SWAMI VIVEKANAND INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
HEAT TRANSFER
Tutorial Sheet 1
Conduction
1. An electric wire having a diameter of 1.5 mm and covered with a plastic insulation (thickness=2.5mm)
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exposed to air at 300 K and h0= 20W/m K. The insulation has a k of 1.4 W/m.K. It is assumed that the wire
surface temperature is constant at 400K and is not affected by the covering.
a. Calculate the value of the critical radius
b. Calculate the heat loss perm of wire length with no insulation
c. Repeat b for insulation being present
2 A thick-walled tube of stainless steel(A) having a k=21.63 W/m.K with dimensions of 0.0254m ID and
0.0508m OD is covered with a 0.0254-m-thick layer of an insulation(B), k=0.2423 W/m.K. The inside-wall
temp of the pipe is 811 K and the outside surface of the insulation is at 310.8K for a 0.305 m length of pipe,
calculate the heat loss and also the temperature at the interface between the metal and the insulation.
3 A plane wall is composed of an 20 cm layer of refractory brick (k=1.3 W/mK) and a 5 cm later of insulating
material with k for the insulatig material varying linearly as k = .034+0.00018 t where t is the temperature in
degree C. The inside surface temperatue of the brick is 1100 degree C and the outside surface temperature of
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the insulating material is 38 C. Calculate the temperatue at the boundary of the brick and insulation.
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4 A large sheet of glass 50 cm thick is initially at 150 C throughout. Is is plunged into a stream of running
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water having a temperature of 15 C. How long will it take to cool the glass to an average temperature of
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38 C? For glass: k=0.70 W/mK; p=2480 kg/m , Cp=0.84 kJ/kg.K
5 A long steel rod 0.305 m in diameter is initially at a temperature of 588K. it is immersed in an oil bath
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maintained at 311K. the surface convective coefficient is 125 W/m K. Calculate the temperature at the
center of the rod after 1h. The average physical properties of the steel are k=38 W/m.K and alpha=0.0381
2
m .h.
6 What length of time is required to heat a 2.5 cm diameter, 5 cm long copper cylinder (k=380 W/mK) from
16 deg C to 93 deg C iin a furnace whose temperature is 315 deg C? the value of h at the cylinder surface is
2 2
204 Kj/h.m K and its thermal diffusivity is 0.186 m /s.
7 A slab of meat 25.4 mm thick originally at a uniform temperature of 10deg C is to be cooked from both
sides until the center reaches 121 deg C in an oven at 177 deg C. The convection coefficient can be assumed
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constant at 25.6 W/m K. Neglect any latent heat changes and calculate the time required. The thermal
2 -4 2
conductivity is 0.69 W/m K and the thermal diffusivity 5.85 x 10 m /h. Use the Heisler Chart.
8 In orange growing areas, the freezing of the oranges on the trees during cold nights is economically
important. If the oranges are initially at a temperature of 21.1 deg C, calculate the center temperature of
the orange if exposed to air at -3.9 deg C for 6 hours. The oranges are 102 mm in diameter and the
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convective coefficient is estimated as 11.4 W/m K. The thermal conductivity k is 0.431 W/mK and
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a=4.68x 10 m /h. neglect any latent heat effects.
9 A large piece of aluminum that can be considered a semi-infinite solid initially has a uniform
temperature of 505.4K. The surface is suddenly exposed to an environment at 338.8K with a surface
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convection coefficient of 455W/m K. Calculate the time in hours for the temperature to reach 388.8K at a
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depth of 25.4 mm. The average physical properties are a=0.340 m /h and k-208W/mK.
10 A cylincrical steel shaft 10 cm. in diameter and 2.4 m long is heat treated to give it desired physical
properties. It is heated to a uniform temperature of 600 deg C and then plunged into an oil bath which
maintains the surface temperature at 150 deg C. Calculate the radial temperature profile at 2 min and at 3 min
after immersion.
11 A current of 250 A is passing through a stainless steel wire having a diameter of 5.08 mm. The wire is 2.44
m long and has resistance of 0.0843 ohm. The outer surface is held constant at 427.6 K. The thermal
conductivity is k 22.5 W/m K. Calculate the center-line temperature at steady state.
1|Page Prepared by : Er Dhiraj Parkash Dhiman
SWAMI VIVEKANAND INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
HEAT TRANSFER
Tutorial Sheet 2.
Convection
1) A bare stainless-steel tube having an outside diameter of 76.2 mm and an E of 0.55 is placed horizontally in
air at 294.2K. The pipe surface temperature is 366.4K. Calculate the value of hC + hr for convection plus
radiation and the heat loss for 3m of pipe.
2) A vertical cylinder 76,2 mm in diameter and 121,9 mm high is maintained at 397,1 0K. At its surface. It losses
heat by natural convection to air at 294,3 K. Heat is losses from the cylindrical side and the flat circular and
at the top. Calculate the heat loss neglecting radiation losses. Use the simplified equation of table 4.7-2 and
those equation for the lowest range of NGr NPr, the equivalent L to use for the top flat surface it 0,9 times
the diameter.
3) Repeat Problem 4.3-3 for heat loss in the double window. However include a convective coefficient of h=11.35
2
w/m K on one outside surface of one side of the window and an h of 11.35 on the other outside surface. Also
calculate the Convection, Conduction, and Overall U.
· A gas at 450 K is flowing inside a 2-in. steel pipe, schedule 40. The pipe is insulated with 51 mm of lagging
having a mean k = 0.0623 W/mK. The convective heat-transfer coefficient of the gas inside the pipe is 30.7
W/m2 · K and the convective coefficient on the outside of the lagging is 10.8. The air is at a
temperature of 300 K.
A.Calculate the heat loss per unit length of 1 m of pipe using resistances.
B. Repeat, using the overall Uo based on the outside area Ao.
4) A rectangular furnace with inside dimensions of 1.0 x1.0 x 2.0 m has a wall thickness of 0.20m. The k of the
walls is 0.95 W/m.K. The inside of the furnace is held at 800K and the outside at 350K. Calculate the total
heat loss from the furnace.
5) A large piece of aluminum that can be considered a semi-infinite solid initially has a uniform
temperature of 505.4K. The surface is suddenly exposed to an environment at 338.8K with a surface
2
convection coefficient of 455W/m K. Calculate the time in hours for the temperature to reach 388.8K at a
2
depth of 25.4 mm. The average physical properties are a=0.340 m /h and k-208W/mK.
6) A large slab of beef is 45.7 mm thick and is at an initial uniform temperature of 37.78oC. It is being chilled at
the front surface in a chilled air blast at -1.11 deg C with an convective heat-transfer coefficient of
2
h=38.0 W/m K. The rear face of the meat is insulated. The thermal conductivity of the beef is k=0.498
2 -4 2
W/m K and a=4.64x10 m /h, using a numerical method with five slices and M=4.0, calculate the
temperature profile after 0.27 h. Since there is a convective resistance, the value of N must be calculated.
Also equation (5.4-7) should be used.
7) Water at an average of 70oF is flowing in a 2-in. steel pipe schedule 40. Steam at 220oF is condensing on the
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outside of the pipe. The convective coefficient for the water inside the pipe is h=500 btu/hft . F and the
condensing steam coefficient on the outside is h=1500.
a) Calculate the heat loss per unit length of 1 ft pipe using resistances
b) Repeat , using the overall Ui based on the inside area Ai
c) Repeat using Uo
8) A hydrocarbon oil having the same physical properties as the oil in Example 4.5-5 enters at 1750F inside a pipe
having an inside diameter of 0.0303 ft and a length of 15 ft. The inside pipe surface temperature is constant at
3250 F. The oil is to be heated to 2500F in the pipe. How many lbm/h oil can be heated?
9) Cold water at -28.90C and 1 atm is recirculate at a velocity of 0.61 m/s over the exposed top flat surface of a
piece of frozen meat. The sides and bottom of this rectangular slab of meat are insulated and the top surface is
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254 mm by 254 mm square. If the surface of the meat is at -6. C, predict the average heat transfer coefficient
to the surface.
10) Air at a pressure of 101.3 kPa and a temperature of 188.8 k is flowing over a thin, smooth flat plate at
3.05 m/s. The plate length in the direction of flow is 0,305 m and is at 333.2 K. Calculated the heat transfer
coefficient assuming laminar flow.
2|Page Prepared by : Er Dhiraj Parkash Dhiman
SWAMI VIVEKANAND INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
HEAT TRANSFER
Tutorial Sheet No .3
Radiation
1) A space satellite in the shape of a sphere is travelling in outer space, where its surface temperature is held
at 283.2K. The sphere ”sees” only outer space, which day be considered as a black body with a
temperature of 0 K. The polished surface of the sphere of the sphere has an emissivity of 0.1. Calculate the heat
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loss per m by radiation.
2) A piece of paper is left on top of a projector in an air-conditioned room whose wall and air temperatures are
at 17°C. The paper is 11 by 8.5 square inches and the heat from the projector is ma i nta i ni n g the paper’s
temperature at 40°C. Find the heat transferred by radiation. Assume emissivity does not vary with
temperature.
3) A horizontal oxidized steel pipe carrying steam and having an OD of 0.1683 m has a surface temperature
of 374.9K and is exposed to air at 297.1K in a large enclosure. Calculate the heat loss for 0.305 m of pipe
from natural convective plus radiation. For steel pipe, use and E of 0.79.
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4) Two parallel black plates 0.5 by 1.0 m are spaced 0.5 m apart. One plate is maintained at 1000 C and the other
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at 500 C. What is the net radiant heat exchange between the two plates?
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5) A horizontal heated plate of dimensions 1.0m by 1.0m is heated to 50.0 C. The air over the plate is at a
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temperature of 25 C. What is the total heat flux from the plate to the air? The emissivity of the plate is 0.89.
6) A small oxidized horizontal metal tube with an OD of 0.0254m (1 in.), 0.61m (2ft) long, and with a surface
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temperature at 588K (600 F) is in a very large furnace enclosure with fire-brick walls and the surrounding air
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at 1088K (1500 F). The emissivity of the metal tube is 0.60 at 1088K and 0.46 at 588K. Calculate the heat
transfer to the tube by radiation using Si and English units.
7) Two parallel gray planes which are very large have emissivities of E1=0.8 and E2=0.7; surface 1 is at
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1100 F (866.5K) and surface 2 at 600 F(588.8K). Use English and SI units for the following:
a. What is the net radiation from 1 to 2?
b. If the surfaces are both black, what is the net radiation?
8) A bare stainless-steel tube having an outside diameter of 76.2 mm and an E of 0.55 is placed horizontally in
air at 294.2K. The pipe surface temperature is 366.4K. Calculate the value of hC + hr for convection plus
radiation and the heat loss for 3m of pipe.
9) Two very large and parallel planes each have an emissivity of 0.7. Surface 1 is at 866.5K and surface2 is at
588.8K. Use SI units.
a. What is the net radiation loss of surface 1?
b. To reduce this loss, two additional radiation shields also having an emissivity of
0.7 are placed between the original surfaces. What is the new radiation loss?
10) A small, cold package having an area A1 and emissivity E1 is at temperature T1. It is placed in a warm
room with the walls at T2 and an emissivity E2.), Derive the view factor for this and the equation for the
radiation heat transfer.
3|Page Prepared by : Er Dhiraj Parkash Dhiman
SWAMI VIVEKANAND INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
HEAT TRANSFER
TUTORIAL SHEET ON. 4
HEAT EXCHANGERS:
1. In a fire-tube boiler, hot products of combustion flowing through an array of thin- walled tubes are used to
boil water flowing over the tubes. At the time of installation, the overall heat transfer coefficient was 400
W/m2.K. After 1 year of use, the inner and outer tube surface are fouled, with corresponding fouling factor of
R”f, i =0.0015 and R” f , o =0.0005 m2.K/W, respectively. Should the boiler be scheduled for cleaning of tube
surfaces?
2. A steel tube (K = 50 W/m.K) of inner and outer diameter Di = 20mm and DO = 2 6 m m , respectively, is used to
transfer heat from hot gases flowing over the tube (hh =200W/m2.K) to cold water flowing through the tube (hc =
8000W/m2.K). What is the cold- side overall heat transfer coefficient Uc? To enhance heat transfer, 16 straight fins
of rectangular profile are installed longitudinally along the outer surface of the tube. The fins are equally spaced
around the circumference of the tube, each having a thickness of 2mm and a length of 15mm. What is the
corresponding overall heat transfer coefficient Uc?
3. Water at a rate of 45,500 kg/h is heated from 80 to150ºC in a heat exchanger having two shell passes and eight
tube passes with a total surface area of 925m2. Hot exhaust gases having approximately the same thermo-
physical properties as air enter at 350ºC and exit at 175ºC. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient.
4. The properties and flow rates for the hot and cold fluids of a heat exchanger are shown in the
following table. Which fluid limits the heat transfer rate of the exchanger? Explain your choice.
Hot Fluid: Density, Kg/m3=997 Specific heat, J/Kg.K=4179
Thermal conductivity, W/m.K=0.613 Viscosity, N.s/m2=8.55*10 -4
Flow rate, m3/h=14
Cold Fluid: Density, kg/m3=1247 Specific heat , J/kg.K=2564
Thermal conductivity, W/m.K=0.287 Viscosity, N.s/m2=1.68 10-4
Flow rate, m3/h=16
5. A shell-and-tube exchanger (two shells, four tube passes) is used to heat 10,000kg/h of pressurized water from
35 to 120ºC with 5000 kg/h pressurized water entering the exchanger at 300oC. If the overall heat transfer
coefficient is 1500W/m2, determine the required heat exchanger area.
6. A counter flow, concentric heat exchanger used for engine cooling has been in service for an extended period.
The heat transfer surface area of the exchanger is 5m2, and the design value of the overall convective coefficient
is 38 W/m2K. During a test run, engine oil flowing at 0.1 kg/s is cooled from 110ºC to 66ºC by water supplied at
a temperature of 25ºC and a flow rate of 0.2 kg/s. Determine whether fouling has occurred during the service
period. If so, calculate the fouling factor.
7. A two-fluid heat exchanger has inlet and outlet temperature of 65 and 40ºC for the hot fluid and 15 and 30ºC
for the cold fluid. Can you tell whether this exchanger is operating under counter flow or parallel flow
conditions? Determine the effectiveness of the heat exchanger.
8. An ocean thermal energy convection system is being proposed for electric power generation. Such a system is
based on the standard power cycle for which the working fluid is evaporated, passed through a turbine, and
subsequently condensed. The system is to be used in very special location for which the oceanic water
temperature near the surface is approximately 300 K, while the temperature at reasonable depths is
approximately 280 K. The warmer water is used as a heat source to evaporate the working fluid, while the
colder water is used as a heat sink for condensation of fluid.
Consider a power plant that is to generate 2 MW of electricity at efficiency (electric power output per heat input)
of 3%. The evaporator is a heat exchanger two passes. If the working fluid evaporated at its phase change
temperature of 290K, with ocean water entering at 300K and leaving at 292K, what is the heat exchanger area
required for the evaporator. What flow rate must be maintained for the water passing through evaporator? The
overall heat transfer coefficient mat be approximated as 1200W/m2.K.
9. Saturated process steam at 1 atm is condensed in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger (one shell, two tube passes).
Cooling water enters the tubes at 15ºC with an average velocity of 3.5m/s. The tubes are thin-walled and made
of copper with a diameter of 14mm and length of 0.5m. The convective heat transfer coefficient for condensation
on the outer surface of the tubes is 21,800 W/m2.K.
(a) Find the number of tubes/pass required to condense 2.3 kg/s of steam.
(b) Find the outlet water temperature.
4|Page Prepared by : Er Dhiraj Parkash Dhiman
SWAMI VIVEKANAND INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
HEAT TRANSFER
(c) Find the maximum possible condensation rate that could be achieved with the heat exchanger using the
same water flow rate and inlet temperature.
(d) Using the heat transfer surface area found in part (a), plot the water outlet temperature and steam condensation
rate for water mean velocities in the range from 1 to 5 m/s. Assume that the shell-side convection coefficient
remains unchanged.
10. The oil in an engine is cooled by air in a cross-flow heat exchanger where both fluids are unmixed. Atmospheric
air enters at 30oC and 0.53 kg/s. Oil at 0.026 kg/s enters at 75oC and flows through a tube of 10mm diameter.
Assuming fully developed flow and constant wall heat flux, estimate the oil-side heat transfer coefficient. If the
overall convection coefficient is 53W/m2.K and the total heat transfer area is 1 m2, determine the effectiveness.
What is the exit temperature of the oil?
11. The condenser of a large steam power plant is a heat exchanger in which steam is condensed to liquid water.
Assume the condenser to be a shell-and-tube heat exchanger consisting of a single shell and 30,000 tubes, each
executing two passes.The tubes are of thin wall construction with D = 25mm, and steam condenses on their outer
surface with an associated convection coefficient of ho = 11,000 W/m2.K. The heat transfer rate that must be
effected by the exchanger is q = 2 x 109 W, and this is accomplished by passing cooling water through the tubes at
a rate of 3 x 104 kg/s (the flow rate per tube is therefore 1 kg/s). The water enters at 20ºC, while the steam
condenses at 50ºC. What is the temperature of the cooling water emerging from the condenser? What is the
required tube length L per pass?
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