……………………………………………….. 34
4.5.5 Guardrails…………………………………………………………. 35
4.5.6 Falling Object Protection……………………………………….. 36
4.5.7 Access to the Scaffold…………………………………………….. 36
4.5.7.1 Ladder Access…………………………………………………. 36
4.5.7.1.1 Pipe-rack Erection Scaffolding Plan…………………………. 39
4.5.8 Loading of the Scaffold…………………………………………… 40
4.5.8.1 Loading Bays…………………………………………………. 40
4.5.8.2 Signs…………………………………………………………. 42
4.5.8.3 Loading Charts…………………………………………………. 43
4.5.9 Free-Standing and Mobile Access Towers…………………….. 43
4.5.9.1 Types of Towers…………………………………………….. 43
4.5.9.2 Fall from a Height (During Assembly and Dismantlement)…… 44
4.5.9.3 Fall from a Height (Personal Fall Protection Equipment)………. 45
4.5.9.4 Stability………………………………………………………… 46
4.5.9.5 Ground Surface……………………………………………… 46
4.5.9.6 Bracing…………………………………………………………. 46
4.5.9.7 Castors……………………………………………………….. 46
4.5.9.8 Working Platform……………………………………………. 46
4.5.9.9 Tower Access…………………………………………………. 46
4.5.9.10 Overhead Electricity Lines…………………………………. 46
4.5.9.11 Instruction, Training and Supervision…………………….. 46
4.5.9.12 Tower Use………………………………………………….. 47
4.5.10 Electrical Dangers……………………………………… 47
4.5.10.1 Overhead Electricity Lines………………………………………….. 47
4.5.10.2 Portable Electrical Equipment………………………………………… 48
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 Al-Jaber International Company
Procedure System of Scaffolding
Original Issue Date:
Doc. No: AJB-HSE-PR-16 Issue Number: 01 Revision Number: 00 Revision Issue date:
10th Oct2018
4.5.10.3 Lightning…………………………………………………………….. 48
4.5.11 Adverse Weather Conditions……………………………………. 48
4.6 Storage of Materials………………………………………………………… 49
4.6.1 Boards …………………………………………………………………………….49
4.6.2 Tubes……………………………………………………………………….. 49
4.6.3 Ladders……………………………………………………………………. 49
4.6.4 Fittings………………………………………………………………………. 49
4.7 Inspection Before and During Use………………………………………. 49
4.8 Scaffold Tagging…………………………………………………………. 50
4.9 Handover……………………………………………………………………. 50
4.10 Scaffolding Usage, Modification and Maintenance……………………… 51
4.10.1 Scaffolding Usage……………………………………………….. 51
4.10.2 Scaffolding Modification…………………………………………. 51
4.10.3 Maintenance………………………………………………………… 52
4.11 Scaffolding Dismantling…………………………………………………. 52
4.11.1 Stability…………………………………………………………… 52
4.11.2 Protection from Falls…………………………………………………. 52
4.11.3 Protection from Falling Objects………………………………………. 52
4.12 Scaffolding Personnel Competency and Trainings………………………. 53
4.12.1 Competence of Scaffolding Supervisor…………………………… 53
4.12.2 Competence of Scaffolders……………………………………… 53
4.12.2.1 Training…………………………………………………………………. 54
4.12.2.2 Experience……………………………………………………………….. 54
4.12.2.3 Assessment and Certification……………………………………. 54
4.12.3 Scaffolding Inspector…………………………………………….. 54
4.12.4 Training and Instruction for Scaffold Users……………………… 54
4.12.5 Training and Instruction of Equipment Operators……………… 55
5. PERMIT TO WORK……………………………………………………………. 55

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 Al-Jaber International Company
Procedure System of Scaffolding
Original Issue Date:
Doc. No: AJB-HSE-PR-16 Issue Number: 01 Revision Number: 00 Revision Issue date:
10th Oct2018

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: List of Acronyms ........................................................................................................................ 6
Table 2: List of Definitions ....................................................................................................................... 6
Table 3: Clearance from Overhead Power Lines .................................................................................. 48
Table 4: CONTRACTOR Reference Documents ....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Illustration of a form and carpenter bracket scaffold.............................................................. 14

Figure 2: Scaffolding components ......................................................................................................... 18
Figure 3: Through Tie for Tied Scaffolds ............................................................................................... 29
Figure 4: Reveal Tie for Tied Scaffolds ................................................................................................. 30
Figure 5: Stabilizing a Scaffold Less than 6 m High – Raking Tubes ................................................... 30
Figure 6: Example of a Tie Pattern for a Lightly Loaded Scaffold ........................................................ 31
Figure 7: Examples of Façade Bracing (use A or B or C as appropriate) ............................................ 32
Figure 8: Section showing example of Ledger Bracing......................................................................... 33
Figure 9: Working Platform .................................................................................................................... 34
Figure 10: Example of Ladder Access Tower ....................................................................................... 37
Figure 11: Example of Stair Access Towers (toe-boards omitted for clarity) ....................................... 38
Figure 12: Example of Medium Duty Fans ............................................................................................ 39
Figure 13 Example of Pipe-rack Scaffolding ........................................................................................ 39
Figure 14 Pipe-rack Scaffolding Dimensions ....................................................................................... 40
Figure 15 :Example of a Loading Bay for Use with a Teleporter .......................................................... 41
Figure 16: Example of a Loading Bay for Use with a Crane ................................................................. 42
Figure 17: Example of Sign for Working Platform ................................................................................. 43
Figure 18: Example of Mobile Towers with Different Access Methods to the Working Platform ......... 44
Figure 19: Advanced Guard-Rail Method for Erection of Mobile Towers ............................................. 45
Figure 20: Through the Trapdoor Method for Erection of Mobile Towers ............................................ 45

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 Al-Jaber International Company
Procedure System of Scaffolding
Original Issue Date:
Doc. No: AJB-HSE-PR-16 Issue Number: 01 Revision Number: 00 Revision Issue date:
10th Oct2018
1. ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS

1.1. Acronyms

Table 1: List of Acronyms

Acronym Description / Meaning
ALARP As Low As Reasonably Practicable
ANSI American National Standards Institute
BS British Standards
CM Construction Manager
EN European Norm
GRP Glass Reinforced Plastic
JSA Job Safety Analysis
MEWP Mobile Elevated Working Platform
O.D. Outer Diameter
OHSA Occupational Health and Safety Administration
PTW Permit to Work
RSJs Rolled Steel Joists
TBT Toolbox Talk
SI The International System of Units
SHE Safety, Health and Environment
SWL Safe Working Load

1.2. Definitions

Table 2: List of Definitions

Term Definition
ALARP As low as reasonably practicable
ASSEMBLY Scaffold structure and elements that transmits loads to the
supports.
BRACES Structural elements used to give rigidity to the scaffolding
structure by means of suitable anchorage.
COMPANY Mass Group Holding Company & Donaldson Company
CONTRACTOR WAJDI GROUP W.T.E – AL-JABER INTERNATIONAL COMPANY
Joint Venture
DYNAMIC LOADS Loads introduced into the scaffolding structure and its
components due to the forces of motion of workers, materials,
and equipment movement.
GUARDRAIL Element incorporated in the assembly to prevent the fall of
persons from a platform or access way.
KN Kilo newton, an SI unit of force
LADDER A climbing device consisting of 2 side rails joined at regular
intervals by crosspieces called steps, rungs, or cleats, on which a
person may step in ascending or descending.

LOAD(ing) Working load(s) imposed by workers, tools, materials, and

equipment.
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 Al-Jaber International Company
Procedure System of Scaffolding
Original Issue Date:
Doc. No: AJB-HSE-PR-16 Issue Number: 01 Revision Number: 00 Revision Issue date:
10th Oct2018
The PROJECT West Qurna 1 IOT Project
SCAFFOLD A temporary structure or elevated platform erected and composed
basically by platforms, planks, bracings, spacers, handrails, and
other supplemental accessories like toe boards, base plates, side
brackets, and couplings, used for supporting workers and/or
materials, or both in the course of execution of an activity in sites
that are inaccessible by other means.

SCAFFOLDER A trained and experienced craftsman specialized and certified in

the erection, correction, alteration, and / or dismantling of
scaffolds
SCAFFOLDING INSPECTOR A designated and qualified person in charge of checking,
inspecting, rectifying and authorizing scaffolds before use. A
person who applies colour tagging systems in erection, alteration
and dismantlement of scaffolds.
SCAFFOLDING SUPERVISOR A specialized and certified person / supervisor in charge of
erection, alteration, maintenance, or dismantling of scaffolds,
capable of identifying irregularities related to scaffolds design and
construction as well as dangerous conditions in the surroundings
or work site, which represent hazards and risks to workers. Also, a
person that is authorized to take prompt corrective measures to
eliminate such hazards.
STAIR A climbing, usually fixed, structure consisting of a series or flights
of steps arranged in an inclined staggered order used for passing
from one level to another.
SUBCONTRACTOR Organization which, under the co-ordination of CONTRACTOR,
performs construction and erection, pre-commissioning and
commissioning activities for the Project.
SYSTEM SCAFFOLD A scaffold consisting of posts with fixed connection points that
accept runners, bearers, and diagonals that can be interconnected
at predetermined levels.
TOE-BOARD An upstanding at the edge of a platform, intended to prevent
materials or workers’ feet from slipping off the platform.
TUBULAR and COUPLER (or A supported or suspended scaffold consisting of platforms
CLAMP) SCAFFOLD supported by tubing, erected with coupling devices connecting
uprights, braces, bearers, and runners.
WORKING PLATFORM Means any platform used as a place of work or as a means of
access to or egress from a place of work, including any scaffold,
suspended scaffold, cradle, mobile platform, trestle, gangway,
gantry and stairway that is so used.

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 Al-Jaber International Company
Procedure System of Scaffolding
Original Issue Date:
Doc. No: AJB-HSE-PR-16 Issue Number: 01 Revision Number: 00 Revision Issue date:
10th Oct2018
2. PURPOSE AND SCOPE
2.1 Purpose
The purpose of this Procedure is to set standards to which scaffolds shall be erected using
sound materials and to set further standards for their safe use and inspection at specific
periods.
Moreover, it fundamentally describes most of the recommended and generally accepted safe
practices and procedures for ensuring proper scaffolding structures, in terms of adequate
design, arrangement, construction materials, qualified scaffolders, and effective continuous
control of scaffolds.
2.2 Scope
This Procedure is applicable to scaffolds used on the Project worksite and locations.
But, the information in this Procedure is provided for general reference based on normal
safety requirements and industry standards. They are not intended to replace manufacturers’
specifications, which shall be reviewed prior to the use of any scaffold components or
systems.
The safe practices and procedures herein described apply to various phases of the Project
including mobilization, construction and pre-commissioning, performed whether by
CONTRACTOR, or by any of its sub-contractors.
The applications specified in this Procedure may show some differences depending on the
rules and regulations, legal environments of countries involved, as well as the procedures,
instructions and Work Management System of COMPANY.

3. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

3.1. Construction Manager (CM)

The CM shall be responsible for;
 Ensuring the requirements for erecting scaffold on site and the safety practices explained
in this Procedure are known and complied by field superintendents and supervisors.
 Ensuring required personnel and economical resources in order to enhance compliance
with these safety practices.
 Arranging and providing adequate training as required.
 Ensuring method statements for erecting, modifying and dismantling of scaffolds are
prepared properly.
 Advising the Scaffolding Supervisor and field supervisor responsible for the work of any
concerns or issues that may affect the safety of personnel at work e.g. interference with
an existing scaffold.
 Participating in safety inspections and walk-downs to evaluate compliance of the safety
practices.

3.2. Superintendents, Supervisors

The Superintendents and Supervisors shall be responsible for;
 Ensuring that daily work planning takes into consideration these safety practices and
procedures.
 Ensuring that subcontractors comply with the practices and procedures.

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Procedure System of Scaffolding
Original Issue Date:
Doc. No: AJB-HSE-PR-16 Issue Number: 01 Revision Number: 00 Revision Issue date:
10th Oct2018
 Supervising and inspecting scaffolding works job sites in order to verify compliance with
safety practices and requirements and to detect and correct any deviations that may
endanger worker’s integrity.
 Participate in safety inspections and walk-downs and facilitate immediate correction of
deficiencies.

3.3. SHE Deputy Manager

The SHE Deputy Manager shall be responsible for;
 Ensuring periodic revisions and updating of this Procedure.
 Arranging and providing adequate training as required.
 Ensuring that all employees are made aware of the requirements for erecting scaffold on
site.
 Giving support to the field (construction superintendents, supervisors, and workers) in
relation to scaffolding safety assessments and corrective actions
 Participating and coordinating safety inspections, walk downs, and audits to assess
compliance of these safety practices.

3.4.Scaffolding Supervisor
The Scaffolding Supervisor shall be responsible for;
 Establishing an organization sufficient to monitor and check scaffolds as they are being
erected.
 Prepare method statements for scaffolds erected in potentially hazardous areas e.g.
 Implementing procedure requirements at each stage of the work.
 Provision of personnel competent to carry out the work safely.
 Providing materials that are of sound condition and fit for purpose.
 Advising the field supervisor responsible for the work of any concerns or issues that may
affect the safety of personnel at work e.g. interference with an existing scaffold.
 Identifying of those scaffolds that require special design or erection techniques.
 Maintaining a scaffold tracking database or system.
 Supervising the ordering, handling, storing, disposal and overall management of scaffold
material, including the monitoring of scaffold costs.
 Ensuring TBTs are regularly conducted to the scaffolding team.
 Managing scaffolding team.

3.5. Scaffolding Inspector

The Scaffolding Inspector shall be responsible for;
 Assisting in developing enhanced Scaffold Standards at the workplace.
 Checking, inspecting, rectifying and authorizing the scaffold before use.
 Monitoring all daily activities to ensure safe work practices are in place.
 Acting to stop any unsafe practices and immediately report any unsafe conditions.
 Conducting regular safety talks covering pertinent topics.

3.6. Scaffolding Foreman

The Scaffolding Foremen shall be responsible for;
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 Al-Jaber International Company
Procedure System of Scaffolding
Original Issue Date:
Doc. No: AJB-HSE-PR-16 Issue Number: 01 Revision Number: 00 Revision Issue date:
10th Oct2018
 Identifying scaffold material needed.
 Ensuring that the scaffolds are built complete and in a safe manner including the proper
inspection upon completion, and regular inspections up to dismantling.
 Ensuring the appropriate tag is attached and signed off for each scaffold.
 Ensuring scaffolders are adequately trained for their assigned tasks.
 Assignment of scaffold erection manpower and ensuring that crews meet construction
expectations.
 Acting to stop any unsafe practices, reporting and rectifying any unsafe conditions
promptly.
 TBTs are carried out regularly.

3.7. Scaffolder
The scaffolder shall be responsible for;
 Unloading scaffolding equipment at the site.
 Erection, alteration and dismantlement of scaffold.
 Complying with work at height safety rules i.e., %100 tie off policy, securing hand tools
and use of fall arrest equipment properly.
 Barricading the area of erection, modification or dismantlement.
 Reporting at risk behaviours and rectifying unsafe conditions immediately.

3.8.Sub-Contractors
The subcontractors of CONTRACTOR shall take necessary actions to;
 Ensure compliance with the practices and methods established in this Procedure.
 Use only vendors’ certified scaffolding systems, components, and materials.
 Submit to CONTRACTOR, at least 2 weeks before works, method statements regarding
special scaffolding works.
 Ensure scaffolding systems, accessories, and materials hold vendors’ certifications and /
or quality compliance certificates issued by accredited third party independent body.
 Ensure competent Scaffolding Supervisor and any other key personnel hold their
corresponding current certifications issued by an accredited agency.
 Exercise effective supervision of scaffolding works through a competent Scaffolding
Supervisor or Scaffolding Foreman.

3.9. Scaffold Users (Craftsmen and Workers)

Scaffold users are any personnel whose work requires them, at least some of the time, to be supported
by scaffolding in order to access the area of a structure where that work is performed. Personnel
involved in scaffolding works shall:
 Understand the hazards and risks associated to these works.
 Maintain order and housekeeping on and during scaffold works.
 Ensure they have read, understand, and comply with these safety practices at all times,
and demand the equipment and devices to prevent and arrest.
 Fully understand the use and care of full body safety harnesses and other personal and
collective falls protection equipment.

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Procedure System of Scaffolding
Original Issue Date:
Doc. No: AJB-HSE-PR-16 Issue Number: 01 Revision Number: 00 Revision Issue date:
10th Oct2018
 Be alert in detecting unsafe conditions that represent hazards and risks, report them, and
support their peer workers in complying with safe work practices.
 Always ask their supervisors in case of doubts regarding lifting operations.

Workers to carry out tasks on scaffolds shall always look for the tag, read it carefully, and ensure that;
 It is the right scaffold that he intends to use for work.
 It is fit for use.
 The inspection date is current.
 A personal visual inspection is performed prior to climbing in order to look for possible
undetected unsafe conditions and / or alterations since previous use.
 Scaffold users shall always look for and check scaffold tag. If tag is missing, scaffold shall
not be used until inspected by a competent person (Scaffolding Foreman) and a green
tag is placed accordingly.
 If the green tag is out of date, scaffold shall not be used again by a competent person
(Scaffolding Foreman).
 Scaffold users shall keep it in mind that scaffolds shall be used for the purpose to which
they have been erected, and under no circumstances shall they be overloaded.
 Scaffold users shall under no circumstances interfere with, modify or remove any part of
a scaffold (this includes scaffold boards). Interference’s with a scaffold shall result in
disciplinary action.
 If a scaffold requires modification, scaffold users shall inform Scaffolding Supervisor so
that it shall be carried out by an approved Scaffolder on the instruction of the competent
Scaffolding Supervisor.
 If for any reason a user considers a scaffold to be unsafe, he / she shall immediately
contact his / her Supervisor. The supervisor shall immediately remove the Scaffold tag
and place barrier tape through the lower rungs of the first access ladder. The Supervisor
shall then notify the Scaffolding Supervisor.

4. PROCESS
4.1. General
Scaffolding performs several important functions during the construction process. It provides a
temporary working platform to enable work to be performed at a height. It is also used to protect
persons working at a height from falling and to protect persons working below from the dangers of
falling objects.
Scaffolds design, construction, and inspection demand careful and thorough planning and preparation in
order to ensure adequate scaffold work surfaces that offer safety and proper room and conditions for
carrying out tasks efficiently and free of accidents / incidents.
Design of a scaffold depends on the type and nature of work, height, place, loads, wind forces, and
number of workers, materials and tools to be used.
Selection of correct type, erection, inspection, maintenance, tests, tagging, use, and dismantling of
scaffolds shall be in accordance to international practices and codes like BS, EN, OSHA, and ANSI, and in
compliance with local national regulations as well as per manufacturer’s requirements.
Erection, inspection, and use of scaffolds require specialized, qualified and trained builder and personnel,
knowledgeable of the specifications of scaffolds to be used, no matter how simple they are to be
constructed or used.

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Procedure System of Scaffolding
Original Issue Date:
Doc. No: AJB-HSE-PR-16 Issue Number: 01 Revision Number: 00 Revision Issue date:
10th Oct2018
Sub-contracts organization shall ensure that these requirements are included as integral part of terms
and conditions for sub-contractors whose responsibilities are given in Section 3.6 Subcontractors.
Strength and stability are fundamentally the most important safety factors regarding scaffolding. This is
why scaffold selection, design, erection, and testing works shall always be performed by competent
scaffolds builders and qualified support auxiliary personnel, always following manufacturer’s
specifications, instructions, and recommendations.
All scaffolds and components shall be capable of supporting, without failure, at least 4 times the
maximum intended load. Suspended scaffolds shall be capable of supporting 6 times the maximum
intended load. All shall be built as fit for purpose.
All scaffolds, no matter their height or work area, shall be assembled using vendor certified scaffold
construction materials (i.e., lumber, planks, braces, rails, base plates, spacers, frames, and couplings).
All scaffolds shall be visually inspected before use on daily basis, but at least every 7 (seven) days all
scaffolds shall be subjected to a tagging system to reflect actual current conditions as per such
inspections. Tagging system is to be maintained all along scaffold works.
Scaffolds are of several types, arrangements, and configurations. Proper assembly of scaffold is a
function of the work tasks demands with respect to nature, height, place, loads, and number of workers,
materials and tools to be used. Examples of types of scaffolds are: system scaffolds, tube and coupler
scaffolds, mobile (rolling) scaffolds, and suspended scaffolds etc.
Basic safety personnel protection equipment required for scaffolding works is steel toe shoes, hardhat,
safety full body harness, safety glasses, and safety gloves (refer to MAEE012-F0000-0043 Personal
Protective Equipment Procedure).
Scaffolding and assembly costs shall not ever affect or hinder safe work practices neither may go in
detriment or against safety of personnel.
Sub-contractors shall be responsible of scaffolding design, construction, inspection / tagging,
maintenance, proper use, and dismantling scaffolds, and the appropriate selection of vendors certified
scaffolding systems.
CONTRACTOR shall ensure that scaffolds have been erected under the supervision of a competent
person (Scaffolding Supervisor or Scaffolding Foreman).

4.2.Scaffold Types
Types of Scaffold:
 System Scaffolds
 Tube and Coupler Scaffolds
 Mobile (Rolling) Scaffolds
 Suspended Scaffolds

4.2.1 System Scaffolds

System scaffolding has become the most common type of scaffolding in use due to its ease of erection,
ease of use and reduced labor requirements. A system scaffold is a scaffold made of prefabricated
elements and designed and manufactured in accordance with EN 12810 Part 1, 2004 or an equivalent
standard.
Each type of system scaffolding consists of a range of components such as standards, ledgers, transoms
and base plates and has its own specific erection requirements.
Where a system scaffold is being erected it shall be constructed in strict compliance with manufacturers’
instructions.
A copy of the manufacturers’ instructions shall be given to the Project SHE Department before any
system scaffold is erected.

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Procedure System of Scaffolding
Original Issue Date:
Doc. No: AJB-HSE-PR-16 Issue Number: 01 Revision Number: 00 Revision Issue date:
10th Oct2018

4.2.2 Tube and Coupler Scaffolds

Tube and coupler scaffolding is constructed from steel tubing and several types of couplers. Properly
constructed, it forms a robust structure since the ledgers and standards are usually continuous across
several bays or lifts.
Besides;
 Tubes shall be free from bents, cracks, splits, surface flaws, and other defects. The ends
of tubes shall be cut clean and square. Tubes shall NOT be straightened, heated, or flame
cut.
 Couplers and fittings shall be properly oiled and maintained.
 Any tube, unit or frame requiring a high degree of maintenance such as wire brushing or
scraping shall be replaced.
 No tube, unit or frame shall be painted. The only acceptable coating shall be galvanizing
and zinc primer.
A copy of scaffolding documents (certificates, drawings, static calculations etc.) approved by Scaffolding
Supervisor shall be given to the Project SHE Department before scaffolds are erected.

4.2.3 Mobile Scaffolds

Mobile (rolling) scaffolds shall:
 Not exceed a height of 3 times the smallest dimension of its base.
 Have securely attached outriggers, on both sides of the scaffold, if used to attain the 3:1
ratio.
 Have wheels that are equipped with locking devices that are used whenever personnel
are on the scaffold.
 Not have personnel on them when they are being moved from one location to another.
 Be used on surfaces that are firm, level and free of hazards that may cause the
scaffold to topple.
 A scaffold that is mounted on pneumatic tires shall not be supported by the
pneumatic tires while the scaffold is being erected, used or dismantled.
 Rolling scaffolds higher than 7 meters require previous permission (Permit to Work)
from Project SHE Department.
A ladder or stairway shall be provided for proper access and exit and shall be affixed or built into the
scaffold and so located that when in use it shall not have a tendency to tip the scaffold.
Manual force used to move the scaffold shall be applied as close to the base as practicable, but no more
than chest level (1.5 m) above the ground.
Scaffolds shall be braced by cross, horizontal, or diagonal braces, or combination thereof, to prevent
racking or collapse of the scaffold and to secure vertical members together laterally so as to
automatically square and align vertical members. Scaffolds shall be plump, level, and squared, and shall
rest on a level surface. All brace connections shall be secured.

4.2.4 Suspended Scaffolds

Each suspension rope, including connecting hardware, used on non-adjustable suspension scaffolds shall
be capable of supporting, without failure, at least 6 times the maximum intended load applied or
transmitted to that rope.
Each suspension rope, including connecting hardware, used on adjustable suspension scaffolds shall be
capable of supporting, without failure, at least 6 times the maximum intended load applied or

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transmitted to that rope with the scaffold operating at either the rated load of the hoist, or minimum 2
times the stall load of the hoist, whichever is greater.*
Ropes shall be inspected visually for defects by a competent person prior to each work shift and after
every occurrence which could affect a rope’s integrity.
Suspension ropes shall be shielded from heat-producing processes.
To reduce the possibility of welding current arcing through the suspension wire rope when performing
welding from suspended scaffolds, the following precautions shall be taken, as applicable: An insulated
thimble shall be used to attach each suspension rope to its hanging support. Excess suspension wire rope
and any additional independent lines from grounding shall be insulated.
In addition to a work lead attachment required by the welding process, a grounding conductor shall be
connected from the scaffold to the structure. The size of this conductor shall be at least the size of the
welding process work lead, and this conductor shall not be in series with the welding process or the work
piece.
If the scaffold grounding lead is disconnected at any time, the welding machine shall be shut off and an
active welding rod or not insulated welding lead shall not be allowed to contact the scaffold or its
suspension system.
Each employee on a single-point or two-point adjustable suspended scaffold shall be protected by both a
personal fall arrest system and guardrail system.
Personnel using suspended scaffolds may require additional training.

4.2.5 Form and Carpenter Bracket Scaffold

A form scaffold is a supported scaffold consisting of a platform supported by brackets attached to a
formwork. A carpenter’s bracket scaffold is a supported scaffold consisting of a platform supported by
brackets attached to building or structural walls.

Figure 1: Illustration of a form and carpenter bracket scaffold

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Each bracket must be attached to the supporting formwork or structure by means of nails, a
metal stud attachment device, welding or hooking each bracket over a secured structural
supporting member with the form wallers bolted to the form or fastened by snap ties or tie
bolts extending through the form and securely anchored. On carpenter’s bracket scaffolds,
the tie bolts can extend through the opposite side of the structure’s wall. Wooden bracket
form scaffolds must be an integral part of the form panel. Folding metal brackets must be
bolted or secured with a locking pin.
Fall protection measures shall be taken before working on a form and carpenter bracket
scaffold. Besides, safe access shall be provided with ladders secured to the platform level of
the scaffold.
4.3. Scaffold Hazards
Where a scaffold has inadequate foundations, tying or bracing, or if it is overloaded, it can
collapse, endangering workers and the public. Where scaffold boards or guard-rails are
missing, workers can suffer severe injuries due to falls. Scaffolders shall be at risk where a
safe system of work is not in place to protect them from falls.
Potential of major accidents associated to scaffolds result from erroneous design,
construction, and lack of effective regular inspections for controlling conditions prior to initial
and subsequent use.
The riskiest phase of scaffolding works is right at the beginning of assembly, as height is
being gained to get or reach target sites or places. Thus, in this phase personnel safety shall
receive the biggest attention, particularly in regards to the correct use of safety body
harnesses. Particular precautions shall be taken to ensure personnel using body harness
always have anchoring means for achieving 100% tie-off (refer to MAEE012-F0000-0048
Working at Height Procedure)– 3 points of contact while assembling and erecting scaffolds.
Falling from a height is one of the most common causes of accidental death and serious
injury in the construction industry. Scaffolding that is adequately erected and maintained can
prevent many such accidents.
Scaffolds to be built near fixed ladders, ladder cages, stairs, stairs landings, and corridors
must be erected in a way that horizontal members do NOT pose a tripping hazard.
Scaffold builders shall maintain orderliness and housekeeping at all times, storing and
placing elements, components, and materials in a classified and orderly fashion as NOT to
create tripping hazards; minimizing the generation of waste; and properly segregating and
disposing of scrap materials.
The use of mobile phones by scaffolders is forbidden NOT to cause lack of concentration by
scaffolders during scaffolding works.
4.4. Risk Assessment
Project Management including construction supervisors have legal obligations in relation to
risk assessment and each shall seek to avoid risks.
Where the risks cannot be avoided, a risk assessment shall be performed. The risk
assessment shall be based on the hazards in relation to the specific scaffold, e.g. adjacent
overhead power lines, poor ground conditions or vulnerability to vehicle impact. It shall
assess how serious the risks are (refer to MAEE012-F0000-0038 Hazard Management
Process Procedure).

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The risk assessment shall take account of the nature of the work to be carried out, the loads
and the height from which falls may occur.
The person undertaking the risk assessment needs to consider two aspects of the scaffold:
The likelihood that someone could be injured during the erection, use or dismantling of the
scaffold; and
How severe the potential injury could be.
The greater the likelihood and / or severity shall result in an increased risk that someone
could be injured.
Appropriate precautions shall then be taken to control the risk and to prevent injury. These
precautions shall be detailed in the method statement and / or the Project SHE Management
Plan as appropriate.
The risk assessment for most scaffolding erection, use and dismantling shall show that the
level of risk is high unless there is a good standard of planning, design, equipment, training,
supervision and checking to ensure safety
4.5. Erection of Scaffolds

4.5.1 Safe Erection and Dismantling

Scaffolding shall be erected and dismantled so that the risk to the scaffolders, other workers
and the public are eliminated or minimized.
During scaffolding erection, modification, and dismantling area shall be properly barricaded,
and / or cordoned off, and equipped with signage.

4.5.1.1 Safety of Scaffolders

The major life-threatening hazards facing scaffolders are the risk of falls from a height, falling
scaffold components and contact with overhead electric lines.
Scaffolders at work to be protected from the danger of falling, either by the provision and use
of collective safeguards such as adequate working platforms and guard-rails or, where this is
not practicable, by the provision and use of safety nets or personal protective equipment
such as suitable fall arrest systems (incorporating safety harnesses, lanyards and
anchorages).
Collective safeguards shall be specified in the method statement and / or the Project SHE
Management Plan. These shall normally include, where possible, the use of ladders or stairs
and the placing of decking and guard-rails on each platform before scaffolders go onto it or
else as soon as practicable. Where scaffolders shall be working on a standard-width scaffold
for only a very short time, they may work off a three-board-wide platform provided that
guard-rails are installed immediately following the installation of the boards.
Where the necessary collective safeguards shall be inadequate during certain phases of the
work, personal protective equipment, e.g. nets, fall arrest systems, shall be used to
supplement the collective safeguards.
Scaffolders shall be aware that in some cases fall arresting systems may limit their
movement as they have to be continuously changing positions and mobilizing when erecting
and dismantling scaffolding, and moving around with scaffold material, which might easily
become entangled with lanyards.
Construction of certain scaffold types or construction work that includes certain activities
may present difficulties in providing collective safeguards throughout all phases of the work.
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Such work shall normally require the supplementary use of personal protective equipment,
including the fixing of anchorages, until collective safeguards become adequate. Examples
of such work include:
 Cantilever loading bays;
 Cantilever scaffolds;
 Truss-out scaffolds;
 Slung scaffolds;
 Protection fans and nets;
 Bridges and walkways;
 Work on temporary buildings and roofs;
 Fragile roof work;
 Working over or near water;
 Working in confined spaces such as sewers, deep excavations, lift wells and
shafts, deep basements or sumps, where rescue may be required; and Working
out of integrated man-baskets or mobile elevated working platforms.
Where personal protective equipment is to be used, it shall be specified in the method
statement, and adequate training, instruction and supervision shall be provided to ensure
that the personal protective equipment is used properly at all relevant times.

4.5.1.2 Safety of the Other Workers and Persons

Other workers or members of the public may be placed at risk during the erection of
scaffolding. Adequate precautions shall be taken to eliminate or reduce the risk.
Other workers and the public shall be effectively excluded from the work areas by warning
signs and / or hard-barriers. Where persons cannot be excluded from the working area, they
shall be protected by the provision of properly constructed sheeting or fans.

4.5.1.3 Incomplete Scaffolding

A scaffold shall be constructed so that it is left complete and is properly tied, braced and
decked and has adequate guard-rails and toe-boards. Where a scaffold is left incomplete,
there is a risk that it shall be used while it is in a dangerous condition.
Scaffolds shall not be left incomplete for convenience, lack of resources, or for rush hours.
Therefore, proper planning shall be carried out in order to complete scaffolds on a timely
basis.
Where a scaffold is partly erected or dismantled, the bottom ladder shall be removed and a
prominent warning notice (a red Scafftag) stating “DO NOT USE” shall be secured to the
scaffold to prevent access.
Where one section of a working platform is incomplete, access may be gained to the
completed section provided that a stop end, preventing entry, is placed over the working
platform at guard-rail height. A notice (a red Scafftag) stating “DO NOT USE” shall be
secured to the stop end. This notice shall be in the appropriate languages.
Incomplete scaffolds shall be completed or dismantled as soon as practicable. Such notices
shall be removed when they are no longer required.

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4.5.2 Scaffolding Materials
All scaffolding elements, components, fittings, and building materials shall conform to
recognized standards and shall be vendor certified. It is forbidden to use different scaffolds
manufacturers’ elements and components to erect or secure a scaffold.
Scaffolding materials shall be inspected by the Scaffolding Supervisor / Scaffolding
Foreman, prior to their use on site. This inspection can be carried out before the materials
are delivered to the site. An area shall be set aside for damaged or defective materials.
Signs shall be erected indicating that the material is defective and is not to be used.
If it is determined during the erection of the scaffold that an element is defective, the
scaffolder shall put this defective part to the side and not incorporate it into the scaffolding.
All elements, components, and materials that have defects (broken, rusty etc.) or are
suspected of being damaged shall be declared / marked unfit for purpose, taken away from
site, and discarded.

Figure 2: Scaffolding components

4.5.2.1 Standards
Standards are upright members that transmit the vertical loads of the scaffold to the foundations.
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Standards shall be plumbed vertical.
The spacing of system scaffolding standards shall follow the recommendations in the manufacturer’s
erection instructions.
Joints in standards can be made with sleeve couplers or spigots (joint pins). Joints must be staggered, i.e.
they must not occur at the same level in adjacent standards.

4.5.2.2 Transoms
Transoms are horizontal members normally in the direction of the smaller dimensions of the working
scaffold. Intermediate transoms may be required to support the scaffold platform between main
transoms.
The lowest transom shall be installed as close as possible to the bottom of the standards; otherwise the
load-carrying capacity of the scaffold shall be significantly reduced. The bottom transom is sometimes
omitted to permit pedestrians to walkthrough the scaffold; however in this event the scaffolding must
be designed to reflect the omitted transom.

4.5.2.3 Ledgers
Ledgers are horizontal members normally in the direction of the larger dimension of the working
scaffold. Ledgers also support any intermediate transoms.
The load-carrying capacity of the scaffold shall be significantly reduced where it is not possible to place
the first ledger at the base of the standards.
Tube and fitting ledgers shall be joined with sleeve couplings positioned no more than one-third of the
bay length from a standard and staggered on alternate lifts.

4.5.2.4 Tubes
Scaffold tubes shall be manufactured and tested in accordance with BS 1139 Part 1 ‘Specification for tubes
for use in scaffolding’.
Three main types of tubes are:
 Black steel tubes;
 Galvanized steel tubes;
 Aluminum alloy tubes.
Both black steel and galvanized steel tubes possess the same properties; expect galvanized tubes are
more resistant to corrosion. These common properties are:
 Outside diameter, 48,3 mm;
 Nominal wall thickness, 4,0 mm;
 Weight, approx. 4,5 kg/m.
Aluminium tube has the same diameter as steel, but it is slightly thicker and much lighter. It is more
flexible than and not as strong. For this reason, aluminium tube shall not be used at the same level as
steel tube. Advantage may be taken of the best characteristics of the two materials by placing aluminium
on top of steel tube in tall scaffold structures. In practice, however, it is generally not recommended to
use both kinds of tube on the same structure. The common properties of aluminium tube are as follows:
 Outside diameter, 48,3 mm
 Nominal wall thickness, 4,47 mm
 Weight, 1,67 kg/m
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Aluminium tube is tempered using heat during manufacture. Any further heat applied to the tube may
weaken it.

4.5.2.5 Couplers
Couplers are devices used to fix scaffold tubes together.
Couplers are used in conjunction with system scaffolds mainly for the attachment of ties, plan bracing
and cross (ledger) bracing. The proper use of appropriate couplers is therefore important to the stability
of the scaffold.
Couplers shall be sorted by type. They shall be kept clean and lightly oiled to prevent rust.
Couplers, when new, shall comply with the requirements of the relevant European Standard (or BS
standards) written in the Section 5.0 References.

 Right Angle Coupler:

A coupler used to join tubes at right angles to each other.
Minimum SWL: 6.3 kN

 Swivel Coupler:
A coupler used for joining tubes at varying angles.
Minimum SWL: 5,3 kN

 Putlog Coupler:
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A coupler used for connecting a putlog or a transom to a ledger.
Minimum SWL: 5,3 kN
Minimum slip resistance: 1,2 kN

 Sleeve Coupler:
An external coupler used to join tubes in length.
Minimum SWL (Class A): 1,5 kN
Minimum SWL (Class B): 3,0 kN

 Girder Coupler:
For connecting scaffold tubes to RSJs (Rolled Steel Joists). Units must be used in pairs. Loadings refer to
manufacturer’s recommendations.

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4.5.2.6 Other Fittings

 Joint pin or spigot:
It is an external pin used internally to join tubes in end to end.
Has no slip resistance.

 Putlog Adapter:
It is a fitting to provide a putlog blade on the end of a tube.
Must bear on wall at least 75mm
Shear strength of 1,12 kN.

 Toe-Board Clip:
It is a clip used for attaching toe-boards to tubes.

 Castor Wheel:
It is a wheel for use with mobile tower scaffolds.
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SWL identified on frame of wheel.

 Reveal Pin:
It is inserted into the end of a tube and adjusted to secure scaffold in openings (window etc.) for ties of
3,5 kN maximum pull.

 Gin Wheel:
It is used for raising and lowering components and materials to a scaffold structure.
SWL stamped on the frame.

 Roof or Sheeting Clip:

Other designs are available.

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4.5.3 Stability
A scaffold is a temporary structure that is subjected to a wide range of loading during
erection, use and dismantling. It shall support its own dead load; live loads from construction
materials, workers and tools; dynamic loads from material placement; and wind loads.
Where failures occur, large areas of scaffolding can suddenly collapse. Scaffolds can
collapse because of poor construction or misuse leading to them being loaded beyond their
safe capacity to support the load.

Common faults include;

 Poor foundations,
 Inadequate tying and bracing,
 Overloading; and
 The removal of ties and bracing
Scaffold stability depends on carefully following the system scaffold manufacturer’s
instructions and the provisions of this Procedure or other equivalent standards. In particular,
the following issues shall be addressed:
 The foundations shall be adequate (Please refer to Section 4.5.3.1);
 The scaffold shall be tied to the permanent structure or to buttresses (Please refer to
Section 4.5.3.2);
 The scaffold shall be braced (Please refer to Section 4.5.3.4);
 The scaffold shall not be overloaded (Please refer to Section 4.5.8);

Scaffolders shall identify capacities of all scaffolds using the following chart:

Load Class Max Load

kN/m2 kg/m2

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1 0,75 76
2 1,5 153
3 2 204
4 3 306
5 4,5 459
6 6 612

Design calculations shall be submitted to the Construction Manager & SHE Deputy Manager
for any scaffolding other than a common access scaffold. The calculation shall show both
dead and live loading.

It is the responsibility of the Scaffolding Supervisor to ensure that the scaffold construction
and strength is suitable for the purpose to which it shall be used.

4.5.3.1 Foundations
The foundations of a scaffold shall be adequate to support the load imposed by each
standard and the scaffold as a whole throughout the life of the scaffold.

The Scaffolding Supervisor shall make sure that the ground of the scaffolding being erected
is prepared in advance. The scaffolder shall seek written confirmation from the Civil
Department / Surveying Group as to the bearing pressure.

 Ground Surfaces (Concrete and Steel):

Metal base plates shall be used on concrete or steel surfaces of adequate bearing capacity.

 Ground Surfaces (Other):

Metal base plates shall be used where there is a hard asphalt or similar surface with
sufficient bearing capacity.

Where the bearing surface is soil, compacted gravel, tarmacadam, hardcore, paving slabs or
similar, sole boards of timber or another suitable material shall be used.

Where the surface has been disturbed or back-filled, or is soft, it shall be compacted.

 Sole Boards (Mudsills):

Scaffold standards shall be set on adjustable base plates placed on mudsills or other
foundations adequate to support the maximum intended load and allow even distribution of
loads.

Sole boards are required for surfaces such as gravel, clay, or fill. Sole boards shall be placed
under every base plate where the foundation is other than concrete or metal plate decking.
This rule shall apply to open deck grating.

Previously used sole boards shall never be used as scaffold boards, they shall be marked so
that they are readily distinguishable, e.g. the ends shall be cut at an angle.

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 Base Plates:
It is a metal plate with a spigot for distributing the load from a standard / raker or other load-
bearing tube.

Minimum dimension 150 mm x 150 mm

Pin at least 50 mm

Base plates shall be placed on the center of sole boards and not less than 150 mm from
either end. Adjustable base plates incorporate screw jacks to allow the scaffold to be easily
leveled; they shall not be extended beyond the manufacturer’s recommendations.

On surfaces such as concrete and asphalt or other surfaces unlikely to settle, base plates
(squares of plywood) shall be used between the screw jack and the surface. This is required
to prevent damage to the surface and the base of the scaffold from moving.

 Sloping Foundations:
Many scaffolds are erected on sloping surfaces, e.g. footpaths and roadways. Using normal
base jacks on such surfaces may induce bending in the bottom standards and reduce the
loading capacity of the scaffold. Base plates that permit adequate rotation shall be used or
other measures shall be taken to ensure that the capacity of the standards is adequate to
sustain the design loads.

Special precautions may be necessary to ensure the stability of the scaffold where the
ground slope exceeds 1 vertical to 10 horizontals.

 Adjacent Excavations and Underground Services:

Scaffolds shall not be erected close to the edge of open excavations, and excavations shall
not be made close to the scaffold in a manner likely to undermine the stability of the scaffold
(refer to MAEE012-F0000-0040 Excavation and Trenching Procedure).

Under no circumstances shall scaffolds be undermined by carrying out any excavation within
1 meter if the foundations being concrete, and 2 meters on soft ground.

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Where excavations shall affect only one standard, the load may be transferred to adjacent
standards by using proprietary beams or A-frames. The adjoining standards shall not be
overloaded.

Scaffold standards shall not be erected over shallow drains or manhole covers unless
adequate arrangements have been made to carry the load over them.
 Blocks, Bricks and Other Materials:
Scaffolds require to be always placed on firm level, stable material surface. Do not place on
fragile or loose material (blocks etc.), boxes, barrels, pallets, ordinary bricks, or other
unstable bases. Only proper construction materials (adjustable base plates) are to be used
for supporting scaffold legs.

4.5.3.2 Ties
Ties connect the scaffold to the structure being built. Ties perform a dual function:

 They stabilize the entire scaffold to prevent it from falling towards or away
from the building; and
 They stabilize the individual scaffold standards to prevent them from buckling.
As the load on a scaffold increases, more ties may be needed to prevent the
standards from buckling.

There are a number of different tie types. Those types of tie that are non-movable shall be
chosen, where reasonably practicable, as they present fewer difficulties with maintenance or
interference. Non-movable ties are assumed to be cast or drilled into the structure and shall
not need to be moved until final dismantling of the scaffold.

Ties shall resist movement towards the building and away from the building. Where a tie
cannot resist movement towards the building, e.g. through ties, long bolts and wire ties, the
tie shall be supplemented by other measures, e.g. tubes butted against the building.

Ties shall be securely coupled to both standards or to both ledgers, and be as near to a
node point as possible. Where ties are attached to the ledgers, they shall be attached not
more than 300 mm from a standard. Where this hinders access along a working platform,
attachment to the inside ledger or standard only is permissible.

The vertical interval between ties shall be determined in the scaffolding design and
communicated to the scaffolders. In the case of system scaffolds, reference shall be made to
the manufacturer’s instructions.

Scaffolds of normal width of 1.25 m shall not be erected 4 m higher than the highest line of
ties, unless the scaffold has been cross braced between ledgers (cross bracing) and the ties
and scaffold are capable of taking the extra loads.

 Cast-in and Drilled Anchorages:

Where lateral support is to be provided by the structure served, both the structural adequacy
of that structure and the attachment of the anchorages shall be verified. If the base material
is too weak to support an anchor, or if the structure as a whole is too weak, other means of
access shall be considered, including free-standing designed scaffolds or MEWP.

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These anchorages, which are cast or drilled into the permanent structure, can usually be left
in place until the scaffold is being dismantled. They are not subject to the degree of
interference associated with, for example, through ties. These anchorages and their
components shall have a safe working capacity of at least 6.25 kN (637 kg) in both tension
and compression.
Workers installing anchorages shall be instructed in the manufacturer’s recommendations for
each type of anchorage and these recommendations shall be strictly complied with.
Most cavity walls, cladding panels and many parapets and other architectural features shall
be unsuitable for the attachment of anchorages. Where refurbishment work is being
undertaken, the capacity of the building fabric to withstand the anchorage loads shall be
assessed.

 Through Ties:
Through ties are attached to a tube across the inside and outside of an opening such as a
window. It is preferred that this tube be vertical to prevent slipping and damage caused by
workers standing on the tube and that the tie tube rests on or just above the lintel and close
to the nearest standard. Other arrangements may be used where this is not practical. The
inside tube shall be supplemented by an outside tube or by a butting tube.

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Figure 3: Through Tie for Tied Scaffolds

 Reveal Ties:
Reveal ties may be used where it is impractical to bolt into the fabric of the building or
through open windows. These ties rely on friction and consequently require frequent
inspection to ensure that the friction is maintained.

Timber packing shall be used, of approximately 10 mm thickness (to minimize shrinkage),

alternatively 9 mm or 18 mm plywood may be used. The end plates of the tube shall be
expanded onto the reveals by tightening a nut on the reveal pin. The tie tube shall be fixed to
the reveal tube not more than 150 mm from the reveal and at the opposite end from the
reveal pin.
Reveal ties are not suitable for use on sheeted scaffolds.

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Figure 4: Reveal Tie for Tied Scaffolds
 Returns:
Where a system scaffold is continually and correctly returned around the corner of a building,
it can be regarded as being equal to a tie to the first pair of standards in each direction from
the quoin (e.g. the ties can commence from the second pair of standards back from the
return).

It shall be noted that if a correct and continuous return is not in place, then each elevation
shall be regarded as separate and must then be tied at each end.

 Single Unjointed Raking Tubes:

Single unjointed raking tubes coupled to the scaffold at 6 m intervals and tied back to
the scaffold at the foot may be considered as providing adequate stability in the
direction of the raker for scaffolds up to 6 m high.

The tube shall be at an angle of not more than 2 vertical to 1 horizontal and not more than 6
m in length.

Figure 5: Stabilizing a Scaffold Less than 6 m High – Raking Tubes

4.5.3.3 Tie Spacing

The spacing of ties is determined mainly by the loading and layout of the scaffold. As the
loading, height, number of working platforms or number of boarded platforms or the wind
loading increases, so does the number of ties required.

The manufacturer’s instructions for tie spacing shall be followed.

 System Scaffold Ties:

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Each type of system scaffold has a characteristic tying pattern recommended by the
manufacturer. These patterns shall be followed unless structural design calculations show
any proposed variations to be safe.

Many system scaffolds require every standard to be tied and for the first level of ties to be no
more than 4 m above the base plate.

The system scaffolding manufacturer’s recommended tying arrangements shall be available

to the scaffolders. The recommended tying arrangements shall also be provided to the
persons responsible for inspecting the system scaffold during use.

Figure 6: Example of a Tie Pattern for a Lightly Loaded Scaffold

 Tube and Fitting Scaffold Ties:

The number of ties must be determined by the designer, in accordance with the
requirements of I.S. EN 12811 Part 1, 2004 / OHSA 1926.452.

4.5.3.4 Bracing
Bracing is required to stiffen the scaffold and prevent it from swaying. In system scaffolds
swaying can cause instability, weld deterioration and can over stress the standards.

In tube and fitting scaffolds, each plane of the scaffold shall be braced by installing diagonal
tubes that divide it into a complete series of triangles from the bottom to the top of the
scaffold. The braces shall be fixed as close as possible to the standard-ledger intersections.
 Façade Bracing:
Façade bracing runs parallel to the building. Some examples for façade bracing are given
below:

a) a series of parallel diagonal tubes placed one above the other,

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b) in long façades, a continuous diagonal tube from bottom to top; or
c) a zigzag pattern (for scaffolds with a maximum of 4 lifts)

Figure 7: Examples of Façade Bracing (use A or B or C as appropriate)

 Ledger Bracing:
Ledger bracing runs at right angles to the façade and is in a vertical plane.

Some types of system scaffold do not require cross bracing unless:

- Ties cannot be located as required by the manufacturer or are liable to be removed;

or
- The height of the scaffold is 4 m or more above the last line of ties.

Where ledger bracing is installed for the above reasons, the loads on the adjacent ties shall
be increased.

Ledger bracing shall be installed on tube and fitting scaffolds. Brace alternate pairs of tube
and fitting standards, ensuring that the bracing forms a complete series of triangles from
bottom to top of the scaffold. Install the bracing from ledger to ledger or from standard to
standard.

When clear access is required on base lifts of tube and fitting scaffolds, the cross bracing
may be omitted on the base lift provided the first lift does not exceed 2.7 m, or the lift is knee
braced. In either case, the loading capacity of the scaffold shall be reduced.

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Figure 8: Section showing example of Ledger Bracing

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4.5.4 Working Platform

Working platforms shall be wide enough and be sufficiently boarded out to allow safe
passage of persons along the platform. They shall also be capable of resisting the loads
imposed upon them, including high wind loads that could dislodge the scaffold boards.

A clear passageway, at least 430 mm wide, shall be maintained for persons to pass between
stored materials and the side of the platform.

Figure 9: Working Platform

Boards
 Scaffold planks (boards) shall be unpainted and free of cracks, knots, checks, or
decays. They shall be fireproofed using an approved flame retardant material.
 There shall be no cut outs (checks), burns, oil stains or projecting nails.
 All planking shall be vendor certified.
 It shall be ensured that planking is cleated or wired to prevent shifting / movement.
 Lumber planks (boards) must be inspected by a competent worker before
incorporation into a scaffold.
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Decking
Decking may consist of timber boards or proprietary decking units. Where timber boards are
used they shall comply with I.S. 745, 1986 Machine-graded home-grown timber scaffold
boards or BS 2482, 1981 Specification for timber scaffold boards.

Platforms shall be maintained in a fully boarded or decked condition. Where a platform has
not been fully boarded or has lost boards, either all boards shall be removed or it shall be
fully boarded as soon as possible. Immediate steps shall be taken to prevent access to
partially boarded platforms by removing ladders, placing barriers across access points
(including windows) and placing “scaffold incomplete” warning signs at all potential entry
points.

The use of the scaffold shall be monitored so as to ensure that the manner in which the
works are being undertaken is not damaging the working platform, e.g. through the use of
abrasive wheels on scaffold boards.

Toe-Boards
Toe-boards help prevent materials from falling and they also help prevent persons falling
between the guard-rail and platform. Toe-boards and end toe-boards shall be fixed to all
working platforms. The toe-boards shall have a height of at least 150 mm above the platform
and they shall be securely fixed to the standards.

Maximum Gap between Building and Platform

The scaffold shall be erected as close to the finished structure as is practicable. The
maximum gap between the scaffold and the structure shall be 300 mm where workers are
required to sit on the edge of the platform nearest the structure and where ropes or chains
provide a safe and secure handhold. Where practicable, the gap shall be closed by using
cantilever platform brackets at platform level.

Cantilever Platform (Stage) Brackets

Cantilever platform (stage) brackets may be used to fill the gap between the scaffold and
structure and are available up to three boards wide. Some system cantilever brackets
require a stabilizing tie to be installed. It is essential to fit this tie, as without it the bracket can
swivel on the standard and the boards can become dislodged.

4.5.5 Guardrails
Guard rails and toe boards shall be installed on all scaffolds and temporary work platforms
1.50 meters (5 feet) and over.

Guard-rails shall be provided on all working platforms. The height of the guard-rail shall be at
least 950 mm above the working platform.

Intermediate rails shall be placed midway between the top rail and the work platform.

Guardrails shall be supported by vertical supports that are NOT more than 3 meters (9 feet)
apart.

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Guard-rails shall be capable of resisting reasonably foreseeable horizontal and vertical
loadings. In any case, guard-rails shall be capable of resisting a downward load of not less
than 1.25 kN (127 kg) without breaking, disconnecting or deflecting more than 200 mm and
they shall be capable of resisting a point load of 0.3 kN (30.5 kg) without an elastic deflection
of more than 35 mm.

4.5.6 Falling Object Protection

Measures shall be taken to prevent materials from falling from working platforms. A risk
assessment shall identify the most appropriate precautions for different areas of the site. Areas
above pedestrian traffic, particularly those areas above entrances into the structure or above
where persons are working, shall present the highest risk and shall require the greatest
precautions.
Brick Guards
Brick guards may be hung from the guard-rails and secured to prevent outward movement.
Sheeting
Sheeting may consist of netting, corrugated sheets or timber sheets. It shall be fixed securely to
prevent materials from passing through the sheeting. Sheeting shall be inspected regularly,
particularly after strong winds. On the other hand, sheeting shall significantly increase the wind
loading on a scaffold and on the ties and tie couplers.
Fans
Where it is likely that material may fall from a building or a scaffold and where people are working
in, or passing in close proximity to the structure, fans shall be erected to protect pedestrian
traffic areas and access points into the structure.
The loads imposed on a scaffold by a fan, i.e. dead load, impact load and wind load, are usually
substantial. The top of the fan shall be tied to the scaffold where it is tied to the permanent
structure and the bottom tube of the fan shall be propped against the structure.
Protective fans shall NOT be used to store scaffolding or other materials.
But, it shall be noted that additional toe-boards shall be used to prevent material rolling off the
fan.

4.5.7 Access to the Scaffold

A safe means of access to all working platforms on the scaffold shall be provided. This may
include gangways, stairways, landings, ladders or ramps.
Sufficient access points shall be provided so that workers may easily gain access to their place of
work. An inadequate number of access points may lead to unsafe practices such as workers
climbing scaffold components to gain access to or egress from their place of work.

4.5.7.1 Ladder Access

Scaffold access ladders shall meet the following minimum standards:
Ladder access towers, fixed to the outside of the scaffold, shall be erected, where practicable;
 The top of ladder stiles shall be securely fixed to the scaffold by lashings;
 The ladder shall be set, where practicable, at an angle of not more than 4 vertical to
1 horizontal;
 Each stile shall be equally supported on a firm and level footing;

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 The ladder shall extend at least 1m above the landing point or some other adequate
handhold shall be provided;
 The maximum vertical distance between landings shall be 9 m;
 If it is not reasonable or practicable to close the opening by means of a permanently
attached trapdoor, a protective guard-rail shall be installed. If a trapdoor is used to
protect operatives from the access opening, then it shall be capable of being
fastened in the closed position;
 Landings shall be provided with guard-rails and toe-boards.
 Long ladders shall be supported and lashed at their mid-point to remove any bounce.
 Ladders shall be constructed of wooden or metal (aluminum etc.). Only properly
constructed and manufactured ladders shall be used. ‘Home made’ (wooden or
metal) ladders are strictly forbidden.
 All ladders shall be of good repair and sound construction. They shall be checked for
damage, faults and wear & tear, by the Scaffolding Supervisor, before use.

Figure 10: Example of Ladder Access Tower

 The provision of staircase towers or ramps shall be considered when justified by the
frequency of passage, height to be negotiated, duration of use or evacuation
requirements (Please see Figure below).

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Figure 11: Example of Stair Access Towers (toe-boards omitted for clarity)

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Figure 12: Example of Medium Duty Fans

4.5.7.1.1 Pipe-rack Erection Scaffolding Plan

A non-load bearing scaffold tower access platform will be erected between pipe-racks (PR) from
ground elevation to top of PR elevation. The purpose of the tower will be for the utilization for
pedestrian access for the upper and lower inter-connection points for the purpose of welding
the pre installed pipe spools . PR scaffolds will be erected between PR 501-502, PR 502-503, PR
503-504, PR 504-505, PR 505-506, PR 506-507, PR 507-508. All PR scaffolds will be erected in
accordance as tabled below in in Figure:13.
Scaffold load bearing working platforms will be erected for the upper and lower inter-connection
points running North / South at EL109.5 & EL 104.5 of each PR for the purpose of welding the
pre-installed pipe spools, access to these areas will be by means of the pedestrian scaffolding
tower.

Figure 13 Example of Pipe-rack Scaffolding

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PIPE-RACK SCAFFOLD DIMENSION DETAILS

SCAFFOLD-1 SCAFFOLD-2 SCAFFOLD-3 SCAFFOLD-4

Location PR-501-502 Location PR-502-503 Location PR-503-504 Location PR-504-505
Length 6m Length 6m Length 6m Length 6m
Width 3m Width 3m Width 3m Width 3m
Height 4.175 m Height 9.272 m Height 9.083 m Height 9.083 m
Number of floors 1 Number of floors 3 Number of floors 4 Number of floors 4
1.floor elevation 4.175 m 1.floor elevation 3.834 m 1.floor elevation 3.835 m 1.floor elevation 3.835 m
2.floor elevation n/a 2.floor elevation 7.414 m 2.floor elevation 6m 2.floor elevation 5.806 m
3.floor elevation n/a 3.floor elevation 9.272 m 3.floor elevation 7.402 m 3.floor elevation 7.383 m
4.floor elevation n/a 4.floor elevation n/a 4.floor elevation 9.083 m 4.floor elevation 9.083 m

SCAFFOLD-5 SCAFFOLD-6 SCAFFOLD-7

Location PR-505-506 Location PR-506-507 Location PR-507-508
Length 6m Length 6m Length 6m
Width 4.2 m Width 3m Width 3m
Height 9.248 m Height 8.857 m Height 8.85 m
Number of floors 4 Number of floors 4 Number of floors 4
1.floor elevation 3.835 m 1.floor elevation 3.835 m 1.floor elevation 3.835 m
2.floor elevation 6.174 m 2.floor elevation 6.024 m 2.floor elevation 5.847 m
3.floor elevation 7.4 m 3.floor elevation 7.541 m 3.floor elevation 7.583 m
4.floor elevation 9.248 m 4.floor elevation 8.857 m 4.floor elevation 8.85 m

Figure 14 Pipe-rack
Figure
Scaffolding
14: Dimensions

4.5.8 Loading of the Scaffold

4.5.8.1 Loading Bays

The weights of pallets of building materials such as blocks and bricks are usually in excess of the
recommended load ratings of the system scaffold manufacturers. A loading bay shall therefore
be required where it is necessary to lift pallets of heavy materials onto a scaffold. The provision of
properly constructed loading bays can avoid the excessive loading of access scaffolds and the
obstruction of gangways that can otherwise occur.
The type of loading bay required shall vary depending on the chosen method for transporting
materials around the site and loading materials onto the scaffolding. A loading bay designed for
use by a teleporter is different to a loading bay for use with a crane.
Temporarily unguarded openings or edges shall not be left unattended and guard-rails shall be
replaced as soon as practicable.
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Figure 15 :Example of a Loading Bay for Use with a Teleporter

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
Figure 16: Example of a Loading Bay for Use with a Crane

Loading bays shall be diagonally braced on all four sides or braced in compliance with the system
manufacturer’s recommendations. Where the internal façade bracing hinders access onto the
scaffold from the loading bay, the brace may be placed on the main scaffold adjacent to the
loading bay or in accordance with the system manufacturer’s recommendations.

4.5.8.2 Signs
Easily comprehensible signs showing the safe working load, for each working lift, shall be placed
on scaffolds and loading bays.

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Figure 17: Example of Sign for Working Platform

Warning signs must also be erected on a scaffold that is not available for use, including during its
assembly, dismantling or alteration and, where appropriate, the scaffolding shall be protected, by
barriers or other suitable means, from unauthorized access or use.

4.5.8.3 Loading Charts

Supervisors and equipment operators, e.g. crane and telescopic fork-truck drivers, shall be
provided with easily comprehensible loading charts showing the weights of the typical materials
used on the site, e.g. weights of the pallets of bricks and blocks, scaffold boards and standards,
mortar skips. This information shall enable them to estimate the load they are placing on the
scaffold and ensure that it is less than the safe working load indicated on the signs.

4.5.9 Free-Standing and Mobile Access Towers

Free-standing and mobile access towers can provide a safe means of working at a height
provided that they are properly constructed and used.
Free-standing scaffolds shall NOT exceed a height of 3 times the smallest dimension of its base.

4.5.9.1 Types of Towers

The main types of tower in use are aluminum alloy towers, GRP (Glass Reinforced Plastic) towers
and steel towers. Components may include prefabricated frames, platforms, bracing, castor
wheels and outriggers. Steel towers are constructed from system scaffold components or from
tube and fitting components.

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Type A: Inclined Ladder Access Tower. Type B: Vertical Ladder Access Tower.
Type C: Stairway or Stair-ladder Tower. Type D: Frame Access Tower.

Figure 18: Example of Mobile Towers with Different Access

Methods to the Working Platform
4.5.9.2 Fall from a Height (During Assembly and Dismantlement)
There are currently two methods of providing a safer environment during the assembly, altering
and dismantling of mobile access towers.
 Advanced Guard-Rails:
This method uses an additional set of equipment allowing guard-rails to be placed ahead of the
platform from the safety of the level below so that collective fall prevention measures are in
place before the operative stands on the platform.

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
Figure 19: Advanced Guard-Rail Method for Erection of Mobile Towers

 3T – Through the Trapdoor:

This method allows the operatives to position themselves through the trapdoor of the platform
and place horizontal braces ahead of themselves so that collective fall prevention measures are in
place before they stand on the platform.


Figure 20: Through the Trapdoor Method for Erection of Mobile Towers

4.5.9.3 Fall from a Height (Personal Fall Protection Equipment)

It is recommended that workers do not attach safety harness lanyards to mobile access towers.
In the event of an arrested fall, worker is likely to cause the tower to overturn, not only increasing
the risk of further injury to him / her, but also putting others in the vicinity in danger from the
falling tower.

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4.5.9.4 Stability
The conditions of use of the tower and environmental forces such as wind can adversely affect
tower stability. Where the conditions of use or the wind forces are likely to be different from
those covered by the manufacturer’s instructions or this Procedure, or where the tower is
erected in a location exposed to high winds, the overturning forces shall be calculated by a
competent person. Appropriate measures shall be taken to ensure that the tower has a factor of
safety against overturning of at least 1.5 in any direction.

4.5.9.5 Ground Surface

The ground surface shall be suitable for the type of tower to be used. Where castors are to be
used, the surface shall be even and holes, ducts, pits or gratings shall be securely fenced or
covered. Where the surface is sloping, the tower shall be prevented from slipping. Base plates
and sole boards shall be used where the ground is soft.

4.5.9.6 Bracing
Prefabricated towers shall be braced in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Where
the tower is constructed of tube and fitting components, it shall be adequately braced on all four
sides and be braced in plan at every alternate lift

4.5.9.7 Castors
Castors shall be fitted with adequate brakes and they shall be securely fixed to each leg of the
tower to prevent accidental uncoupling.

4.5.9.8 Working Platform

The deck units or boards shall be securely fixed to the frame. Toe-boards and guard-rails shall be
provided. The platform shall not be overloaded.

4.5.9.9 Tower Access

Access shall be provided to the tower using vertical or integral ladders, inclined internal ladders
or stairways erected in accordance with the manufacturer’s directions. Ladders shall be attached
to the shorter side of rectangular towers and within the base area of the tower. External ladders
shall not be used with aluminum towers. Access to the platforms shall be through a hatch that is
capable of being closed and secured.

4.5.9.10 Overhead Electricity Lines

Mobile access towers shall not be used in locations adjacent to overhead power lines. Where
mobile access towers are being used in the same general area as overhead electricity lines,
physical barriers and warning notices shall be provided to prevent them coming close to the
overhead electricity lines (refer to MAEE012-F0000-0520 Electrical Safety)

4.5.9.11 Instruction, Training and Supervision

Prefabricated towers such as aluminum alloy towers may only be erected by competent workers
with adequate skills and training. Workers shall be provided with adequate and comprehensible
instructions both for the erection and checking of the tower.
Competent supervision shall be provided to ensure that towers are safely erected, checked and
used.

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4.5.9.12 Tower Use

Vertical or horizontal forces capable of overturning a tower shall not be applied. Such forces may
arise from pulling or pushing the tower along at a high level, lifting loads up the outside of the
tower or hauling heavy ropes or cables. Using hand tools such as drills can cause an additional
horizontal force on the tower.
The tower shall not be moved with workers or materials anywhere on the tower. It shall be
moved manually, pushing the tower at or near the base. Mechanical means shall not be used to
push towers.
The tower or its platforms shall not be overloaded.
The castors shall always be locked, except when moving the tower. Chocks shall be used where
there is any doubt about the adequacy of the brakes.
The access tower shall be inspected and the inspection form shall be completed before using the
tower and it shall be kept in records.
Warning notices shall be placed on incomplete towers

 Prefabricated Aluminum or GRP Towers:

Aluminum and GRP towers are light. This lightness is a positive advantage in relation to ease of
erection and use and may help to avoid manual handling injuries. A light aluminum or GRP tower
shall, however, be less stable than a heavier steel tower of the same dimensions.
The manufacturer’s instructions shall be followed and the tower shall not be assembled to a
height above that recommended by the manufacturer for the specified stabilizers or outriggers,
which must be installed correctly and at the appropriate point in the assembly sequence.
 Steel Towers:
The height to least base dimension ratio for mobile towers shall not be greater than 3. When used
in exposed situations, the tower shall be tied to the building it is serving. The maximum height in
this Procedure is 8m; mobile towers higher than this shall be designed.
Towers outside are usually exposed and are therefore subject to wind forces. Frequently towers
with a height to least base dimension ratio greater than 3.5 are unstable in locations exposed to
high winds. For these circumstances, the wind forces shall be calculated and the tower restrained
by Kent ledge or guys, to give a factor of safety against overturning of 1.5 in any direction.

In calculating the height to base ratio, measure the height from ground level to the working deck
or top lift and measure the base width as the least base dimension, centre to centre, of the
shortest side of a rectangular tower.

4.5.10 Electrical Dangers

4.5.10.1 Overhead Electricity Lines

Overhead electricity lines can present a serious safety risk, particularly in areas where
construction activities are being carried out, unless appropriate measures are taken to identify
and control the risk.
The erection and removal of scaffolding in the vicinity of overhead lines can present particular
risks as scaffolding materials are normally good conductors of electricity, are handled manually
and may have the potential to come into contact with or come within arcing distance of the live
overhead line conductors. Furthermore, once scaffolding has been erected, work activities being
carried out on the scaffolding can present similar safety risks, especially while materials are being
handled or long handle tools are being used. Risks can also arise in windy conditions from live

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Procedure System of Scaffolding
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conductors blowing towards or making contact with the scaffold and thereby making the entire
scaffold assembly live.
Generally accepted clearances between scaffolds and insulated energized power lines are as
following:

Table 3: Clearance from Overhead Power Lines

Voltage Min Distance Alternatives

Less than 300 V 1 m (3 ft) N/A

300 V to 50 kV 3 m (10 ft) N/A
More than 50 kV 3 m (10 ft) plus 10 cm (4 in) Two times the length of
for each 1 kV over 50 kV insulated line, but never less
than 3 m (10 ft)

Appropriate control measures shall be based on a site-specific risk assessment and detailed in the
method statement and/or the SHE Plan. These measures shall normally include one or more of
the following, in order of preference:
 Rerouting the lines;
 Having the lines switched out; and
 Installing barriers or insulation between the scaffold and the lines.
In addition, scaffolds erected adjacent to overhead lines shall be earthed in accordance with the
rules and regulations, legal environments of countries involved, as well as the procedures,
instructions and demands of the Employers and Clients of CONTRACTOR.
In the event of an accident or an emergency with an overhead electricity line or underground
cable, authorized Electrical Power Supplier shall be contacted.

4.5.10.2 Portable Electrical Equipment

Portable tools rated less than 2 kV amperes and used in construction should operate at no more
than 125V AC and be center tapped to earth.

4.5.10.3 Lightning
Scaffolds on the roofs of high buildings or associated with some topographical features are
susceptible to being struck by lightning. Such scaffolds should be earthed.

4.5.11 Adverse Weather Conditions

As a rule of thumb, scaffolding work shall be stopped with strong winds, rain, sand or other type
of storms. Decision to have personnel come down from heights during light rain should be at
supervisors’ and craftsmen’s discretion. In case of doubts, always ask Project SHE Department.
Prefabricated towers should be stable in winds below 45 km/h (12.5 m/s). Where winds
approaching this speed are expected, precautions should be taken such as tying the tower to
adjoining structures or dismantling the tower to prevent it being blown over. Work on
prefabricated towers should cease when wind speeds exceed 27.5 km/h (7.7 m/s) unless the
manufacturer’s or supplier’s instructions explicitly permit such work. Towers should be inspected
after high wind events and the results of the inspection should be recorded.
Scaffolding works should be avoided and / or restricted at night hours, due to lack of illumination
that may affect scaffold quality and overlook deficiencies.
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When it is slightly foggy or misty, to make access points of scaffolds much more visible for the
workers, it is suggested that blinking lights are installed next to each access point.

4.6 Storage of Materials

Scaffold materials shall be stored only in areas approved by Site Management.
All scaffolding material shall be properly and neatly stored in properly constructed scaffold racks.
Where materials are being stored at the site of erection for immediate use, they shall be stored in
a neat manner which does NOT present a tripping hazard or block access routes.

4.6.1 Boards
Scaffold boards should be stacked no more than 20 high, bonded together with short timber
battens, and placed on level timbers, off the ground for protection from surface water. Boards
should be protected from weather and have a free circulation of air.

4.6.2 Tubes
Tubes shall be sorted and stored by length.
Scaffold tubes are generally supplied in lengths of 6,3 m. Shorter tubes are available from stock;
for example, transoms of 1,5 m and 1,8 m length. Wherever possible tubes should be sorted
according to length and stored in racks with their ends flush. This makes it easier to identify and
select tubes of the required length.

4.6.3 Ladders
All ladders shall be placed in the relevant racks.

4.6.4 Fittings
Fittings such as couplers shall be sorted and stored by type.

4.7 Inspection Before and During Use

Scaffolds shall be systematically inspected prior to use and regularly on a weekly basis in order to
ensure their integrity and safety features in terms of rigidity, stability, strength, and proper
access, guard-railing, toe-boarding, and work platform conditions by Scaffolding Inspector.
Moreover, scaffolds should be inspected after any circumstance that might affect the stability or
safety of the scaffold. Such circumstances include:
 Modification;
 Period without use;
 Exposure to bad weather; and
 Damage, including impact of traffic or site equipment with the scaffold.

During inspection, if any defect is noted, the Scaffold Inspector shall remove the scaffold tag; and
either take corrective action or notify the scaffolder of defects. Once the scaffold is corrected
and approved, the Scaffold Inspector shall complete and place the corresponding tag.

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All scaffold inspections shall be recorded in a register.
The Scaffold Inspector shall make sure that all scaffolds shall have the following safety features,
as a minimum:
 An anti-slipping plank (metal or wood)-built integral working platform;
 Top hand rail;
 Middle guard rail;
 Toe-board;
 Access ladder, internal if practical;
 Security latch or other means for preventing falls through access point;
 Supporting base plates;
 Rigidity and stability elements;
 A tagging system.

4.8 Scaffold Tagging

 All scaffolds, after being inspected by the Scaffolding Inspector, shall be subjected to
a systematic color tagging system, which shall serve to advise and / or warn of the
scaffold conditions.
 Scafftag shall be placed at the point of access in weatherproof holders. Information
on the tag shall include the date erected, safe working load, Scaffold Inspector’s
name, signature and company.
 Each and every scaffold shall always be tagged;
 With a RED TAG to indicate “DANGER – DO NOT USE”, meaning that the
scaffold can’t be used; because it is incomplete, defective, or under
modification, or
 With a GREEN TAG to indicate SAFE FOR USE, meaning that the scaffold
has been inspected and considered safe for use.
 Examples of typical scaffold tags are shown in Attachment No.1.
 Alternate or equivalent tagging systems (i.e. Scafftag, Client dictated, or other
proprietary systems) are allowed provided that they meet the intent and
requirements of this Procedure.
 Access ladder shall be removed/not installed or barricaded to avoid usage of
scaffolding under erection and/or with Red Tag.

4.9 Handover
An adequate handover procedure for transferring control of the scaffold from the erector to the
user is an important part of managing scaffold safety. Both the scaffold erector and the user
should be satisfied that the scaffold can provide a safe working platform and can carry the
imposed loads safely.
An adequate handover procedure shall include:
 Clearly identifying the areas of the scaffold that have been handed over;

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 Clearly stating the maximum capacity of the loading bays and working platforms and the
tie spacing;
 Inspecting the entire area of the scaffold before it is taken into use by using the “Scaffold
Inspection Criteria” on “Scaffold Tags”.
 Removing “scaffold incomplete” warning notices from the finished scaffold;
 Identifying the person responsible for further modifications and inspections of the
scaffold.

4.10 Scaffolding Usage, Modification and Maintenance

4.10.1 Scaffolding Usage

A scaffold should not be used unless it is properly constructed and is suitable for the purpose for
which it is required, has been inspected and “Scaffold Tag” has been put on it.
Each contractor (including sub-contractors and the self-employed) should be satisfied that the
scaffold has been inspected by a competent person within the previous 7 days.
Users (including contractors and workers) who discover a serious defect in a scaffold, which may
adversely affect their or another’s safety, should stop using that scaffold and report the defect to
the Scaffolding Foreman and Scaffolding Inspector.
Users should:
 Be provided with relevant information on the conditions of use of the scaffold, including
the loading capacity of the scaffold, in a comprehensible form;
 NOT overload the scaffold either locally or in general;
 NOT interfere with or misuse the scaffold;
 Promptly report defects in the scaffold to whoever is in control of the scaffold; and
 NOT leave a scaffold in a hazardous condition for current or subsequent users

4.10.2 Scaffolding Modification

Uncontrolled modification of a scaffold, particularly if carried out by persons without adequate
competence, can lead to instability and an increased risk of persons falling from the scaffold.
Modifications to ties, bracing, ledgers, transoms and decking should be identified, requested and
made in good time. Only competent persons who have been trained and are experienced in this
kind of work may make modifications to scaffolds.
Scaffolding Inspector shall be notified of any required modification to the scaffolding and prior to
modifications, scaffolding shall be "red tagged". Upon completion of modifications, Scaffolding
Inspector shall inspect completed scaffolding and apply appropriate scaffolding tagging.
A sufficient number of scaffolders should be available to ensure that modifications are made in
good time.
Guard-rails and toe-boards in a single bay may be temporarily removed by persons who have
been appropriately instructed in the safe means of removing and replacing the guard-rail. Such
persons should be instructed about the legal requirement to remain in attendance at the location
of the removed guard-rail or toe-board until it has been replaced.
Personnel shall be properly tied off using appropriate fall arrest systems i.e., safety harnesses;
lanyards and anchorages. %100 tie off policy shall be strictly enforced where there is a potential to
fall from height.

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4.10.3 Maintenance
The scaffold should be maintained in a safe condition for the entire period of its use.
A scaffold rarely stays the same between initial erection and final dismantling. There is therefore
a need to plan how the scaffold shall be modified, inspected and maintained. The following issues
should be considered when planning for use and maintenance.
 The particular needs of different trades working on the scaffold. Imposed loads,
scheduling (painters, plasterers and bricklayers work at significantly different rates),
cantilever brackets, adjustments to ties and guard-rails etc. should be identified and
provision made to meet these needs before the work is planned to start.
 A competent person with responsibility for modifying, inspecting and maintaining the
scaffold should be appointed.
 An adequate number of scaffolders should be available to the site to allow modifications
to be made in good time. The full-time attendance of at least one scaffolder may be
required on sites where modifications are likely to be frequent.
 The restrictions on imposed loads and unauthorized modifications to the scaffold should
be communicated to users. The contact person for complaints or requests for scaffolding
modifications should be identified. This should be done as part of the normal SHE
induction, which everybody on site should receive.

4.11 Scaffolding Dismantling

Dismantling a scaffold can place large loads on the scaffold unless the work is planned to keep
the amount of material stored on the scaffold to a minimum. The work should be planned so that
the scaffold remains stable, workers are prevented from falling from the scaffold and others are
protected from the risk of falling materials.

4.11.1 Stability
The scaffold should be examined to ensure that the foundation is adequate and that all ties and
braces are in position and are effective.
Any defects found in the scaffold should be made good before commencing dismantling.
The dismantling should be planned so that stability is assured by providing adequate bracing and
ties and by restricting the imposed loads due to stacked scaffold components.
Where the scaffold must be used to temporarily store large amounts of components, it should be
strengthened and stabilized, e.g. by providing extra standards, ties or rakers.
Prominent warning notices should be placed and access to the danger zone should be prevented.

4.11.2 Protection from Falls

Workers should be protected from falling during dismantling of scaffolding (Please, refer to
Section 4.5.1).

4.11.3 Protection from Falling Objects

Workers and members of the public should be protected from the risk of being struck by falling
scaffold components (Please, refer to Section 4.5.6).

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4.12 Scaffolding Personnel Competency and Trainings

The risks associated with the erection, use and dismantling of scaffolding are potentially very
high. Persons given the task of erecting, altering, using or dismantling scaffolding should have
the necessary competence to perform their tasks safely.

4.12.1 Competence of Scaffolding Supervisor

Scaffolding Supervisor shall be a graduate of Engineering Departments of Universities. Besides,
he /she should be familiar with AutoCAD and SAP 2000 software while doing drawings or the
static calculations of scaffolds.
He / she shall have comprehensive knowledge on different types of scaffolds. Therefore, he /she
shall have specific training for Scaffolding Supervisors for at least 5 days and shall possess
internationally acknowledged certification. After this training, he / she should be familiar with;
 Fundamentals of SHE,
 Risk assessment,
 Preparation of method statement,
 Terminology of scaffolding,
 TS, EN and BS standards,
 Planning & itemization,
 Erection (of system, tube & coupler, and suspended scaffolds)
 Anchoring
 Dismantling,
 Safe working with cranes,
 Inspection methods,
 Load calculations,
 Life-line installation and inspection,
 Safe working at height,
 PPE selection,
 Understanding projects,
 Basic estimation techniques,
 Reporting,

Furthermore, he / she shall have at least 4-day-training and certification on advanced scaffolding
inspections.
Minimum 3 (three) years of experience is required for Scaffolding Supervisors.

4.12.2 Competence of Scaffolders

A scaffold should not be erected, substantially added to, altered or dismantled unless the work is
performed by;
 Basic or advanced scaffolders who are experienced, trained and certified by 3rd party on
safe erection and dismantling of scaffolds; or
 Trainee scaffolders under the close personal supervision of a competent person (either a
basic or an advanced scaffolder, depending on the nature and complexity of the
scaffold)
In the case of scaffolding, close personal supervision is intended to ensure that the trainee’s
safety is protected at all times and that the skills necessary to safely complete the job are
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comprehensively communicated and demonstrated. To achieve this, the supervising scaffolder
must ensure that the trainee scaffolder can be organized, directed, observed, communicated
with and monitored at all times.
In considering the nature, scale and complexity of the scaffolding activities, the scaffolding the
scaffolding supervisor must at all times ensure that the trainee scaffolder is undertaking work
that is within his or her training, knowledge, experience and capabilities.
Under no circumstances should a trainee scaffolder be performing duties without close personal
supervision.
A competent person is a person who has been fully trained, has acquired the necessary
knowledge and practical experience and has received the necessary instructions for the erection,
alteration or dismantling of the type of scaffold.

4.12.2.1 Training
Formal training is required for those who erect, substantially add to, alter or dismantle a scaffold.
The training should include instruction on any risks involved. The extent of training required shall
depend on the type of work normally undertaken and on the type of scaffold, but training on
“scaffolding erection and dismantling” shall take at least 2 (two) days, and written and practical
exam shall take place just after the training.

4.12.2.2 Experience
A competent and experienced person should supervise the erection, alteration or dismantling of
a scaffold. The person should be experienced in the kind of work being undertaken.

4.12.2.3 Assessment and Certification

In order to help employers, contractors and project supervisors determine whether scaffolders
have the necessary competence to erect or dismantle scaffolding, scaffolders shall be assessed
and certificates shall be issued to those who has passed both theoretical and practical exam
conducted by the 3rd party training company.

4.12.3 Scaffolding Inspector

The designated person inspecting a scaffold should be competent. A Scaffolding Inspector is a
person who is trained, has acquired the necessary knowledge and practical experience and has
received the necessary instructions for the inspection of the type of scaffold.
Scaffolding Inspector shall have comprehensive knowledge on different types of scaffolds
similarly to Scaffolding Supervisor. He / She shall be familiar with above mentioned topics which
are addressed in Section 4.12.1 Competence of Scaffolding Supervisor. He / She shall possess
internationally acknowledged training/certification.

4.12.4 Training and Instruction for Scaffold Users

All scaffold users should receive working at height training and instructions to be followed while
using the scaffold. It is important to provide this training and instruction because the users may
not otherwise realize when they are at risk, may not request modifications in time and may
interfere with the scaffold, putting themselves and others at risk.

This training may be provided as part of the site-specific induction that all persons who are likely
to use the scaffold, either for access or as a working platform, should receive.
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Induction training should ensure that scaffold users:
 Are able to recognize when a scaffold is complete, e.g. full boarding, guard-rails and toe-
boards present;
 Know the meaning of warning signs or scaffold tagging systems in use;
 Do not interfere or make modifications to scaffolding. Modifications may only be made
by a competent person with the appropriate training and certification;
 Know the maximum loading capacity of the scaffold working platforms and loading
towers (the training should provide specific comprehensible examples relating to the
materials in use on the site);
 Report defects to a designated person;
 Do not throw materials from the scaffold; and
 Use the designated access points and do not climb the scaffold

4.12.5 Training and Instruction of Equipment Operators

The mechanical placing of materials on a scaffold can give rise to significant impact loads and
overloading of the scaffold can provoke a general collapse of the scaffold.
Equipment operators such as crane operators and telescopic fork-truck operators as well as
signalers (banksmen) should be competent and have received training on scaffolds.
Lifting equipment operators should be informed of the safe working load of the scaffold working
platforms and loading bays. Comprehensible examples relating to the materials in use on the site
should be provided. It may be necessary to review the information provided if the materials or
scaffold layout change.
Excavation close to the scaffold can undermine it. Excavator operators should be informed of the
minimum distances that they should observe when excavating in the vicinity of the scaffold.

5. PERMIT TO WORK
CONTRACTOR shall comply with Work Management System of COMPANY and work under the
guidance of issued work at height permit essential which is essential to be obtained at or above
1.8m in height. Accordingly, the erection, dismantlement, modification or use of scaffolds shall be
subject to PTW. The associated risks are identified, assessed, managed and controlled before
engagement of scaffold involved activities.
Permitting requirement or documents to be provided as follows:
 JSA (Job Safety Analysis);
 Scaffolding checklist (refer to Attachment 2);
 Ladder checklist (refer to Attachment 2);
 Work at height checklist; and
 Scaffolding study/plot plan for scaffold erection
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STARRT card shall also be completed to verify that the associated risks are identified and precautionary
measures are put in place before engagement of work. STARRT briefing shall be conducted and
communicated to all involved personnel at a location where scaffold shall be in use.

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