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Tutorial 3

This document contains a mathematics tutorial on functions of two or more variables, including partial and implicit differentiation, unconstrained maximum and minimum problems, Lagrange multipliers, directional derivatives, and gradients. Some key problems are: 1) Finding an expression for dv/dt in terms of de/dt and dr/dt. 2) Finding partial derivatives of a function z with respect to x and y. 3) Finding partial derivatives of functions u and v with respect to x and y. 4) Finding critical points and determining if they are local maxima, minima or saddle points. 5) Finding local extrema and saddle points of a function f(x,y).

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96 views3 pages

Tutorial 3

This document contains a mathematics tutorial on functions of two or more variables, including partial and implicit differentiation, unconstrained maximum and minimum problems, Lagrange multipliers, directional derivatives, and gradients. Some key problems are: 1) Finding an expression for dv/dt in terms of de/dt and dr/dt. 2) Finding partial derivatives of a function z with respect to x and y. 3) Finding partial derivatives of functions u and v with respect to x and y. 4) Finding critical points and determining if they are local maxima, minima or saddle points. 5) Finding local extrema and saddle points of a function f(x,y).

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木辛耳总
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UGCM1653 / UCCM1653 Mathematics for Engineering I

Tutorial 3: Functions of Two or More Variables

Partial and Implicit Differentiation, Chain rule


1) The voltage V across a fixed resistance R in series with a variable resistance r is
RE
V = , where E is the source voltage. Given r and E are function in terms of t,
r+R
dV dE dr
express in terms of and .
dt dt dt

∂z ∂z
2) Find and if 3 x 2 z + y 3 − xyz 3 = 8 .
∂x ∂y

3) Given that xu − 4v = 2 x 2 y 3 and 2u − 4 yv = 4 − 2 xy 3 where u = f (x, y ) and


∂v ∂u
v = g ( x, y ) . Find and .
∂x ∂y

Unconstrained Maximum and Minimum Problem


4) Find all the critical points of each function. Indicate whether each such point is a local
maximum, a local minimum or a saddle point.
f ( x, y ) = x 3 − 3 x + y 2

5) Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle point(s) of the following
function.
f ( x, y ) = 4 x 2 + 4 y 2 + 2 xy + 3 y

Lagrange Multipliers
6) Use the Lagrange multiplier method to find the maximum value of f ( x, y, z ) = x y z
2 2 2
 x  y  z
subjects to constraint   +   +   = 1 .
 2  2 2

7) A closed box having a square base and surface area of 1536m2. Find the dimensions of the
box that will produce maximum volume using Lagrange multiplier method.
[Hints: length=width=x; height=h; then V = x 2 h ; A = 2 x 2 + 4 xh ]

1
UGCM1653 / UCCM1653 Mathematics For Engineering I

Directional derivative, gradient

8) Find the directional derivative of f in the vector direction i-2k at the point (2, 1, 3) if
f ( x, y , z ) = 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 + z 2

9) Let f ( x, y ) = y 2 ln ( x )
i) Find the gradient vectors of f at point ( x, y ) and P (1,4 ) .
ii) Find the directional derivative of f at the point P in the direction of the vector
v = −3i + 3 j

10) In what direction does f ( x, y ) = 1 − x 2 − y 2 decrease most rapidly at P ( −1, 2 ) ? What is


the rate of change in this direction?

Answer:

dV RE dr R dE
1) =− +
dt (r + R ) dt r + R dt
2

∂F ∂F
∂z yz 3 − 6 xz ∂z ∂y 3 y 2 − xz 3
2) = − ∂x = 2 and =− =− 2
∂x ∂F 3 x − 3 xyz 2 ∂y ∂F 3x − 3 xyz 2
∂z ∂z

δu 6 x 3 y 4 − 12 x 2 y 3 − 12 xy 2 + 4 x δv 8 − 24 xy 3 + 6 x 2 y 4
3) = =
δy (2 − xy )2 , δx (4 − 2 xy )2

4) (1,0) - local minimum point, (− 1,0) - saddle point


f (1,0) = −2 (minimum value) f (− 1,0) = 2

2
UGCM1653 / UCCM1653 Mathematics For Engineering I

 1 2
5)  ,−  , local minimum point
 10 5 
2
6) x = y = z = ±
3
8
The maximum value of f ( x, y, z ) =
3 3
7) x = h = 16m, V = 4096m 3

8) - 1.789

∂f ∂f 1
∇ f ( x, y ) = i+ j = y 2 i + 2 y ln xj
9) i. ~ ∂x ∂y x
∇ f (1,4) = 16i
~

ii. f v (1,4) = −8 2

10) f (x,y) decrease most rapidly at P(-1,2) is − ∇ f (−1,2) = -2i + 4j


~

The rate of change in this direction is − 20

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