UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL
40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Tel. : 03-5543 6268 Fax: 03-5543 5160
Bachelor of Engineering (Hons.) Mechanical – EM220
MEC 442
FLUID MECHANICS
MAY 2018
Assignment A
EMD4M1A
Students’ Details
Name Matric No.
Ahmad Khairillah Bin Shasehari 2016218446
Alzam Altof Bin Ayub 2016229418
Nor Aqilah Binti Mohd Shafie 2016218554
Lecturer’s Details
Name Dr. Azlin Mohd Azmi
Room No. T1-A16-7C
Abstract
The main part for this assignment is we need to justify whether the boss’s claim is true or not.
He claims that the volume flowrate of Pump b is better than Pump A as it is a factor of greater
than 2. In order to determine this, we need to find the operating point for both pumps. Operating
point is defined as the intersection of Head Available and Head pump. We use the formula HO-
aQ2 to find the Head Available and the Bernoulli Equation to find the Head Pump. Once we
know all this, then we can prove whether the boss is right or wrong. In addition, we also
calculate the Best Efficiency Point (BEP) for both pumps to strengthen our proof.
1
Acknowledgement
We have taken efforts in this assignment. However, it would not have been possible without
the kind support and help of many individuals. We would like to extend our sincere thanks to
all of them. A special gratitude goes to our lecturer, Dr Azlin Mohd Azmi, who we highly
indebted for her guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary
information regarding the assignment and also for her support in completing the assignment.
We would like to express our gratitude towards our families and groupmates for their kind co-
operation and encouragement which help to accomplish this assignment on time. Our thanks
and appreciations also go to the people who are indirectly or indirectly helped us out in
developing the assignment.
2
Table of Contents
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 1
Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................................. 2
Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... 3
List of Figures ......................................................................................................................................... 3
List of Tables .......................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 4
Theory ..................................................................................................................................................... 5
Problem Statement .................................................................................................................................. 9
Results ................................................................................................................................................... 10
Discussion ............................................................................................................................................. 16
References ............................................................................................................................................. 18
Appendix A: Question of Assignment A .............................................................................................. 19
Appendix B: Properties of Saturated Water .......................................................................................... 20
List of Figures
Figure 1: Operating Point 7
Figure 2: Best Efficiency Point (BEP) 8
Figure 3: Sketch for assumption of pump system. 9
Figure 4: Operating Points Pump A-Pump B 14
List of Tables
Table 1: Steps of Calculations 12
Table 2: Data of Pump A 13
Table 3: Data of Pump B 13
3
Introduction
Pump is any fluid machine that adds energy to fluid. Energy is supplied to pump which then
via a rotating shaft, most of the energy is relocated to the fluid. Thus it also called as energy
absorbing devices. The increase in fluid energy is usually felt as an increase in the pressure of
the fluid.
Pumps are divided into two broad categories which are positive displacement pumps and
dynamic pumps. Positive displacement pumps use a mechanical means to vary the size of (or
to move) the fluid chamber causing the fluid to flow. Meanwhile dynamics pumps imparts
momentum to the fluid by using the rotating impellers that has been immersed in the fluid. The
momentum produces an increase in pressure or flow at the pump outlet. For our question, we
use centrifugal pump to transfer the fluid on lower reservoir to the higher reservoir.
Centrifugal pump has numerous applications in various industries. They are often used in oil
refineries and power plants. They are also the pump of choice for water applications.
Furthermore, the mining industries use centrifugal pumps as froth pumps, separating bitumen
and minerals from clay and sand.
4
Theory
Find Head Pump
For the centrifugal pump, the fluid’s energy is converted into static pressure, assisted by the
shape of the chamber. The process of energy conversation in fluids mechanics follows the
Bernoulli principle which states that the sum of all forms of energy along a streamline is the
same on two points of the path. The total head energy in a pump system is the sum of potential
head energy, static pressure head energy and velocity head energy.
𝑃1 𝑣12 𝑃2 𝑣22
+ + 𝑧1 + ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔 + + 𝑧2 + ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔
As a centrifugal pump increases the velocity of the fluid, it is essentially a velocity machine.
After the fluid has left the impeller, it flows at a higher velocity from a small area into a region
of increasing area. So the velocity is decreasing and so the pressure increases as described by
Bernoulli’s principle. This results in an increased pressure at the discharge side of the pump.
As fluid is displaced at the discharge side of the pump, more fluid is sucked in to replace it at
the suction side, causing flow.
Find Maximum Flowrate
The flow rate (Q) of a centrifugal pump is the useful volume flow delivered by the pump via
its outlet cross-section (see Pump discharge nozzle). Volume flow rates which are tapped
upstream of the pump's outlet cross-section for other purposes (e. g. bypass) must be taken into
account when calculating the pump's flow rate.
Maximum flow rate (Qmax) is maximum permissible flow rate at which the pump can be
continuously operated without suffering any damage at the rotational speed and with the fluid
specified in the supply contract. Using given formula:
H = Ho – aQ2
H performance of the pump
Ho Shut-off head
a coefficient of pump
5
Find the Velocity
If we know the flow rate, we automatically will know its velocity using flow rate equation
Q = VA
V Flow velocity in a cross-section in m/s
A cross-sectional area of pipe in m2
Find Head Losses
Head losses are a result of wall friction in all types of pipelines and of local resistance to flow,
for example in valves and fittings. The equation for the head loss of a flow in a straight length
of piping with circular cross-section is:
𝐿 𝑣2
ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = (𝑓 𝐷 + Σ𝐾𝐿 ) 2𝑔
f Pipe friction factor
L Pipe length in m
D Diameter of pipe in m
k minor losses coefficient
v Flow velocity in a cross-section in m/s
g Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2
The pipe friction factor (f) and its state of flow is determined by the Reynolds number (Re)
according to the affinity laws. The following applies to circular pipes:
Re = (ρVD)/µ
ρ density of water
V Flow velocity in a cross-section in m/s
µ Kinematic viscosity in m2/s
D Pipe diameter in m
We use Haaland formula to calculate f:
𝜖 2
1 6.9
= −1.8 log[( 𝐷 ) + )]
√𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒
6
Find Operating Point
The operating point of a centrifugal pump is the intersection of the pump characteristic curve
(H/Q curve) and the system characteristic curve Hsys /Q. H/Q is the pump-based variable,
Hsys/Q the the system-based variable. See Fig. 1 Operating point
Figure 1: Operating Point
The operating point's position shifts if the position or the gradient of the pump characteristic
curve H/Q and/or the system characteristic curve.
Find the Best Efficiency Point
The best efficiency point (BEP) is about 85 percent of the shutoff head. The pump should be
operated at, or close to, the best efficiency point.
The key word here is “about.” This method has exceptions, depending on the pump design,
application, and liquid. However, this covers about 90 percent of all centrifugal pumps. If the
pump speed or impeller diameter changes, the pump performance varies by what are commonly
referred to as the affinity laws.
7
The shutoff head is a simple concept. If you were to pump into a vertical pipe, the pump would
push the liquid up into the pipe to a certain point beyond which no more elevation could be
obtained. Flow becomes zero as all the energy of the electric motor is invested into maintaining
elevation. This is the shutoff head.
Figure 2: Best Efficiency Point (BEP)
The important elements of a typical centrifugal pump curve plotted on a graph. The vertical
axis reads head or elevation in feet starting at 0. The horizontal axis reads flow in LPM starting
at 0.
Point A – Shutoff head
Point B – Best efficiency point on the curve
Point C – Best efficiency head
Point D – Best efficiency flow
However, due to the large number of applications and lesser number of pump models, it is not
always possible to operate at the BEP. If the pump is running at more than 40% left or right of
the BEP, the pump should be re-design. The more to the left, minimum flow issues have to be
concerned to prevent heat buildup in the pump. For the right side, watch out for NPSH, or Net
Positive Suction Head, to prevent cavitation. It must be ensured it has enough liquid entering
the pump based on desired flow rate. Finding and operating near pump's BEP is important in
producing the most efficient operation and providing the longest life.
8
Problem Statement
V2 ≈ 0
Z2
Reservoir
Z2-Z1
V1 ≈ 0
Pump
Z1
Reservoir
Valve
Figure 3: Sketch for assumption of pump system.
The water needs to be transported from reservoir 1 to reservoir 2 that is at elevation of 7.85 m.
The free surface of both reservoirs are exposed to atmospheric pressure. Thus, we can neglect
velocity at these two surfaces as it is too small. Based on the problem, we are given the details
(see Appendix B) of two pumps which are Pump A and Pump B. The given details are the total
length of pipe, friction coefficient in pipe, elbow loss coefficient and pipe roughness. To
compare between two pumps, we consider its net head and capacity which will determine the
performance of the pumps as portrays by given expression, H = Ho – aQ2. The flow is assumed
steady conditions which means the mass flow rate and rotational speed are constant. The
purpose of this investigation is to justify whether pump B will significantly increase the flow
rate by factor greater than 2.
9
Results
Solution
For given pump (Pump A) and piping system, we are to calculate and plot its operating point.
Assumptions 1. The flow is steady
Properties For water at 20˚C, ρ = 998.0, μ = 1.002×10-3. Standard atmospheric pressure
is Patm = 101.3 kPa
Analysis
We begin by solving the energy equation for the required net head Hrequired,
P2 − P1 α2 V22 − α1 V12
Hrequired = hpump = + + (z2 − z1 ) + hL,total (1)
ρ 2g
At both free surfaces, the pressure is atmospheric and the velocity is negligibly small. The
net head Hrequired from Eq. (1) is then reduces to
Hrequired = hpump = (z2 − z1 ) + hL,total (2)
The total head loss in Eq. (2) is a combination of major and minor losses, and since the pipe
diameter is constant,
Total irreversible head loss: L V2
hL,total = (f + ΣK L ) (3)
D 2g
The performance of the pump is approximated by the expression H = Ho – aQ2
(Given Ho = 24.4 m and a = 0.0678 m/Lpm2).
Shut-off head Ho is the net head that occurs when the volume flow rate is zero. So,
When Q = 0, H = Ho = 24.4 m (4)
The free delivery condition is then applied which the maximum volume flow rate through a
pump occurs when its net head is zero. Thus,
When H = 0,
0 = 24.4 – 0.0678Q2
Q = 18.97056 Lpm (5)
= 3.16176×10-4 m3/s
Eq. (4) and (5) are showing the two extreme point of a pump.
Between these two extremes, from shutoff value to free delivery, lies the pump’s operating
point.
10
For pump B, the calculation is the same as pump A but with different Ho and a
(47.6 m and 0.05119 m/Lpm2 respectively)
During shut-off head,
H = Ho = 47.6 m
During pump’s free delivery,
0 = 47.6 – 0.05119Q2
Q = 30.49376 Lpm
= 5.08 × 10-4 m3/s
A range by increment of 5 Lpm is used (0, 5, 10, 15 …) is used to plot the operating point
for both pumps.
From this point onwards, a number of calculations must be applied.
Below is the summarize steps:
1. Convert Q to SI units (Lpm to m3/s)
2. Calculate velocity, V(m/s)
3. Havailable can be determined using given expression, H = Ho – aQ2
4. Find Reynolds’ Number, Re
5. Find friction factor, f
6. Find hloss (Eq. 3)
7. Compute into Eq. (2) to obtain Hrequired or hpump
8. Plot graph
11
Table 1: Steps of Calculations
Sample
Step Formula
Pump A Pump B
L 1 min 0.001 m3 L 1 min L 1 min
Q(m3/s) = Q min × × Q = 4 min × × Q = 5 min × ×
60 s 1L 60 s 60 s
1 0.001 m3 0.001 m3
1L 1L
= 6.667×10-5 m3/s = 8.333×10-5 m3/s
Q = AV; V = Q/A V = Q/A
V = Q/A = 6.667×10-5 / = 8.333×10-5 /
2 πD2 𝜋(0.0203)2 3.237×10-4 3.237×10-4
Where, A = =
4 4 = 0.206 m/s = 0.257 m/s
-4 2
= 3.237 × 10 m
H = 24.4 – (0.0678×42) H = 47.6 –
3 H = Ho – aQ2 = 23.32 m (0.05119×52)
= 46.32 m
𝜌𝑉𝐷 (998)(0.206)(0.0203) (998)(0.206)(0.0203)
Re = Re = 1.002×10−3
Re = 1.002×10−3
4 𝜇
= 4.165 × 103 = 5.206 × 103
𝜖 2 1 1
1 6.9
= −1.8 log[( 𝐷 ) + )] √𝑓 √𝑓
√𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒 = −1.8 log[(1.108 × 10 −3
= −1.8 log[(1.108 × 10−3
5
6.9 6.9
+ )] + )]
4.165 × 103 5.206 × 103
f = 0.047 f = 0.045
L V2 hL,total hL,total
hL,total = (f + ΣK L )
D 2g 176.5 176.5
= (0.047 = (0.045
0.0203 0.0203
6 0.2062 0.2572
+ 23.65) + 23.65)
2(9.81) 2(9.81)
= 0.938 m = 1.407 m
Hrequired = ∆𝑧 + hL,total Hrequired = 7.85 + 0.938 Hrequired = 7.85 + 1.407
7
= 8.788 m = 9.257 m
12
Table 2: Data of Pump A
Q(Lpm) Q(m3/s) V(m/s) Re f hL(m) Hrequired(m) Havailable(m)
0 0 0 0 0.035 0 7.85 24.400
5.0 8.333E-5 0.257 5.206E3 0.047 1.465 9.315 22.705
Pump A
10.0 1.667E-4 0.515 1.041E3 0.042 5.247 13.097 17.620
15.0 2.500E-4 0.772 1.562E4 0.040 11.280 19.130 9.145
18.971 3.162E-4 0.977 1.975E4 0.040 18.042 25.891 0
Table 3: Data of Pump B
Q(Lpm) Q(m3/s) V(m/s) Re f hL(m) Hrequired(m) Havailable(m))
0 0 0 0 0.035 0 7.85 47.600
5.0 8.333E-5 0.257 5.206E3 0.045 1.407 9.257 46.320
10.0 1.667E-4 0.515 1.041E3 0.041 5.109 12.959 42.481
Pump B
15.0 2.500E-4 0.772 1.562E4 0.039 11.056 18.906 36.082
20.0 3.333E-4 1.030 2.082E4 0.038 19.243 27.093 27.124
25.0 4.167E-4 1.287 2.603E4 0.038 29.666 37.516 15.606
30.494 5.082E-4 1.570 3.175E4 0.037 43.699 51.549 0
13
Figure 4: Operating Points Pump A-Pump B
14
Data Analysis
Based on both graphs, the operating point can be determined by solving the equation of the
curves simultaneously.
Graph for Pump A:
y = 0.0478x2 + 0.0407x + 7.8762…… (1)
y = -0.0678x2 - 8E-07x + 24.4……… (2)
Equate (1) = (2), we get, x = 11.6, thus Q = 11.6 Lpm.
Substitute back value of x into (1), y = 14.66, thus H = 14.7 m.
Graph for Pump B:
y = 0.0449x2 + 0.0639x + 7.8351…… (1)
y = -0.0512x2 - 7E-07x + 47.6……… (2)
Equate (1) = (2), we get, x = 20.01, thus Q = 20.01 Lpm.
Substitute back value of x into (1), y = 27.09, thus H = 27.09 m.
BEP is 85% of shut-off head, thus,
Pump A: BEP = 85/100 × 24.4 = 20.74 m
Pump B: BEP = 85/100 × 47.6 = 40.46 m
Ratio of capacity between pump A and pump B,
Capacity ratio = 20.01/11.6 = 1.75
15
Discussion
Based on the results, capacity of both pumps has been determined. From the tabulated data that
has been calculated earlier, it shows that Havailable and Q are inverse to each other while it is
proportional between Hrequired and Q. This situation shows the agreement with the concept that
the available net head of most pumps decreases with flow rate while the required net head
increases with volume flow rate for a piping system with its elevation changes, major and minor
losses. However, the velocity, Re and head loss increase whenever Q increases. This is caused
by the fact that V is related to Q in terms of flowrate, where head loss is manipulated by Re
and V. This calculated results verified the concept of the pump itself.
From the data, a graph of Havailable and Hrequired against capacity is then plotted to study the
difference performance of both pumps. The graph shows that pump B is visually doubled than
pump B in terms of Q and H. This means pump B will have higher pump performance. This is
theoretically correct as dimensions of power for pump depends on capacity which is water
horsepower. These graph trend are expected because of the information about shut-off head
earlier has given the first arbitrary impression.
The intersection between Havailable and Hrequired is the pump’s operating point or duty point.
Using the theory that best efficiency point is located 85% of shut-off head, the BEP can be
estimated on the graph. Thus, this will ease the analysis of the pumps performance. The duty
point’s distance with this BEP plays a major role in determining the efficiency of the pump.
The closer the distance of these two points, the greater the efficiency. The graph displays that
pump A is having greater efficiency as its duty point is much closer towards BEP while pump
B is a little further away from BEP. Thus, pump A is better by efficiency means.
16
Conclusion
The theory stated that operating near pump’s BEP is important in producing the most
efficient operation. Hence, application of pump A is crucial to get the best performance of
pump. In terms of flowrate, it is true that pump B has higher flowrate at its operating point than
that of pump A. Flow rate of the pump must be matched to the flow rate required by the system.
This means that the system should be revised if pump B is selected in the application. This is
due to additional changes that need to be done such as increase the mechanical energy supplied
to the pump. If the system is not suitable for the new capacity of pump B, the system should be
changed entirely which will cost more. As conclusion, the boss’s claim is false because the
pump B does not significantly increase the flowrate through the piping system as the factor is
less than 2. Nevertheless, for the selection of this application, pump A should remain to be used
in this application.
17
References
Yunus A. Cengel, John M. Cimbala, Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Apllications, McGraw
Hill, Third Edition in SI Units, 2014.
B. R. Munson, T. H. Okiishi, W.W. Huebsch and A. P. Rothmayer, John Wiley & Sons, Fluid
Mechanics, 7th Edition in SI Version, 2013.
Pump System Operating Point Review (2018) Engineers Edge, LLC [Online] Retrieved from:
https://www.engineersedge.com/fluid_flow/system_opreating_point.htm
Operating Point (n/d) Centrifugal Pump Lexicon [Online] Retrieved from:
https://www.ksb.com/centrifugal-pump-lexicon/operating-point/191270
Some Effects of Operating Pumps Away from Best Efficiency Point, Bob Jennings (Feb 20,
2013) [Online] Retrieved from: http://empoweringpumps.com/some-effects-of-operating-
pumps-away-from-best-efficiency-point/
18
Appendix A: Question of Assignment A
19
Appendix B: Properties of Saturated Water
20
