Introduction
Electric Power System
“Distribution System Installations to be grounded”
1.1 Introduction:
With the advent of need to enormous energies for use in the everywhere activities
of civilized man, there, has been a rapid increase in the production and usage of
electrical energy
The installations of an electric power system thus, serve for:
1. Generation f electric energy at the suitable sites.
2. Transmission of the generated energy to locations of load centers.
3. Distribution of energy among the individual consumers. All is being
done for the aim of continuous supply of the consumer with low
cost electric energy at the required standard voltages and
frequency, with the admittance of only small specified variations.
1.2 Generating Plants:
Generators operating at the power stations are the power sources. The following
types of power generation plants are used:
1.2.1 Thermal Or Steam Power Stations:
In a steam power station, fuel (coal or petrol products) gives up its heat of
combustion to boilers which deliver steam at high temperatures and pressures to
steam turbines. The steam loses heat energy in driving the turbines, which are
coupled directly or through gearings to electrical generators. Figure (1) shows a
schematic illustration of a thermal power station arrangement.
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Figure (1) Thermal Power station arrangement
1.2.2 Hydraulic Power Stations:
These make use of the costless enormous energy of water falls. Such water heads
operate hydraulic turbines that are coupled to electric generators
1.2.3 Nuclear Power Stations:
While fuel is the source of heat energy in thermal power stations, it is made use of
the physical principles of nuclear fission to produce heat energy used in nuclear
power stations.
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1.4 Transmission Networks:
In order to keep the costs of electric power distribution as low as possible, it is best
to have the generating stations near the center of loads. However, the necessity to
an abundant supply of cooling water for condensers, the requirement of low cost of
fuel transportation or the presence of water falls are determining factors of the
sites of generating stations.
With the advent of high voltage, it became quite reasonable to build power stations
where generation facilities are present and transmit the electric energy as far as
the loads area.
Figure (2) shows a typical AC system, where the power is generated at 13.8 kV
very far from the load area transmitted at 380 kV until the reach of the load area .
There, the voltage is stepped down to 132 kV, sometimes to facilitate the
transmission inside the area (e.g. to use 132 kV cables inside a large city) . The
voltage is further stepped down to 33 kV, then to 13.8 kV to feed factories and into
380 V to feed domestic uses and for street lighting.
With the use of high voltage in power transmission networks, the following
purposes are reached:
1. The voltage level is maintained at the receiving end. This is because, for the
same transmitted power, smaller currents flow in the circuit at higher voltage.
Thus, a smaller value or voltage drop; will be obtained.
2. Smaller power is lost in the transmission network.
This is because of the smaller current flowing in the circuit for a given power.
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3. From the economical point of view, smaller conductor sections are required for
transmitting large powers at higher voltages used.
On the other hand, with the use of higher voltage for transmission, problems are
confronted by transmission engineers. Complicated problems of insulation are met
with. More and more advanced high voltage equipment and switchgear are
required.
Figure (2-b) presents a single line diagram of HV/MV Substation
15 Distribution Networks:
As the transmitted-energy at high voltage becomes at the reach of the load area, it
is received at step down transformer stations, voltage is stepped down to the
convenient voltages for transmission and distribution inside the area, Fig. (2) Fig.
(3) presents typical distribution system arrangement.
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1.5.1 Electric Power Distribution System Schemes And Installations;
Systems Operations:
For the objective of studying the distribution system operation and maintenance, a
full understanding of networks schemes commonly used is necessary. Such
schemes shall indicate the distribution system installations as well as the
equipment included, where operation and maintenance of the distribution system
will deal with.
For this objective, detailed schemes are presented in Appendix A.1.1
Hence , the operation rules and regulations are discussed at the respective
schemes.
Also, Appendix A.I.2 presents the regulations for the substation operation for the
first time and testing’s.
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Fig. (2-b)
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Fig. (2-b) Substation Arrangement-Single Line Diagram
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Fig. (3a.) Distribution Transformers Loops Fed From A Distribution Point or
Different Sections Of The 66/11KV Substation.
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Fig. (3-b) Single line diagram of a transformer point 500kva 11/380 Kv
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