Epsilon 1

User's Guide
Epsilon 1
User's Guide

EDITION NOTICE: 4022 339 20672, September 2017

This is the original publication of Edition 2 of this document, to be used with the
Epsilon 1 instrument.

Page 1
General pages

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
All registered and unregistered trademarks, domain names and copyrights herein
are the property of their respective owners.

DISCLAIMER
The information provided herein is supplied under a non-exclusive license
authorizing its use solely for and in conjunction with PANalytical's products.
Although diligent care has been used to ensure that the information is accurate,
nothing contained herein can be construed to imply any representation or
warranty as to the accuracy, currency or completeness of this information.

COPYRIGHT NOTICE
© 2017, PANalytical B.V., Almelo, The Netherlands
PANalytical B.V.
Lelyweg 1
7602 EA, Almelo
The Netherlands
Tel: +31 546 534444
Fax: +31 546 534598
Internet: www.PANalytical.com

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Table of contents
Chapter 1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2 Intended use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 Recommended Skill Levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Chapter 2. Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1 Introduction to safety aspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.1 Authorized personnel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.2 Safety guarantee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.3 Alerts and labels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 Safety standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 PANalytical's Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4 User responsibilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4.1 What to do in case of an emergency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.5 General hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.5.1 Ionizing radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.5.2 Toxic material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5.3 Flammable material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.6 Safety measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.6.1 HT keyswitch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.6.2 X-RAYS lamps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.6.3 Double independent safety loops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.6.4 Xsafe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.7 Safe use of the instrument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.7.1 Alerts and hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Chapter 3. System description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2 Location of components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.3 Optical path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.4 Small spot analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Chapter 4. Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2 Unpack the instrument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

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Table of contents

4.2.1 Examine the external impact indicators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

4.3 Install the instrument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.4 Let the instrument become stable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.4.1 Do an X-ray leakage test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Chapter 5. Operate the instrument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.2 Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.2.1 Power button and indicator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.2.2 HT keyswitch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.2.3 Mains power switch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.3 Switch on the instrument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.4 Switch off the instrument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.5 Do a gain measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.6 Go to Advanced mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Chapter 6. Measure samples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

6.1 Measurement overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.2 Sample types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.3 Sample loading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Chapter 7. User maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

7.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7.2 Test of the safety integrity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7.3 Clean the instrument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7.4 Replace the dust filters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7.5 Replace the foil on the measuring position. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
7.6 Consumable materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Chapter 8. Troubleshooting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
8.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
8.2 Instrument does not switch on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
8.2.1 Replace the mains power fuses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
8.3 HT generator does not switch on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
8.3.1 Reset Xsafe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
8.4 Open the lid locks when the instrument has no power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Chapter 9. Disposal instructions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

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 9.1 WEEE directive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
9.2 Hazardous substances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
9.2.1 Beryllium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
9.2.2 X-ray tube. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
9.2.3 Detector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Page 5
Table of contents

Page 6
Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1 General
This User's Guide gives a description of the hardware and instructions that are
related to safety, operation, user maintenance and disposal of these systems:
• 9430 048 00111 Epsilon 1
Read this User's Guide together with the Epsilon 1 Quick Start Guides.
For more information, refer to the Epsilon 1 Help that is supplied with the
software.

1.2 Intended use

The Epsilon 1 instrument together with the Epsilon 3 software is designed to do
routine X‑ray measurements and analyses over a long period of time.
It is expected that the system will mostly be used by laboratory or factory
personnel.
The system must not be used for purposes other than intended.
If the equipment is used in a manner not specified by the manufacturer, the
protection provided by the equipment may be impaired.

1.3 Recommended Skill Levels

The system may be operated by personnel with various skill levels. A person may
only operate the system after adequate training is received for the required skill
level.
The skill levels are:

Standard user
• Does not need in-depth knowledge of X-ray theory or applications.
• Must have knowledge of the visible hardware, such as how to switch the
instrument on/off and how to load and unload a sample.
• Must be able to follow instructions on how to measure samples using
applications and how to execute pre-defined tests.
• Works in the software in “Standard mode”.

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Chapter 1. Introduction

Advanced user
• Must have a thorough knowledge of the analysis process.
• Must have enough knowledge of the hardware to know the limits of what
can or cannot be done when using the system.
• Must know how to set up and maintain applications.
• Must know how to develop applications for specific application areas.
• Must have enough knowledge to set up and maintain the system, both
hardware and software.
• Responsible for maintaining the password mechanism, global variables
(names of filters and targets, global compound database, monitors, etc.).
• Must have an understanding of the function of the main aspects of the
analysis procedure including but not limited to applications, monitors and
sample lists.
• Works in the software in “Advanced mode”.

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Chapter 2. Safety

2.1 Introduction to safety aspects

Please take the time to read this chapter before you start to use your instrument.
This chapter is designed to help you to maintain and operate the analytical X-ray
instrument in accordance with very high safety standards. It outlines how to keep
the instrument in a safe condition, and how to avoid accidents. Therefore, it is
important that you read this information in order to become familiar with the
safety aspects of the PANalytical instrument.
A PANalytical instrument is perfectly safe as long as it has been correctly installed
and is operated according to the instructions given in this User's Guide.
If at any time there is a conflict between the safety information contained in this
chapter and any relevant local (national or regional) rules, the local rules always
take precedence.

2.1.1 Authorized personnel

NOTE: Authorized Personnel = Person who is trained, educated and authorized
by the PANalytical organization to execute service work to a specified level
and product area.
Procedures given in this User's Guide can be done by the user. The installation,
maintenance and repair procedures of the instrument that are not in this User's
Guide must only be done by ‘Authorized Personnel’.
All repairs, adjustments and alignments to any part of the instrument must obey
all applicable local regulations.

2.1.2 Safety guarantee

A PANalytical instrument is covered by the PANalytical safety guarantee when it is
delivered. It remains covered throughout its life as long as the instrument is
maintained and repaired by PANalytical service engineers.

WARNING GENERAL HAZARD

NO UNAUTHORIZED ALTERATIONS AND/OR ADDITIONS MAY BE MADE TO THE

SYSTEM.

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Chapter 2. Safety

2.1.3 Alerts and labels

Special alerts that relate to the safety of personnel and/or equipment can be
found in this manual. Where it is necessary, alert labels with the applicable
symbol are attached to the instrument.
Obey all instructions in the alerts in the manual and on the labels attached to the
different parts of the instrument.
Alerts in this manual are shown as follows:

DANGER ELECTRICAL HAZARD

SHOWS AN IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS CONDITION WHICH, IF NOT

PREVENTED, CAN RESULT IN DEATH OR VERY SERIOUS INJURY.
(THE SYMBOL RELATES TO THE SPECIFIED HAZARD)

WARNING IONIZING RADIATION

SHOWS A DANGEROUS CONDITION WHERE THERE IS RISK OF BAD INJURY.

(THE SYMBOL RELATES TO THE SPECIFIED HAZARD)

Caution General hazard

Shows a condition that can cause damage to equipment or

property, or where there is a risk of small injury.
(The symbol relates to the specified hazard)

NOTE: Gives the user more information about the procedure or system.

2.2 Safety standards

PANalytical delivers a Declaration of Conformity with every instrument. The
Declaration of Conformity is a legal statement by PANalytical showing that the
obligations related to the delivered instrument have been fulfilled. The customer
must keep this document with the instrument for its entire life cycle.
Another important declaration for users of analytical X-ray instruments is the
X‑ray Safety Declaration, which is also shipped with every system.
The equipment complies with the requirements of the Machine Directive
2006/42/EC and EMC Directive 2004/108/EC and the applicable X-ray safety
regulations.

Page 10
Refer to the applicable standards, normative documents and directives in the
Declaration of Conformity and the X-ray Safety Declaration of the instrument.

2.3 PANalytical's Approach

PANalytical manufactures and supplies analytical X‑ray instruments that fulfill the
appropriate international product regulations. This approach results in:
• Specification of the worldwide lowest radiation level: less than 1 µSv/h at
10 cm distance from the outside surface of the instrument.
• Risk calculations and assessments with respect to the use of the instrument
showing that the absorbed dose stays easily within the ICRP (International
Commission on Radiological Protection) level for public. This level is 1 mSv/
year.
• Overall risk assessment with respect to the safety of the instrument.
• Instrument design, production and documentation certified by notified
bodies PTB and/or CSA. See the Declaration of Conformity and the X‑ray
Safety Declaration for detailed information.
• PANalytical's environmental policy deployed across the whole organization.
The following measures are taken:
a. Information about environmental aspects of third party products is
collected from the suppliers.
b. Design rules are implemented to reduce energy consumption, packaging
materials, and weight.
c. Environmental information is supplied together with the instrument in
order to inform service employees and users (people using the system).
• Emission of sound, produced by the instrument during normal operation, in
compliance with the requirements of the Machine Directive.
• Instrument design measures to ensure safety with respect to moving parts,
such as preventive precautions and warning labels on the instrument and in
the manuals.
Assurance of these processes is achieved by organizational requirements such as
ISO 9001, ISO 14001, radiation safety board inspections and audits.

2.4 User responsibilities

In this section, the responsibilities of the user are listed, which are required to
keep the instrument at the classified safety level.
1. The user must ensure that the instrument is correctly installed. The user’s site
facilities must meet the specifications in the pre-installation and installation

Page 11
Chapter 2. Safety

information. Additionally, the facilities must meet the applicable safety

requirements. Remember that:
a. a suitable ground (earth) must be available.
b. the table must be adequate for the instrument.
2. Installation and maintenance must be carried out by personnel authorized by
PANalytical.
3. Safety devices must NEVER be made inoperative.
4. The user must ensure that people using the system are fully instructed in the
safety procedures.
5. The user must ensure that the system is operated according to the locally
applicable safety regulations.
6. All X‑ray analysis systems must be monitored regularly (based on a local risk
assessment) using a suitable radiation monitor.
7. If the instrument is left unattended in an unsafe condition, remove the HT
key, disconnect the mains power supply and attach a “DO NOT OPERATE”
warning notice to the front panel.
8. When generating X‑rays, the fail-safe warning lamp X‑RAYS ON must be on.
This lamp must be clearly visible to everyone in the area.
9. In some countries, a warning lamp must be mounted outside the room, and
the international warning sign must be displayed.
10. After installation or any maintenance/repair procedure, the user and the
service engineer must verify that the safety interlocks function correctly.
11. For troubleshooting, checking the system after repair, or application support,
a PANalytical service engineer or application specialist can perform remote
support on the instrument.
Before starting and performing remote support, the user must take proper
precautions to ensure that the instrument can be operated safely without
local intervention.
12. Although the instrument is designed and tested to be safe, maintenance is of
vital importance. Information about user level maintenance is provided in
this guide. Any further maintenance must be performed by the authorized
service engineer.

2.4.1 What to do in case of an emergency

If an emergency, or a suspected exposure to radiation from an analytical X‑ray
instrument occurs, the following must be done:
1. Switch off the instrument and ensure that it cannot be switched on again.

Page 12
 2. Take any medical/remedial first aid steps required.
3. Do not take any remedial action to cure the fault that caused the accident
and/or exposure.
NOTE: In the case of an X‑ray exposure incident, assessment of the absorbed
dose is more difficult if the fault is corrected.
4. Put a sign on the instrument to indicate that the instrument must not be
used or altered in any way.
5. You must notify the following about the occurrence:
• The user
• The (Radiation) Safety officer
• The local PANalytical representative
NOTE: If it is an X‑ray exposure accident and it exceeded the level set in
local regulations, refer the exposed person for medical
examination.

2.5 General hazards

2.5.1 Ionizing radiation

Generally, worldwide legislation forbids the use of ionizing radiation. Its use is
allowed only when it is justified. This means that it can only be used after special
permission has been given by the relevant authority.
Protection against ionizing radiation is a safety aspect that is covered in the
applicable standards. The basic principle is to reduce the radiation outside the
instrument to a level that is as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA principle).
When properly operated within the specifications, the radiation level at a
distance of 10 cm from the outside surface of the instrument is less than 1 µSv/h.

WARNING IONIZING RADIATION

X-RAYSARE HARMFUL. THE INSTRUMENT PRODUCES X-RAYS WHICH CAN BE

DANGEROUS TO HEALTH IF THE PROPER PRECAUTIONS ARE NOT TAKEN.

IT IS IMPORTANT FOR THE HEALTH AND SAFETY OF THE USER THAT THE
RECOMMENDATIONS GIVEN IN THE INSTRUMENT MANUALS ARE CAREFULLY
OBSERVED.

LOCAL SAFETY REGULATIONS MUST BE STRICTLY COMPLIED WITH.

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Chapter 2. Safety

2.5.2 Toxic material

The instrument may contain materials that can be hazardous to health. A
hazardous substances label is attached to the rear of the instrument. Refer to
Figure 2.1., Figure 2.2.
Unknown samples may contain toxic material. Take proper precautions when
handling unknown samples.
For detailed information, refer to the Material Safety Data Sheets delivered with
the instrument.

Figure 2.1 Hazardous substances label

Figure 2.2 Hazardous substances label with lead

NOTE: The instrument has one of these hazardous substances labels. Although it
is shown one of the labels, the instrument does not contain lead.

2.5.2.1 Beryllium
X-ray tube windows and detector windows contain beryllium.

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 WARNING TOXIC MATERIAL

BERYLLIUM AND COMPOUNDS OF BERYLLIUM (FOR EXAMPLE BERYLLIUM

OXIDE) ARE POISONOUS.

• DO NOT TOUCH, SWALLOW OR BREATHE IN BERYLLIUM.

• DO NOT GET BERYLLIUM ON YOUR BARE SKIN. ALWAYS WEAR

GLOVES WHEN YOU TOUCH ITEMS THAT CONTAIN BERYLLIUM.

• IF THERE ARE DUST OR FUMES OF BERYLLIUM, USE A DUST MASK

AND PROTECTIVE CLOTHING.

DISPOSAL OF BERYLLIUM MUST OBEY ALL APPLICABLE LOCAL

REGULATIONS.

REFER TO THE SAFETY INFORMATION IN THIS DOCUMENT AND THE RELATED

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET FOR MORE DETAILS.

2.5.3 Flammable material

WARNING FLAMMABLE MATERIAL

THE END-USER IS AT ALL TIMES RESPONSIBLE FOR TREATING (THE

SUBSTANCES OR MATERIALS USED FOR FABRICATING) ITS SAMPLES WITH ALL
DUE CARE AND DILIGENCE. PANALYTICAL CANNOT BE HELD LIABLE FOR
ANY DAMAGE RESULTING FROM THE USE OF FLAMMABLE, COMBUSTIBLE OR
OTHER HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES OR MATERIALS IN (THE PREPARATION OF)
ANY SAMPLES.

2.6 Safety measures

The following sections explain several safety measures and their incorporation
into the instrument.

2.6.1 HT keyswitch
All systems are equipped with an HT keyswitch. The removable HT key helps the
local radiation safety officer to control who uses the system.
The HT key must be removed to prevent unauthorized use of the system.
However, normal mains power remains available for other functions.

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Chapter 2. Safety

2.6.2 X-RAYS lamps

When the X‑RAYS lamps are on, the instrument is generating X‑rays. The
X‑RAYS lamps are part of the safety circuit. If one of the lamps is defective, no
high voltage can be generated meaning that no X‑rays can be produced.
Only when the system senses that all conditions are safe will the X‑RAYS lamp go
on and high tension be applied to the X‑ray tube. If an X‑RAYS lamp fails, the HT
generator is switched off and cannot be switched on.

2.6.3 Double independent safety loops

Double independent safety loops are required to ensure fail‑safe operation of the
instrument. It is important to check these loops (vital for X‑ray safety) regularly
and adequately, and to document the results of the checks.

2.6.4 Xsafe
The user is protected from unexpected exposure to X-rays by the Xsafe safety
system. This system consists of an electronic board which permanently monitors
various switches throughout the instrument to ensure that it is safe for X‑rays to
be generated.
The X‑ray tube in an instrument is powered by a high voltage power supply. The
safety circuits automatically ensure that the high voltage and X‑rays are
immediately switched off if the instrument becomes unsafe.
To ensure the correct functioning of the Xsafe system, the operation of the safety
switches must be checked regularly. Some safety switches are automatically tested
while the instrument is in use. However, other safety features may not be used as
often as once a year.
NOTE: The Epsilon 1 has no visual indication of the Xsafe status.
Additionally, to ensure that all safety issues are detected, the instrument must be
switched off and on at least once every 14 days as follows:
• While the instrument is powered but no measurement is in progress, turn the
HT keyswitch OFF (quarter turn counter-clockwise) and, after approximately 3
seconds, ON again (quarter turn clockwise).

2.7 Safe use of the instrument

During normal operation of the instrument with all panels in position, there are
no safety risks for the operator.
The next sections show possible safety risks from the instrument during sample
handling.

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2.7.1 Alerts and hazards

4
3

1. X-ray beams when 3. Ionizing radiation: X‑RAYS lamp

energized

2. Pinch hazard 4. Toxic material: detector window

contains beryllium

Figure 2.3 Top

Page 17
Chapter 2. Safety

1 1

1. Ionizing radiation: 2. Toxic material: system contains

X‑RAYS lamp hazardous substances

Figure 2.4 Rear

1 1

1. Toxic material: detector window contains

beryllium

Figure 2.5 Detector window

Page 18
Chapter 3. System description

3.1 Introduction
The Epsilon 1 is a compact energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer to do elemental
analysis of a wide range of samples.
You can control the system with an analytical software package installed on the
Epsilon 1.

3.2 Location of components

2
8

7
3

6
4

5
4

1. Touchscreen 5. Measuring position

2. Lid 6. Reference sample
3. Measurement chamber 7. Power button
4. X-RAYS lamps 8. HT keyswitch

Figure 3.1 Top

Page 19
Chapter 3. System description

4 3

1. Protection foil 3. Detector

2. X-ray tube 4. Clamping ring

Figure 3.2 Measuring position without small spot analysis

5 2

3
4

1. Protection disk 4. Clamping ring

2. Camera 5. X-ray tube
3. Detector

Figure 3.3 Measuring position with small spot analysis

Page 20
1

2 2

3 3

1. Dust filter cover 4. Connection panel

2. Air inlets 5. Mains power switch
3. X-RAYS lamps 6. Mains power supply connection

Figure 3.4 Rear

1 2 3

8 4

7 6 5

1. Serial COM port 5. USB connections

2. VGA display connection 6. DVI connection
3. Network connections 7. HDMI connection
4. Audio connections 8. PS2 mouse and keyboard connections

Figure 3.5 Connection panel

Page 21
Chapter 3. System description

3.3 Optical path

3
1

1. X-ray tube 3. Detector

2. Sample 4. Filter wheel

Figure 3.6 Optical path

3.4 Small spot analysis

The Epsilon 1 for small spot analysis can be used to measure small objects or small
inclusions in rocks, electronic devices, toys, jewelry or finished products. Regularly
and irregularly-shaped samples can be put directly in the instrument. Sample
preparation is not necessary.
This configuration has a camera to specify the spot on the sample.

Page 22
Chapter 4. Installation

4.1 Introduction
Before you install the system, make sure that the supplies are installed and agree
with the requirements in the Epsilon 1 Technical Specification sheet.
If it is necessary to move the instrument, refer to the Epsilon 1 Technical
Specification sheet for the requirements about storage, transport and installation.
If you are not sure, always contact your local PANalytical representative.
When the instrument is installed for the first time, a PANalytical service engineer
must do the X-ray leakage test. If the instrument is moved, the X-ray leakage test
is the responsibility of the customer. We recommend that the X-ray leakage test is
done by a person trained in X-ray safety.

WARNING IONIZING RADIATION

X-RAYSARE HARMFUL. THE INSTRUMENT PRODUCES X-RAYS WHICH CAN BE

DANGEROUS TO HEALTH IF THE PROPER PRECAUTIONS ARE NOT TAKEN.

IT IS IMPORTANT FOR THE HEALTH AND SAFETY OF THE USER THAT THE
RECOMMENDATIONS GIVEN IN THE INSTRUMENT MANUALS ARE CAREFULLY
OBSERVED.

LOCAL SAFETY REGULATIONS MUST BE STRICTLY COMPLIED WITH.

4.2 Unpack the instrument

NOTE: Keep the original packaging for future transportation.
1. Examine the external impact indicators. Refer to Section 4.2.1.
2. Use a forklift or trolley to move the box on the pallet as close as possible to
the installation location.
3. Open the cardboard box.
4. Remove the cardboard boxes with accessories, the bags with sample cups and
other cardboard parts.
5. Make sure that all the parts are supplied. Refer to the Packing List in the
envelope. If some parts are missing, contact your local PANalytical
organization immediately.
6. Remove the 4 corner buffers.
7. Open the foil.

Page 23
Chapter 4. Installation

8. Lift the instrument from the cardboard box. The weight of the Epsilon 1 is
~ 24 kg.

WARNING LIFTING HAZARD

THE EPSILON 1 IS HEAVY. IT MUST BE LIFTED BY AT LEAST 2 PERSONS.

Figure 4.1 Lift the instrument with 2 persons

9. Move the instrument to the final installation location with 2 persons. The
installation location must have a strong surface, for example, a table.
NOTE: Keep 20 cm space behind the instrument for the airflow and to
connect or disconnect the mains power supply.

Page 24
 364
20
0

37
5
395

Figure 4.2 Installation position (mm)

10. Open the lid.

11. Remove the protective foam.

WARNING GENERAL HAZARD

DO NOT TOUCH THE DETECTOR WINDOW. THE DETECTOR WINDOW IS

FRAGILE.

Figure 4.3 Detector window

The windows of the X-ray tube and detector contain beryllium.

Page 25
Chapter 4. Installation

WARNING TOXIC MATERIAL

BERYLLIUM IS POISONOUS. DO NOT TOUCH OR BREATHE IN BERYLLIUM.

FOR MORE INFORMATION, REFER TO THE TOXIC MATERIAL SECTION IN THE
SAFETY CHAPTER.

4.2.1 Examine the external impact indicators

1. When the instrument is delivered to your site, examine the crates and/or
cartons, and any impact indicators that are attached to them.
NOTE: If an impact indicator was attached to a crate or carton before
shipping, this is shown on the shipping documents.
2. If an impact indicator is activated or missing, or a crate/carton has visible
damage, do as follows.
a. You can accept the shipment, but record the activated or missing indicator
and any visible crate or carton damage on the delivery document.
NOTE: The recorded results of the impact indicator can help with any
damage claims procedure.
b. Contact PANalytical's local organization or agent/representative about the
damaged crate and activated or missing indicator the same day.
3. Store the delivery document for future reference.
4. If you have accepted the shipment, make sure that a customer support
engineer of PANalytical unpacks the instrument and examines it for internal
damage as soon as possible.

4.3 Install the instrument

1. When the instrument is moved to the installation location, let the instrument
stay closed for one night to adjust to the new temperature and humidity.
2. Connect the instrument to the mains power supply. The Epsilon 1 is supplied
with a cable for the mains power supply. Only use this cable if it agrees with
local regulations.
Connect the Epsilon 1 to a single phase mains power supply. If you do not
obey the mains power specifications, you can damage the instrument and the
warranty of the instrument or parts of the instrument can be canceled.

Page 26
4.4 Let the instrument become stable
It is important that the Epsilon 1 is at a stable operating temperature before you
do the gain measurement. The gain measurement takes a ‘snapshot’ of the
instrument and this must be done on a stable instrument.
1. Close the lid.
2. Turn the mains power switch at the rear of the instrument to I.
3. Press the Power button to switch on the instrument.
4. Turn the HT keyswitch clockwise.
5. If the instrument is installed for the first time, a PANalytical service engineer
must do the X-ray leakage test.
6. Do the X-ray leakage test. Refer to Section 4.4.1.
NOTE: We recommend that the X-ray leakage test is done by a person
trained in X-ray safety.
7. Wait 2 hours until the Epsilon 1 is stable.
8. Do the gain measurement. Refer to Section 5.5.

4.4.1 Do an X-ray leakage test

In the section PANalytical’s Approach, PANalytical tells that their instruments
agree with the most strict regulations for ionizing radiation: < 1 µSv/h at a
distance of 10 cm from the outside surface of the instrument. Refer to Section 2.3.
An X-ray leakage test is done for each instrument and the X-ray radiation level is
measured before shipment. Our instruments are intrinsically safe when they are
operated and maintained correctly.
But also if it is not necessary in local regulations, PANalytical recommends that
you do an X-ray leakage test of the instrument regularly. This is specially
important during the installation, when the instrument is moved or when the
instrument does not get maintenance regularly.
Always use a calibrated X-ray radiation survey meter.

Page 27
Chapter 4. Installation

Page 28
Chapter 5. Operate the instrument

5.1 Introduction
Caution General hazard

Before you operate the instrument, obey these instructions:

• The instrument must be safely in position.

• To prevent accidents, the floor around the instrument

must be dry and there must be no dirt or grease.

5.2 Controls
The hardware controls are installed on top and at the rear of the instrument.

2 4

1. HT keyswitch 2. Power button

Figure 5.1 Controls

5.2.1 Power button and indicator

When you press the Power button, the instrument switches to the ON condition.
In this condition, all instrument systems except the HT supply are in operation.
The instrument is in the ON condition when the green light in the Power button
is on.

Page 29
Chapter 5. Operate the instrument

When you press the Power button again, the instrument switches to the OFF
condition.
The instrument is in the OFF condition when the green light in the Power button
is off.

5.2.2 HT keyswitch
When you turn the HT keyswitch clockwise, it is possible to do a measurement.
When you start the measurement, the HT generator goes on.
When the HT generator is in the ON condition, the indicators are as follows:
• The X-RAYS lamps on the sides of the instrument are on.
When you turn the HT keyswitch counter-clockwise, it is not possible to do a
measurement.
The HT keyswitch is also used to reset the Xsafe system. Refer to Section 8.3.1.
If the HT key is removed from the instrument and an unsafe condition is sensed,
you cannot switch the high tension on again.
NOTE: The HT key can be removed and kept in a safe place.

5.2.3 Mains power switch

The location of the mains power switch is at the rear of the instrument. It is used
to switch the mains power supply to the instrument on or off.
The switch has two positions:
• I: Connects the mains power supply to the instrument.
• O: Disconnects the mains power supply from the instrument.

Page 30
 Figure 5.2 Mains power switch

5.3 Switch on the instrument

1. Connect the instrument to the mains power supply.
2. Turn the mains power switch at the rear of the instrument to I.
3. Press the Power button to switch on the instrument.
4. Turn the HT keyswitch clockwise.
5. If the instrument was moved, do the X-ray leakage test. Refer to Section
4.4.1.
NOTE: We recommend that the X-ray leakage test is done by a person
trained in X-ray safety.
6. Wait until the temperature is stable.
When you use the instrument for the first time or when the instrument has
been switched off for a long period of time, we recommend a warm-up time
of 2 hours.

5.4 Switch off the instrument

1. Turn the HT keyswitch counter-clockwise.
2. Press the Power button to switch off the instrument.
3. If it is necessary for the instrument to be switched off for a long period of
time, you can also switch off the mains power supply to the instrument.

Page 31
Chapter 5. Operate the instrument

5.5 Do a gain measurement

When you start the Epsilon 1 for the first time, and at an interval of 24 hours, the
software tells you to do a gain measurement with the reference sample.
1. Make sure that the instrument is stable.
NOTE: The gain measurement takes a ‘snapshot’ of the instrument and this
must be done on a stable instrument.
2. For instruments with small spot analysis, remove the protection disk.
3. Put 2 fingers under the reference sample holder, push it up and lower the
reference sample holder on the measuring position.

Figure 5.3 Reference sample holder on the measuring position

4. Follow the instructions in the Gain Measurement window.

5.6 Go to Advanced mode

1. On the touchscreen, press <Advanced mode>.
2. Enter the password.
NOTE: The default password is: "Epsilon". The password is case-sensitive.
3. Press OK.

Page 32
Chapter 6. Measure samples

6.1 Measurement overview

These steps are necessary to do a measurement:
1. If necessary, put the sample into a sample cup.
2. Open the lid.
3. Put the sample or sample cup on the measuring position.
4. Close the lid.
5. On the touchscreen, press the application.
6. Press Measure in the Easy Measure window.
The progress of a measurement can be monitored on the instrument status
bar. More detailed status information can be seen in the Online status
window. The results are available in the Last result window when the
measurement is complete.

6.2 Sample types

You can measure these sample types with the Epsilon 1:
• Solid samples.
These samples must be between 27 and 51.5 mm diameter with a maximum
height of 10 cm.
• Sample without a cup.
These samples can be a maximum of 100 x 150 x 120 mm.
• Liquid samples.
These samples are usually 5 ml or 10 ml. They must be put in the special ‘P1
liquid cell’ or 'P2 liquid cell'. The liquid cells must be put in sample holders.
• Loose powders.
Loose powders can also be measured in a 'P1 liquid cell' or 'P2 liquid cell'.
The liquid cells must be put in sample holders.

6.3 Sample loading

You must load samples manually.

Page 33
Chapter 6. Measure samples

WARNING TOXIC MATERIAL

IF YOU MEASURE UNKNOWN OR TOXIC SAMPLES, REFER TO THE MATERIAL

SAFETY DATA SHEET ABOUT HANDLING INSTRUCTIONS.

WARNING FLAMMABLE MATERIAL

THE USER IS ALWAYS RESPONSIBLE TO USE ITS SAMPLES, AND ITS

MATERIALS TO PREPARE THESE SAMPLES, VERY CAREFULLY AND CORRECTLY.

PANALYTICAL IS NOT LEGALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR DAMAGE THAT IS CAUSED

BY FLAMMABLE SAMPLES, OR BY OTHER HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN THE
SAMPLES OR THAT ARE USED WHEN THE SAMPLES ARE PREPARED.

Caution General hazard

To prevent contamination of the measurement chamber and

optical path, obey these instructions:

• Only use sample cups that are approved for use in

PANalytical instruments.

• For liquid cups, make sure that the cup lid is safely in
position.

• Do not keep temperature sensitive samples in the

instrument for a long period.
If a pressed powder sample breaks or a liquid sample leaks in
the measurement chamber or the optical path, immediately
switch off the instrument. Do not clean the contaminated parts.
A PANalytical service engineer must clean the measurement
chamber and the optical path.

Page 34
Chapter 7. User maintenance

7.1 Introduction
Follow the safety precautions of this User's Guide when you do any of these
procedures. Refer to Chapter 2.

WARNING GENERAL HAZARD

IFTHE SYSTEM IS IN AN UNSAFE CONDITION AND YOU GO TO A DIFFERENT

ROOM, DO AS FOLLOWS:

• DISCONNECT THE SYSTEM FROM THE MAINS POWER SUPPLY.

• PUT A WARNING NOTICE ON THE INSTRUMENT.

• REMOVE THE HT KEY.

To do these procedures, it can be necessary to move the instrument from its

normal operating position.
Table 7.1 Maintenance schedule

Maintenance procedure Maintenance interval Reference

Test of the safety integrity 14 days Refer to Section 7.2.
Clean the instrument When necessary Refer to Section 7.3.
Replace the dust filters When necessary Refer to Section 7.4.
Replace the foil on the measuring When necessary Refer to Section 7.5.
position

7.2 Test of the safety integrity

This test is necessary to make sure that the HT keyswitch, Xsafe and safety loops
work correctly and to move the related switches.
1. Turn the HT keyswitch clockwise.
2. Press the Power button to switch on the instrument.
3. Go to Advanced mode. Refer to Section 5.6.
4. Go to Measure > Manual control.
5. In the X-ray tube field, enter a low kV and μA value. For example, 20 kV,
10 µA.
6. Click Set.

Page 35
Chapter 7. User maintenance

7. Make sure that the X-RAYS lamps go on.

8. Turn the HT keyswitch counter-clockwise to switch off the HT generator.
9. Make sure that the X-RAYS lamps go off.
10. After 5 seconds, turn the HT keyswitch clockwise.

7.3 Clean the instrument

Caution General hazard

If a pressed powder sample breaks or a liquid sample leaks in

the measurement chamber or the optical path, immediately
switch off the instrument. Do not clean the contaminated parts.
A PANalytical service engineer must clean the measurement
chamber and the optical path.

1. Turn the HT keyswitch counter-clockwise.

2. Press the Power button to switch off the instrument.
3. Clean the sample holder, sample cups and sample inserts with industrial
alcohol. If the sample holder, sample cups or sample inserts cannot be
cleaned, replace them.

Caution General hazard

Be careful with the sample holders. The bottom of the sample

holders is very thin so you can easily make dents. This changes
the distance between the sample and detector, which has a
negative effect on the analysis results.

4. Wait until the alcohol is completely dry before you do a measurement.

5. Disconnect the mains power cable.
6. Clean the outer side of the instrument with a moist cloth.
7. Clean the measurement chamber and reference sample with a lint-free cloth.
Do not clean the optical path.
The windows of the X-ray tube and detector contain beryllium.

Page 36
 WARNING TOXIC MATERIAL

BERYLLIUM IS POISONOUS. DO NOT TOUCH OR BREATHE IN BERYLLIUM.

FOR MORE INFORMATION, REFER TO THE TOXIC MATERIAL SECTION IN THE
SAFETY CHAPTER.

Caution General hazard

When you clean the reference sample, make sure that no

material stays attached to the reference sample or reference
sample holder. This changes the distance between the reference
sample and the detector, which makes the calibration of the
instrument less accurate.

8. Connect the mains power cable.

9. Press the Power button to switch on the instrument.
10. Turn the HT keyswitch clockwise.

7.4 Replace the dust filters

Caution General hazard

Replace the dust filters of the air inlets regularly. If there is dust
on the air inlets, the fans cannot decrease the temperature of
the components and the electrical circuits can become damaged.

1. Press the Power button to switch off the instrument.

2. Carefully pull the dust filter cover off the rear of the instrument.

Page 37
Chapter 7. User maintenance

Figure 7.1 Remove the dust filter cover

3. Remove the 2 dust filters.

Figure 7.2 Location of the dust filters

4. Install the new dust filters.

5. Install the dust filter cover.

7.5 Replace the foil on the measuring position

Replace the foil on the measuring position if it is dirty or damaged.
1. Turn the HT keyswitch counter-clockwise.
2. Press the Power button to switch off the instrument.
3. Open the lid.

Page 38
 WARNING GENERAL HAZARD

DO NOT TOUCH THE DETECTOR WINDOW. THE DETECTOR WINDOW IS

FRAGILE.

Figure 7.3 Detector window

The windows of the X-ray tube and detector contain beryllium.

WARNING TOXIC MATERIAL

BERYLLIUM IS POISONOUS. DO NOT TOUCH OR BREATHE IN BERYLLIUM.

FOR MORE INFORMATION, REFER TO THE TOXIC MATERIAL SECTION IN THE
SAFETY CHAPTER.

4. Use laboratory tweezers to remove the clamping ring from the measuring
position.

Page 39
Chapter 7. User maintenance

Figure 7.4 Remove the clamping ring

5. Use laboratory tweezers to remove the foil.

Figure 7.5 Remove the foil

6. Put the new foil on top the measuring position.

Page 40
 Figure 7.6 New foil on the measuring position

7. Put the clamping ring around the measuring position.

8. Carefully push the clamping ring down.

Figure 7.7 Push the clamping ring down

9. Remove the paper frame.

Page 41
Chapter 7. User maintenance

Figure 7.8 Remove the paper frame

10. Make sure that the foil is smooth.

7.6 Consumable materials

Table 7.2 Consumable materials for maintenance

Item Ordering code

Protection foil 9430 500 07221
Dust filters (set of 25) 5322 785 05131

Page 42
Chapter 8. Troubleshooting

8.1 Introduction
This chapter gives the most common problems with the system and their
solutions.
If a problem is not in this chapter, or if the solution did not remove it, collect all
relevant information about the problem and contact your local PANalytical
service organization.
If possible, a PANalytical service engineer uses remote support to find a solution
for the problem. During a remote support session, your aid can be necessary. If a
remote support session did not remove the problem, a service visit can be
necessary.

8.2 Instrument does not switch on

Table 8.1 Possible causes for instrument does not switch on

Cause Solution Reference

The instrument is not switched on. Switch on the instrument. Refer to Section 5.3.
A fuse has blown in the mains power Replace the fuse. Refer to Section 8.2.1.
supply.

8.2.1 Replace the mains power fuses

There are two 5 A, 250 V slow-blow mains fuses above the mains power supply
socket of the instrument. These fuses must only be replaced by Authorized
Personnel.
1. Disconnect the instrument from the mains power supply.
2. Use a flat screwdriver to pull the fuse holder out off the socket.

Page 43
Chapter 8. Troubleshooting

Figure 8.1 Use of a flat screwdriver

3. Remove the fuses from the fuse holder.

4. Put the new fuses in the fuse holder.
5. Push the fuse holder back into the socket.
6. Connect the instrument to the mains power supply.
7. If the fuses blow again, do as follows:
a. Disconnect the instrument from the mains power supply.
b. Contact your local PANalytical service organization.

8.3 HT generator does not switch on

If the HT generator does not switch on, there is usually a problem in the HT safety
circuit.
Table 8.2 Possible causes for HT generator does not switch on

Cause Solution Reference

HT keyswitch is in the OFF position. Turn the HT keyswitch Refer to Section 5.2.2.
clockwise.
1 or more of the X-RAYS lamps on the Contact your local
corners of the instrument is defective. PANalytical service
organization.
Xsafe is activated. Reset Xsafe. Refer to Section 8.3.1.

8.3.1 Reset Xsafe

NOTE: The Epsilon 1 has no visual indication of the Xsafe status.
When you think that the Xsafe system is activated, do as follows:

Page 44
 1. Turn the HT keyswitch counter-clockwise.
2. Turn the HT keyswitch clockwise.
3. Switch on the instrument. Refer to Section 5.3.

8.4 Open the lid locks when the instrument has no power
When the instrument has no power and the lid locks are locked, you cannot open
the lid.
1. Turn the HT keyswitch counter-clockwise.
2. Remove the dust filters. Refer to Section 7.4.
3. Remove the 2 screws and washers of the touchscreen with a 4 mm Allen key.

Figure 8.2 Remove the screws and washers

4. Carefully move the touchscreen up to remove it.

Figure 8.3 Remove the touchscreen

Page 45
Chapter 8. Troubleshooting

5. Put a curved tool, for example an Allen key, in the holes of the lid locks and
pull the lid locks in the direction of the rear of the instrument. The lid can
now be opened.

Figure 8.4 Location of the lid locks

Figure 8.5 Allen key in a lid lock

6. Carefully install the touchscreen.

7. Install the 2 screws and washers.
8. Install the dust filters and dust filter cover.

Page 46
Chapter 9. Disposal instructions

9.1 WEEE directive

The instrument complies with the WEEE Directive (Waste of Electrical and
Electronic Equipment), identified by this alert symbol on the instrument:

Figure 9.1 WEEE directive alert symbol

The function of the European WEEE Directive is to decrease the quantity of waste
from electrical and electronic equipment, and to decrease the hazardous
substances of this waste to protect human health and the environment.

9.2 Hazardous substances

When you dispose of hazardous materials, obey all applicable and local
regulations to prevent damage to the environment. You can also send the
hazardous materials back to PANalytical for disposal. Use a recorded shipping
method.
On the instrument, the hazardous materials are identified with a label. Refer to
Figure 2.1., Figure 2.2.
If you are not sure about the correct disposal procedure, contact your local
PANalytical representative.

9.2.1 Beryllium
The windows of the X-ray tube and detector contain beryllium (Be).

WARNING TOXIC MATERIAL

BERYLLIUM IS POISONOUS. DO NOT TOUCH OR BREATHE IN BERYLLIUM.

FOR MORE INFORMATION, REFER TO THE TOXIC MATERIAL SECTION IN THE
SAFETY CHAPTER.

9.2.2 X-ray tube

The window of the Epsilon 3 X-ray tube contains beryllium (Be).
Page 47
Chapter 9. Disposal instructions

For disposal instructions, refer to the Tube Instruction Manual supplied with the
X-ray tube.

9.2.3 Detector
The window of the silicon drift detector contains beryllium (Be).

Page 48
Index
A I
Alerts and hazards. . . . . . . 17 Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Alerts and labels. . . . . . . . 10 External impact indicators.
Authorized personnel. . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Unpack. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
B X-ray leakage test. . . . . 27
Beryllium. . . . . . . . . . . 14, 47 Instrument does not switch
X-ray tube. . . . . . . . . . . 47 on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
C L
Clean. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lid locks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Instrument. . . . . . . . . . . 36
Components. . . . . . . . . . . . 19 M
Optical path. . . . . . . . . . 22 Mains power fuses. . . . . . . 43
Consumable materials. . . . 42 Mains power switch. . . . . . 30
Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Maintenance schedule. . . . 35
Cooling system. . . . . . . . . . . . Measurement overview. . . 33
Dust filters. . . . . . . . . . . 37
O
D Optical path. . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Disposal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Beryllium. . . . . . . . . . . . 47 P
Detector. . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Power button. . . . . . . . . . . 29
WEEE directive. . . . . . . . 47 R
X-ray tube. . . . . . . . . . . 47 Replace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dust filters. . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Dust filters. . . . . . . . . . . 37
E Foil on measuring position
Emergency. . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
External impact indicators. 26 Mains power fuses. . . . . 43
Reset Xsafe. . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
F
Foil on measuring position 38 S
Safety aspects. . . . . . . . . . . . 9
G Safety guarantee. . . . . . . . . 9
Gain measurement. . . . . . 32 Safety integrity test. . . . . . 35
Safety measures. . . . . . . . . 15
H Safety standards. . . . . . . . . 10
Hazard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Sample loading. . . . . . . . . 33
Flammable material. . . 15 Sample types. . . . . . . . . . . 33
Ionizing radiation. . . . . 13 Skill levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Beryllium. . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Advanced user. . . . . . . . . 8
Toxic material. . . . . . . . 14 Standard user. . . . . . . . . . 7
Hazardous substances. 14, 47 Small spot analysis. . . . . . . 22
HT generator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switch off instrument. . . . 31
Does not switch on. . . . 44 Switch on instrument. . . . 31
HT keyswitch. . . . . . . . . . . 30

Page 49
Index

W
WEEE directive. . . . . . . . . . 47
X
X-ray leakage test. . . . . . . 27
X-RAYS lamps. . . . . . . . . . . 16
Xsafe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 44

Page 50