Chapter 9 :

Computer Science
Class XII ( As per Computer
CBSE Board) Network
and
Network types

New
Syllabus
2019-20

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 Computer Network
A computer network is a set of nodes like computers
and networking devices that are connected through
communication for the purpose of communication and
sharing resources(hardware/software) among the
users.
Networks are used to:
(Benefits of computer network)
• Facilitate communication through email / video
conferencing / instant messaging or any other mode.
• Share hardware devices like a printer or scanner
• Enable file sharing
• Share software or operating programs
• Share information
Disadvantages of computer network
Lack of robustness, security issue, cost of network

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 Computer Network
Structure of a network
The geometrical arrangement of computer resources,
network devices along with communication channel is
known as Network structure or Network topology.
Topology can be physical or logical
• Physical Topology - physical layout of nodes and
cables in the network.
• Logical topology - the way information flows
between different components.
Types of Physical Network Topologies
• Bus Topology
• Star Topology
• Ring Topology
• Mesh Topology
• Tree Topology
• Hybrid Topology
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 Computer Network
Bus Topology
Nodes are connected through a common
communication media like diagram given below.
node node node

Communication media

node node node

Advantages of a Bus topology

• Easy to install
• Minimal Cable
Disadvantages of a Bus topology
• Difficult reconnection
• Difficult to find the problem
• Difficult to add new devices
• Break stops all transmission of data

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 Computer Network
Star Topology
The star topology uses a separate cable for each
node/workstation.The cable connects the node to a
central device typically a HUB.

node
node

Advantages of a Star topology Hub/

• Less expensive than mesh switch

• Easy to install, easy to configure

node
node

• If one link fails the network can

still function node

Disadvantages of a Star topology

• Everything depends on the hub

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 Computer Network
Ring Topology
In ring topology every computer is connected to the
next computer in the ring and each transmit the signal
,what it receives from the previous computer. The
messages flow around the ring in one direction.

node
node
Advantages of a Ring topology
• Easy to install
• Easy to reconfigure
• Easy to detect a problem node
node

Disadvantages of a Ring topology

• Break means the whole system is node

dead

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 Computer Network
Mesh Topology
In mesh topology , separate cable is used to connect
each device to every other device on the network,
providing a straight communication path.
Advantages of a Mesh topology
• Avoid traffic since each link can carry its own
data and none are being shared node
node

• If one link breaks, the rest of the network is still

functional
• Easy to detect a problem in the network by
discovering which device is having problems and
nod
examining the link that connects to it. node e

Disadvantages of a Mesh topology

• A lot of cables are needed node
• Too many cables means too much cost
• Too many cables means complex network

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 Computer Network
Tree Topology
In which a central root node (the top level of the
hierarchy) is connected to one or more other nodes
that are one level lower in the hierarchy
Advantages of a Mesh topology node

• It is scalable.
• Easier fault identification and isolation.
Disadvantages of a Mesh topology node
node
• Maintenance of the network may be an
issue when the network spans a great
node
area. node

• if the backbone fails, the entire

network is crippled.

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 Computer Network
Hybrid Topology
use a combination of any two or more topologies in
such a way that the resulting network does not exhibit
one of the standard topologies (e.g., bus, star, ring,
etc.).

node

node
node

node node

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 Computer Network

Types of network
1. Local Area Network (LAN) – limited area
(within building)
2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) – within
city
3. Wide Area Network (WAN) – within multiple
city/state/ countries

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Computer Network
1. Local Area Network (LAN) – LANs are the most
frequently used/discussed networks.It is one of the
most common one of the simplest types of
network.It is designed for small physical areas
such as an office, group of buildings.Any of
different types of topologies can be used to design
LAN like Star, Ring, Bus, Tree etc.
Characteristics of LAN
• private networks means no need of regulatory
control.
• Operate at relatively high speed.
• Ethernet, Token ring etc type media access controls
are used
• Connects computers in a single building, block or
campus.

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Computer Network
Advantages of LAN
• Resource Sharing
• Software Applications Sharing
• Easy and Cheap Communication
• Centralized Data
• Data Security
• Internet Sharing
Disadvantages of LAN
• High Setup Cost
• Privacy Violations
• Data Security Threat
• LAN Maintenance Job
• Covers Limited Area

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Computer Network
2. Wide Area Network (WAN) –Slightly more complex
than a LAN, a WAN connects computers across longer
physical distances. The Internet is the most basic
example of a WAN, connecting all computers together
around the world. Because of a WAN’s vast reach, it is
typically owned and maintained by any single person
or owner.
Characteristics of WAN
• Covers large distances(states, countries,
continents).
• Communication medium like satellite, public
telephone networks etc and routers are used
establish connection.

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Computer Network
Advantages of WAN
• Long distance business can connect on the one
network.
• Shares software and resources
• Messages can be sent very quickly to wide range of
nodes
• Hardware devices can be shared.
Disadvantages of WAN
• Need a good firewall to restrict unauthorized access
• Setting up a network can be an expensive, slow and
complicated.
• Maintaining a network is a full-time job
• Security is a mazor issue when many different people
have the ability to use information

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 Computer Network
Difference between The Internet and The Web
The Internet is a global network of networks while the Web, also
referred formally as World Wide Web (www) is collection of
information which is accessed via the Internet.
Internet World Wide
Web
Estimated year of 1969, though opening of the 1993
beginning network to commercial interests in
1988

First version ARPANET NSFnet

Components Network of Computers, wires, Files/folders/
optical fiber, wireless network documents stored
in computers

Governed by Internet Protocol Hyper Text

Transfer Protocol

Dependency Independent of the World Wide Depends on

Web Internet to work

Nature Hardware Software

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 Cloud computing
Cloud Technologies/Computing
Cloud computing facilitates to access the applications as utilities
,over the internet.It allows us to create , configure and customize
applications online.

It is a kind of distributed computing on internet or delivery of

computing services over the internet.
e.g. gmail,Hotmail,yahoo etc.

Instead of running an email program on our computer , we log in to

a web email account remotely,The software and storage of our
account doesn’t exist on our computer – it’s on the service’s
computer cloud.

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 Cloud computing
History of Cloud Computing
The concept of cloud computing evolved in 1950(IBM) called RJE
(Remote job entry process)
In 2006 amazon provided first public cloud AWS(Amazon web
service)

Cloud components
1. Client – mobile, pc
2. Distributed servers - multiple servers
to improve processing
1. Data centers – Collection Internet
of server where applications/data
are stored

Data centers
Client computer

Distributed server

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 Cloud computing
WORKING MODELS FOR CLOUD COMPUTING

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Cloud computing
DEPLOYMENT MODEL

• PUBLIC CLOUD –
For general public.
• PRIVATE CLOUD –
For an organization only
• COMMUNITY CLOUD -
For group of organizations.
• HYBRID CLOUD –
Mixture of public and private cloud

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 Cloud computing
WORKING MODELS FOR CLOUD COMPUTING

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Cloud Computing
Private Cloud Storage
It is a type of storage mechanism that stores an
organization's data at in-house storage servers by cloud
computing implementation.

It is not publicly accessible and is owned by a single

organization and its authorized external partners.

Private cloud storage is also known as internal cloud

storage.

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Cloud Computing
public cloud storage
It is also called storage-as-a-service, on-line
storage or utility storage, is a service model for
data storage on a pay-per-use basis.
It is often used for backing up data as disaster
recovery plan (DRP) as well as archiving email
and static non-core application data. It’s Usage
is generally charged on a dollar-per-gigabyte-
per-month basis.
Provider public cloud is responsible for building
and maintaining the storage infrastructure and
its associated costs including power, cooling
and server maintenance.
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Cloud Computing
Features & Benefits Private Cloud Public Cloud

Access and Restricted access and Available to multiple

Storage Dedicated storage for one organizations and Data
organization stored on a shared
infrastructure.
Location Of The dedicated location on the Location of the data center
Data Center service provider’s varies
infrastructure.
Investment Higher investment Comparatively lower
investment
Security Superior security Offers a standard security
mechanism. protocol
Customization Allow companies to Offers a standard
customize their cloud operating procedure for
organizations
Costs 1. Expensive Less expensive

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Cloud Computing
Why cloud services are being popular?
• It reduces the complexity of networks
• No need to by software licenses
• Customization
• Scalable and reliable
• Information stored at cloud is not lost easily

Application
• Email sites
• Social media/networking sites
• Search engines etc

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IOT
Internet of Things-IOT
The IOT concept was initially proposed by a member of the Radio
Frequency Identification (RFID) development community in 1999, and
now it has become more relevant to the practical world as the use of
mobile devices, embedded devices,communication, cloud computing
and data analytics has increased.

Internet connects all people means “Internet of People”

IoT connects all things means “Internet of Things”

Interconnection of Things/Objects/Machines, e.g., sensors,

mobilephones, electronic devices, home appliances, any existing items
and interact with each other via Internet.

Internet of Things technology can include any sensor, electronic devices

or software which are connected to the internet and can be utilized
remotely and can exchange data. Here devices works themselves
without human intervention for the welfare of humans.

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IOT
MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF IOT
• Very Large Scale
• Heterogeneity
• Pervasivity - Computing and Communication
technologies embedded in our environments

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IOT
How Does the Internet of Things Work?
The Internet of Things is an aggregation of internet enabled
sensors, smart devices and software that can be manipulated by
scripts, applications and user interfaces across long distances.
Applications of IOT
• Smart house - Suppose we are not at home and doubts starts in
our mind. Did I turn the coffee maker off? Did I set the security
alarm? etc.
With a smart home,we can quiet all of these worries with a
quick glance at smartphone/tablet. we can connect the
devices and appliances in our home so they can communicate
with each other and with us and can work with the commands
given over smartphone remotely.

• Smart car - the driverless car (now a prototype) where taxis work
based on AI and take the passengers safely and accurately to the
desired destination.

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IOT
Applications of IOT
• Elderly care- Patient surveillance can be life-saving;
automatically detecting when someone falls down or when they
begin to experience a heart attack so that emergency care can be
sent immediately.
• Disaster warning- Sensors can collect critical information about
the environment, allowing for early detection of environmental
disasters like earthquakes, tsunamis, etc., thus saving lives.
• Delivery Drones – drones being used to deliver item with the help
of smart grid/geospatial data.
• Smart Toothbrushes - The smart toothbrushes allow users to
visualize the inside of their mouths via mobile app. Users are
able to see which areas of their mouth require brushing and can
even keep a daily log of their brushing habits.
Many more things are there/under development as under IOT

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IOT
What is an IoT Platform?

It is an integrated service which offers the things to bring physical

objects online. It easily allow to configure devices for machine-to-
machine communication through millions of devices connects
simultaneously .

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IOT
IoT Platform Types

• End-to-end IoT Platforms - provide the hardware, software,

connectivity, security, and device management tools to handle
connection of millions of concurrent device.

• Connectivity Management Platforms – It offer low power and low

cost connectivity management solutions through Wi-Fi and
cellular technologies.

• IoT Cloud Platforms – It’s aim to get rid of the complexity of

building our own complex network

• Data Platform – It deals with data in some way with the tools we
need to route device data and manage / visualize data analytics.

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 wired and wireless networks
Wired Networks - It is also known as Ethernet networks, that is most common type of LAN
technology. A wired network is simply a collection of two or more computers, printers, and
other devices linked by Ethernet cables/ any form of wired media. Ethernet is the fastest
wired network protocol, with connection speeds of 10 megabits per second (Mbps) to 100
Mbps or higher. Computer must have an Ethernet adapter (sometimes called a network
interface card, or NIC) to connect with wire. Most of the network topology uses wired
networks. Cable Twisted pair Coaxial cable Fiber optic
Signal form electricity electricity Light
cost least moderate High
speed low moderate High
Ease of use Easy to install Professional installation Professional installation

reliability low moderate High

Real life application Telephone Tv cable Data transmission &
network telephone line
Data transmission rate 10Mbps – bps 100Mbps >100Gbps
Data transfer range 100m 185m - 500m -
image

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 wired and wireless networks
Wireless Networks – It uses high-frequency radio waves rather than wires to
communicate. Wireless allows for devices to be shared without networking
cable which increases mobility but decreases range. There are two main
types of wireless networking; peer to peer or ad-hoc and infrastructure.
An peer-to-peer wireless network consists of a number of computers
each equipped with a wireless networking interface card. Each computer can
communicate directly with all of the other wireless enabled computers. They
can share files and printers this way, but may not be able to access wired LAN
resources, unless one of the computers acts as a bridge to the wired LAN
using special software. An infrastructure wireless network consists of an
access point or a base station. Access point acts like a hub, providing
connectivity for the wireless computers. There are four basic types of
transmissions standards for wireless networking, produced by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). These standards define all
aspects of radio frequency wireless networking. They have established four
transmission standards; 802.11, 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g. 802.11 and
802.11b are the slowest at 1 or 2 Mbps and 5.5 and 11Mbps respectively. They
both operate off of the 2.4 GHz radio frequency. 802.11a operates off of a 5
GHz frequency and can transmit up to 54 Mbps and the 802.11g operates off
of the 2.4 GHz frequency and can transmit up to 54 Mbps

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 wired and wireless networks
Satellite Communication
It provide worldwide coverage independent to population density.Satellite
ommunication Systems offer telecommunication (Satellite Phones), positioning and
navigation (GPS), broadcasting, internet, Mobile, TV, etc.

Microwave radio, a form of radio transmission that use. Ultra-high frequencies. It is

a point-to-point, rather than a broadcast, transmission system. Additionally, each
antenna must be within line of sight of the next antenna. Frequency Bands
Maximum Antenna Separation Analog/Digital 4-6 GHz 32-48 km Analog 10-12 GHz
16-24 km Digital 18-23 GHz 8-11 km Digital.
Bluetooth
It provides data, voice and audio transmission with a transmission range of 10
meters. Almost all mobile phones, tablets and laptops are equipped with Bluetooth
devices. They can be connected to wireless Bluetooth receivers.

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 wired and wireless networks
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
WLAN (Wi-Fi) is an internet related wireless service. Using WLAN, different devices
like laptops and mobile phones can connect to an access point and access internet.
WiMAX(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) - is a
telecommunications protocol for mobile Internet access. The protocol is based on
IEEE 802.16 Standard.
WiMAX’s range is measured in kilometers, while Wi-Fi is measured in meters and
local in nature. Wi-Fi uses an unlicensed spectrum, while WiMAX’s spectrum could
be licensed or unlicensed.
Infrared Communication
Infrared Communication is another commonly used wireless communication in our
daily lives. It uses the infrared waves of the Electromagnetic (EM) spectrum.
Infrared (IR) Communication is used in remote controls of Televisions, cars, audio
equipment etc.
Zigbee is an IEEE 802.15.4-based specification for a suite of high-level
communication protocols used to create personal area networks with small, low-
power digital radios, such as for home automation, medical device data collection,
and other low-power low-bandwidth needs

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wired vs wireless networks
Specifications Wired network Wireless network
Speed of Higher lower compare to wired networks,
operation
System High Low
Bandwidth
Cost Less as cables are not expensive More costly wireless routers/access points/
adapters are expensive
Installation Hard to install,requires more time easy installation and need less time
Mobility Limited Not limited
Transmission copper wires, optical fiber cables, radiowaves or EM waves or or infrared
medium ethernet
extension requires hubs and switches More area is covered by wireless base
stations which are connected to one
another.
Applications LAN (Ethernet), MAN WLAN, WPAN(Zigbee, bluetooth), Infrared,
Cellular(GSM,CDMA, LTE)
Interference Less Interference Interference is
Quality of Service Better Poor due
Reliability High compare to wireless counterpart, Reasonably high, This is due to failure of
as manufactured cables have higher router will affect the entire network.
performance due to existence of wired
technology since years.
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concept of a client and server
In client/server architecture a client is a consumer of services, and a server
is service provider. Thus the term 'client' means 'service requester', and
server means 'service provider’.

Client Server

Service Call mechanism Service

requester provider

Web technologies and protocols built around the client-server model are:
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• Domain Name System (DNS)
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
• Telnet

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