String Methods: -
Using string formatting methods
the following methods can be applied to string objects
.capitalize() - capitalizes the first character of a string
.lower() - all characters of a string are made lowercase
.upper() - all characters of a string are made uppercase
.swapcase() - all characters of a string are made to switch case upper becomes
lower and vice versa
.title() - each 'word' separated by a space is capitalized
Boolean string tests return Boolean True or False
methods
.isalpha()
.isalnum()
.istitle()
.isdigit()
.islower()
.isupper()
.startswith()
Using the in keyword to return a Boolean
the in keyword can be used as a simple search returning True or False indication if a
string is included in a target sequence.
Python allows us to create User Defined Functions and provides many Built-in
Functions such as print()
print() can be called using arguments (or without) and sends text to standard
output, such as the console.
print() uses Parameters to define the variable Arguments that can be passed to
the Function.
print() defines multiple string/numbers parameters which means we can send a
long list of Arguments to print(), separated by commas.
print() can also be called directly with just its name and empty parenthesis and it
will return a blank line to standard output
basics of a user defined function
define a function with def
use indentation (4 spaces)
define parameters
optional parameters
return values (or none)
function scope (basics defaults)
def some_function():
use the def statement when creating a function
use a function name that starts with a letter or underscore (usually a lower-case
letter)
function names can contain letters, numbers or underscores
parenthesis () follow the function name
a colon : follows the parenthesis
the code for the function is indented under the function definition (use 4 spaces for
this course)
def some_function():
#code the function tasks indented here
The end of the function is denoted by returning to no indentation
Concept: Function Parameters
Functions that have Parameters
print() and type() are examples of built-in functions that have Parameters defined
type() has a parameter for a Python Object and sends back the type of the object
an Argument is a value given for a parameter when calling a function
type is called providing an Argument - in this case the string "Hello"
type("Hello")
Defining Function Parameters
Parameters are defined inside of the parenthesis as part of a function def statement
Parameters are typically copies of objects that are available for use in function code
def say_this(phrase):
print(phrase)
Function can have default Arguments
Default Arguments are used if no argument is supplied
Default arguments are assigned when creating the parameter list
def say_this(phrase = "Hi"):
print(phrase)
Concept: Function with Return Value
Calling a function with a return value
type() returns an object type
type() can be called with a float the return value can be stored in a variable
object_type = type(2.33)
creating a function with a return value
return keyword in a function returns a value after exiting the function
def msg_double(phrase):
double = phrase + " " + phrase
return double
