CSC105 Lecture 18 – Input:
Analog to Digital
Rich Little (A01) Eduard Wisernig (A02)
rlittle@uvic.ca eduardw@uvic.ca
http://connex.csc.uvic.ca http://connex.csc.uvic.ca
Phone: 250-472-5752 Phone: 250-472-5722
Lectures: Lectures:
MWR 2:30 – 3:20 pm ECS 125 TWF 8:30 – 9:20 am ECS 116
Office Hours: Office Hours:
F 10:00 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. T 9:30 a.m. – 11:30 a.m.
ECS 516. ECS 617.
Goals
• At the end of the this lecture you’ll be able to:
– Recognize the analogue to digital conversion methods
in image and sound digitization. (Chapter 7 – Input
Devices)
iClicker Question
• In the RGB additive colour model, using 24-
bits per colour gives us how many different
colours?
A. 24
B. 256
C. 16,536
D. 16,777,216
E. 4,294,967,296
What Is Input?
• Input is any data and instructions entered into
the memory of a computer
What Is Input?
• Commonly used input methods include:
Pointing
Keyboard Touch screens Pen input
devices
Scanners and
Motion input Voice input Video input reading
devices
The Human Eye
• Lens
• Retina
• Rods and cones
– RGB cones
• Optic nerve
Digital Cameras - Light
• CCD - Charged Coupled Device or
CMOS – complementary-metal oxide semiconductor
– Light-sensitive diodes that convert light to electrical
charge
– Aligned as a grid of pixels (picture elements) which
creates a discrete division of the continuous world.
– The number of pixels that make up the image is the
resolution of the image
Digital Cameras - Colour
To capture the colour at each pixel a colour filter is
placed between the light source and the diodes
Bayer filter – RGB colour filter arranged in
alternating red/greens and green/blues
This guarantees that a pixel under a red cell, for
example, only measures the amount of red in the
light source
Digital Cameras - Demosaicing
After you have measured the amount of red, green
and blue hitting each of the corresponding pixels
you have a mosaic of colours
Demosaicing – The process of combining the red,
green and blue pixels to form the true image (non-
mosaic)
Interpolation – Using the amount of red, green or
blue in neighbouring pixels to determine the true
colour at each pixel
ADC - analogue to digital converter
Convert these measurements into binary
values
Colour depth – Bits per pixel (24-bits)
Example – Original Image
Example – Mosaic (after Bayer’s)
Example – Separate & Interpolate
Example – Demosaic (combined)
The Human Ear
• Sounds are waves of air pressure. When something
makes a sound, it sends ripples in the air.
• The rises are increases in pressure (compressions),
the troughs are decreases in pressure
(rarefactions).
• Ear drum
• Ossicles
• Cochlea
• Auditory nerve
Sound Waves
• If we measure the compressions and rarefactions
over time, the result is a continuous sound wave.
• Amplitude is the amount of pressure exerted by the
wave
– Measure of how big the compressions/rarefactions are.
– Corresponds to how loud the sound is.
• Frequency is the number of complete cycles (one
compression and rarefaction) per second.
– Corresponds to the pitch of the sound
– High frequency = high pitch
Audio Digitizers
Audio digitizers contain
circuitry to digitize sounds
from microphones and other
audio devices.
Digitizing Sound
• We need to convert the analog sound wave into a
digital wave
• We do this by sampling the sound wave, generating
a sequence of discrete values representing the wave.
• Sample-rate is the number of samples we take per
second
• Each of these samples must fit into a binary value to
be stored
• Bit-depth is the number of bits used per sample
• Both sample-rate and bit-depth affect the quality of
the sound representation
CD quality sound
• Sampling rate = 44,100 samples/sec
• Audio bit depth = 16 bits / sample * 2 tracks
• 44,100 * 16 * 2 = 1,411,200 bits / sec
176,000 bytes / sec
• Average song = 3 min
32 million bytes per song (MB)
• How long to download a 3 minute song over a 56.6
Kbs modem?
