Paint

Prof.Dr/ Mostafa Khafagy

…Contents
Introduction -1
Define of paint-1.1
Classification of paint-1.2
Component -2
Binder-2.1
Organic solvent-2.2
Pigments -2.3
Extenders -2.4
Additives -2.5
Water -2.6
Applications -3
Test -4
Introduction to Paints
Paint can be defined as a mixture or dispersion of
. opaque pigments or powders in aliquid or vehicle

Modern classifications of paints

Architectural/Trade Sales commonly -1
recognized latex and alkyd paints sold in retail
.stores

Industrial/Maintenance may include anti -2

corrosive primers, machinery and industrial enamels and
other products that require more specialized application
equipment. Some trade sales type paints are also used
in Industrial situations (i.e High Performance
..Architectural Coatings)

Specialty are generally very specific in their use, -3

application and resistance properties such as plastics
.coatings, coil coatings, and resistive coatings

Component
…Binder-1
The resin is the film-forming component that identifies
the paint. A variety of resins and polymers (materials
that will undergo reaction to form a resin) are used
inpaints. The formulation of a paint material and the
particular chemicals used are influenced by the
particular resin or resin combination used. The blend of
resin sometimes referred to as the binder) and solvent is
sometimes referred to as the paint vehicle.Paint binders
may be referred to as convertible and nonconvertible
types. Convert-ible paints are materials that are used in
an unpolymerized or partially polymerized state and
undergo reaction (polymerization) to form a solid film
after application to the substrate. Nonconvertible paints
are based on polymerized binders dispersed or dissolved
in a medium that evaporates after the coating has been
applied to leave acoherent film on the substrate
surface.Convertible binders include oils, oleoresinous
varnishes, alkyds, amino resins,epoxy resins, phenolic
resins, polyurethane resins, and thermosetting
acrylics.Nonconvertible resins such as cellulose,
nitrocellulose, chlorinated rubber, and vinyl resins will
not be covered in this text, because they are usually
used in low-solid, high-solvent content coatings that are
not compliant for the majority of modernindustrial
.applications
ALKYD RESINS -1.1
Alkyd resins are modified with a number of oils including
soya, linseed, dehydrated castor, and coconut. They in
turn can be combined with such resins as acrylics, vinyl
toluene, silicones, and amino-resins. The latitude of
compatibility of the oil-modified resins makes them
popular for use in industrial coatings. They are fairly
inexpensive and they have a variety of properties.Alkyds
can be prepared directly from oil (triglyceride), a polyol,
or an acid.The percentage of oil contained in an alkyd
classifies the end use of the alkyd and affects such
properties as speed of drying, flexibility, durability, and
so forth. Two manufacturing methods are used in the
preparation of alkyd resins: the alcoholysis
POLYESTERRESINS -1.2
Polyester resins are typically used in heat-cured coatings
that need to be high in paint solids and low in solvent
content. They have extremely good color retention that
provides good over-bake protection and very good UV
resistance, and they can be applied using a wide range
of spray equipment. Polyesters are very similar in
chemical structure to the earlier-discussed Type I oil-
free alkyd resins. Polyesters are often formulated in
two-component products that are used for plastics. The
catalyst system in the 2K products allows them to be
cured at low temperature, and the finished film has
.excellent appearance and UV resistance
AMINORESINS -1.3
Amino resins are generally used in baked coatings as
cross-linking agents. They are used in proportions up to
50% of the total vehicle binder. They can be used with
alkyds, polyesters, epoxies, thermosetting acrylics,
phenolics, and other heat reactive resins. Melamine and
urea–formaldehyde are the most common examples of
.this resin
EPOXYRESINS -1.4
Epoxy resins are known for their excellent corrosion and
chemical resistance. Because of their tendency to fade
and chalk when exposed to sunlight, they are used for
interior topcoat applications or as primer for exterior
applications.Excellent corrosion resistance can be
obtained with film thickness as low asmil. The epoxy
resin is usually cross-linked with melamine or urea resin
at curing temperatures of 350–425F. Epoxy coatings are
characterized by excellent adhesion, a high degree of
impact and abrasion resistance, and resistance to
chemicals and solvents. This combination of properties
makes the epoxy formulas a good fit for chemical
laboratory furniture and similar applications. They also
have good insulat-ing properties, making them a good fit
for the electrical industry, and they can provide
excellent wear on tools. Epoxy resins are rarely used as-
is in paint formulations because of their low molecular
weight. The low molecular weight does not allow
adequate film builds, so they are usually cured into
higher molecular weight complex polymers called epoxy
glycides. The terminal or reactive groups are epoxy and
secondary hydroxyl in nature.These complex molecules
are then cross-linked with commonly used curing
agents.The most commonly used epoxy paint system is
the two-component amine-cured coating where the
resin and hardener are mixed just prior to application.
The hardener creates a reaction that will create a
hardened film after the components are mixed. The pot
life (time that it takes for the coating to harden) can
range from a few minutes to several days depending on
the formulation. Heat is often used in industrial
applications to accelerate the cure process. Epoxy
formulas are used as maintenance coatings, can
coatings, pipeline coatings,tank linings, and so forth.
They have also been formulated using special
extendersand thixotroping agents to allow one coat film
builds of 6–40 mil. Epoxy formulasare also often used as
a primer.Epoxy resins can also be used in epoxy-acrylic
thermosetting systems to provide a combination of film
hardness, mar resistance, gloss and color retention, and
chemical resistance. These formulas make good coatings
.for major household appliances and automobiles
URETHANERESINS -1.5
Urethane is the accepted description for a group of
polymers that are sometimes called polyurethanes.
Urethane resins are very popular with formulators,
providing a combination of chemical resistance,
toughness and abrasion resistance, and exterior
durability. Effective application on plastics has led to
.substantial growth in urethanetechnology
Urethanes are the reaction products of isocyanates with
materials that have hydroxyl groups. They contain a
significant number of urethane groups regardless of
what the rest of the molecule may be. The basic
chemistry of isocyanates and urethanes has been known
for over a hundred years. In 1848, Wurtz prepared
methyl and ethyl isocyanates by reacting potassium
cyanate and alkyd iodides. He also found that ethyl
isocyanate reacted with ethyl alcohol to form ethyl
carbamate, which was later named urethane. The
modern industrial development of urethane polymers
stems largely from the pioneering work of Professor
Otto Bayer in Germany in 1937. The basic raw materials,
the isocyanates, are produced in a number of different
forms, but the most widely used is toluene diisocyanate
(TDI). The TDI has a noticeable vaporpressure and has an
irritant effect on the mucous membranes and so
.requires special handling
…Organic Solvent-2
HYDROCARBON SOLVENTS -2.1
Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons are commonly
used to formulate and reduce a paint material. They are
complex mixtures of different compounds with different
.flash points, density, and other properties
Toluene -2.2
Toluene is an aromatic hydrocarbon used in solvent
blends for air-drying vinyl and chlorinated rubber
.coatings as well as a diluent in nitrocellulose paints
Mineral Spirits -2.2
Mineral spirits are largely aliphatic (but containing 15–
18% aromatics) blend of par-affins of variable
composition. They are slow-evaporating and dissolves
most natural resins, oleoresinous varnishes, and
medium- and long-oil alkyd resins. Mineral spirit is
commonly used as the main (often sole) solvent for
brush-applied decorative and protective paints based on
these binders. It is also used as a cleaning and
degreasing
.Solvent
Xylene -2.4
Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon widely used as a
solvent for short-oil alkyd,chlorinated rubber, and
polyurethane resins. The good solvating power and
moderate evaporation rate permit xylene to be used for
sag-resistant spray-applied coatings even of relatively
.thick films) as well as for baking-cured coatings
OXYGENATED SOLVENTS -2.5
Oxygenated solvents include alcohols, glycol ethers,
ketones, esters, and glycol ether esters that are
synthesized from other chemicals to form a desired
.solvent that is typically 99% pure
Butyl Alcohol -2.6
Butyl alcohol is a slow-evaporating solvent for a wide
variety of oils and resins, par-ticularly amino and acrylic
resins and also, in solvent combinations for
.nitrocellulose resins
Ethyl Alcohol -2.7
Ethyl alcohol is usually used admixed with methyl
alcohol, dyes, and toxins in the form of industrial alcohol
(methylated spirits). Ethyl alcohol, a fast-evaporating
solvent, is used for poly(vinyl butyryl) as well as with
.other solvents for nitrocellulose
Acetone -2.8
Acetone is a fast-evaporating powerful solvent used for
vinyl copolymers and nitrocellulose. It is also blended (at
low addition levels) with many other solvents, when its
high solvating power and evaporation rate modify the
prop-erties of the liquid paint and the film. They are
treated just like water on the HEARS (Health,
Environmental and Regulatory Services) program and
.will be reported as VOC-less exempt solvents

Pigments -3
WHITE PIGMENTS -3.1
Almost all paint formulas include some white pigments
to adjust the lightness–darkness of the final color. Some
.of common white pigments are listed as follows
Titanium Dioxide 3.1.1
Titanium dioxide is a widely used, nontoxic, stable
synthetic pigment used for both protective and
decorative paints. It comes in two different crystalline
forms, rutile and anatase. The rutile crystalline form is
more compact and has a higher specific gravity, greater
refractive index, enhanced stability, and enhanced
durability.The high refractive index of titanium dioxide
(2.7 for rutile and 2.5 for anatase)enables it to provide a
higher degree of opacity in paint films than any other
white pigment. Rutile titanium dioxide is
photochemically inert and the pigment protects paint
films from degradation by scattering absorbed light. In
contrast, the anatase form is photochemically active and
paints formulated with this pigment are subject to heavy
chalking. The anatase grade is used mainly for interior
.applications due toits cleaner white color
Antimony Oxide -3.1.2
A synthetic inert pigment often used with chlorine-
containing binders in the formu-lation of fire-retardant
paints. When exposed to flames, the antimony chloride
vaporthat is released is heavier than air and acts as a
blanket to the fire. This pigment also has good
.opacifying characteristics
White Lead -3.1.3
A synthetic basic pigment used for centuries, now
limited in use because of its toxicity.Being basic, white
lead will react with acidic paints to form lead soaps,
which will enhance film elasticity, useful for timber
primers. However, the pigment has a high chalking rate
and a tendency to darken in polluted atmospheres due
.to the formation of lead sulfide

YELLOW PIGMENTS -3.2

Yellow Dyes -3.2.1
Azo dyes, ranging in color from orange to green-shade
yellows. They have good light stability in full shade
unless the dye is reduced with white pigments. They
provide good opacity and are nontoxic, so they are often
used instead of lead chromates.Yellow dyes are soluble
in ketones, esters, and aromatic solvents, but they have
poor solubility in aliphatic solvents. This makes them
suitable for use in air-dry coatings that contain aliphatic
.hydrocarbons or in emulsion systems
Benzidine Yellows -3.2.2
Insoluble azo dyes prepared in a range of shades from
yellow to red. They have good opacity and are insoluble
in most solvents used in paint formulations. They are
nontoxic and have good resistance to acids and alkalis,
and they can withstand temperatures up to 300 The
benzidine yellows are not lightfast, even when used at
full shade, so their use is generally restricted to interior
.applications

Lead Chromates -3.2.3

Chromate pigments are rarely used today because of
the environmental problems associated with chrome. A
wide range of synthetic pigments, ranging from pale
yellow to deep orange in color, have been used in paint
formulation. Lead chromes have high tint strengths,
good lightfastness, and opacity, but they also darken in
polluted air and they will bleach in the presence of
sulfur dioxide. Lead chromates interact with alkaline
substrates resulting in color loss. Nevertheless, the lead
chromates are useful coloring pigments and are used in
undercoats and finishing systems. The color of the
pigment is determined by the process conditions during
.manufacture

Zinc Chromate -3.2.4

Three forms of zinc chromate are used for pigmentation
of paints. The pigment grades have good lightfastness
and are stable in polluted air, but they are of low
opacity. The zinc chromates are slightly basic and will
react with acid paints, leading to a thickening of the
paint during storage. The form of zinc chromate used for
corrosion-protection must be free from residual
chloride, which is usually present in pigment grades.A
third form of zinc chromate, the tetroxichromate, is
.used in metal pretreatment primers
Yellow Iron Oxides -3.2.5
Naturally occurring iron oxides, ranging in color from
dull yellow to dark yellow- brown, but more restricted in
the range of color shades than synthetically prepared
oxides. Natural oxides have cleaner and brighter colors
combined with greater color strength because of their
greater purity. Both natural and synthetic oxides are
resistant to alkalis and organic acids, but they can be
discolored by mineral acids. Shade variations can occur
at elevated temperatures. Iron oxides will absorb UV
.radiation and have a protective effect in exterior paints

Cadmium Yellow -3.2.6

Synthetic pigments varying in color from primrose to
orange, the shade being determ-ined by manufacturing
process conditions. They are stable at high
temperatures. They are unaffected by alkalies, but they
can be decomposed by acids. They may be used on a
variety of substrates, especially where alkali resistance
or temperature resistanceis required. Cadmium, like
chrome and lead, was a staple in the formulation of
paint, especially performance coatings, for many years.
These heavy metals have long been recognized as
undesirable components in paint due to their negative
impact on the environment and have been all but
phased out of paint formulation in the United States and
many other industrialized nations

GREEN PIGMENTS -3.3