Advance Topics in Wireless Networking & Communications ESC 716

Solution Assignment No. 1 08-Apr-2020

Max Marks 100 Marks

1. a) A satellite is orbiting the earth. Which of the following variables will affect the speed of the
satellite? Please justify your answer.
i. Mass of the satellite
ii. Height above the earth's surface
iii. Mass of the earth
(12.5)
SOLUTION
1/2
a) As seen in the equation v = (G x Mcentral / R) , the mass of the central body (earth) and the
radius of the orbit affect orbital speed. The orbital radius is in turn dependent upon the height
of the satellite above the earth.

b). A geosynchronous satellite is a satellite which orbits the earth with an orbital period of 24 hours,
thus matching the period of the earth's rotational motion. A special class of geosynchronous
satellites is a geostationary satellite. A geostationary satellite orbits the earth in 24 hours along an
orbital path which is parallel to an imaginary plane drawn through the Earth's equator. Such a
satellite appears permanently fixed above the same location on the Earth. If a geostationary
satellite wishes to orbit the earth in 24 hours (86400 s), then how high above the earth's surface
24 6
must it be located? (Given: Mearth = 5.98x10 kg, Rearth = 6.37 x 10 m)
(12.5)
SOLUTION

As shown in the diagram at the right, the

radius of orbit for a satellite is equal to the
sum of the earth's radius and the height
above the earth. The radius of orbit can
2. a) What is Julian Dates and find the Julian dates corresponding to 7 h UT on September 20, 1995.
(8)
0
b) The inclination of an orbit is 65 . What is the greatest latitude, north and south, reached by the
subsatellite point? Is this retrograde or prograde orbit? (4)

c) An artificial Earth satellite is in an elliptical orbit which brings it to an altitude of 275 km at

perigee and out to an altitude of 450 km at apogee. Calculate

i. The orbital period in seconds and in minutes with a precision of 0.05 seconds. (8)

ii. The satellite passes through apogee at 10:30:00 GMT on July 15, 2007. On what date and at
what time is the satellite next at perigee? (5)
5 3 2
(Kepler’s constant, μ= 3.986004418 × 10 km /s )
SOLUTION

a) Julian date is the time from present to a reference time of 12 noon (12:00 UT) on January 1 in the
year 4713 B.C. The reference time is called zero Julian time.
The Julian date corresponding to 7h UT on September 20, 1995 can be calculated:

 Julian date at the beginning of 1995: J0.0= 2,400,000 +49,717.5

 Day number for 20 September :
Day number at noon August 31 is 243.5. So, the beginning of August is 31 is 243.
Day number at the beginning of September 20 = 243+ 20=263
• UT day = 7/24 = 0.2916
Therefore, Julian day at to 7h UT on September 20, 1995 is:
JD =J0.0 + day number + UT day = 2,400,000 +49,717.5 + 263 + 0.2916= 2,449,980.792
b)
SOLUTION

65
0
650

From the figure above, the maximum north and south latitude of sub-satellite point = inclination angle
0 0
= 65 N and 65 S.
0 0
Since the inclination angle i=65 <90 , it is a prograde orbit.

a) (i) Perigee latitude : Hp = 275 km Apogee altitude Ha = 450 km

Distance from the apogee to the center of the earth

ra = Ha + RE = 450 + 6371 = 6821 km

Distance from the perigee to the center of the earth

rp = Hp + RE = 275 + 6371 = 6646 km

In addition ra = a (1+e) and rp = a (1-e), So

𝑟𝑎 𝑎 (1 + 𝑒) (1 + 𝑒)
= =
𝑟𝑝 𝑎 (1 − 𝑒) (1 − 𝑒)
⇒
6821 (1 + 𝑒)
=
6646 (1 − 𝑒)

⇒ 𝑒 = 0.01299

𝑟𝑝 6646
⇒ 𝑎= = = 6733.47 𝑘𝑚
1−𝑒 1−0.01299

Orbital period of the satellite can be obtained as:

2𝜋.𝑎3/2 2𝜋 (6733.47)3/2
𝑇= = = 5496 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝜇1/2 (3.986004418 𝑥105 )1/2

𝑻 = 𝟗𝟏. 𝟔 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒔

c) ii Time at apogee is 10:30:00 GMT on July 15, 2007. So, satellite needs half of orbital period
to reach the perigee. Satellite will reach perigee at time of 10:30:00 GMT on July 15, 2008 +
T/2.
𝑇 91.6
= = 45 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 + 48 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
2 2

So the satellite will reach the perigee at 11:15:48 GMT on July 15, 2007

3. Given that,
Semi-major axis, a = 14,000 km
Eccentricity, e = 0.0016
0
Argument of perigee, w = 72
0
Right ascension of ascending node, Ω = 102
0
Inclination angle, i = 50
0
Mean anomaly, M = 62
Time = 9:30 PM; October 17, 2006.

Find: a) Sub-satellite longitude and latitude. (20)

b) The period of revolution of the satellite (05)

SOLUTION
a) For sub satellite latitude and longitude
 𝑀 = 𝐸 − 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐸 ⇒ 62 = 𝐸 − 0.0016 sin 𝐸

By using trial and error method we can find the value of 𝐸 ≈ 620

Radial Coordinates

𝑟𝑜 = 𝑎 (1 − 𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐸) = 13989.48 𝑘𝑚

Now, to find the angular coordinate, 𝜑0

𝑎 (1 − 𝑒 2 )
𝑟0 = ⟹ 𝜑0 = 62.10
1 + 𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑0

The Cartesian coordinates of the satellite in orbital plan are calculated as:

𝑥0 = 𝑟0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑0 = 6546.095 𝑘𝑚
𝑦0 = 𝑟0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜑0 = 12,363.422 𝑘𝑚

No, to find geometric equatorial coordinates

𝑥𝑖 −0.6622 0.0034 0.7493 6546.095

[𝑦𝑖 ] = [ 0.1752 −0.9716 0.1593] [ 12,63.42 ]
𝑧𝑖 0.7286 0.2367 0.6428 0
𝑥𝑖 −4292.788
𝑦
[ 𝑖 ] = [−10,865.42]
𝑧𝑖 9695.91

For time 9:30 PM Oct 17, 2006, now calculate Julian date

𝐽𝐷 = 𝐽𝐷0.0 + 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 + 𝑢 = 𝑈𝑇𝑑𝑎𝑦

1 30
𝐽𝐷 = 2,400,000 + 53,735.5 + 273 + 17 + (21 + ) ⇒ 2,454,026.396
24 60

Elapsed time

𝑇𝑐 = 𝐽𝐷 − 2415020⁄36525 ⇒ 1.06192 𝐽. 𝐶

Now, calculate right ascension of the Greenwich meridian at 0 h UT

𝑎𝑔,0 = 99.6909833 + 36000.7689𝑇𝑐 + 0.00038708𝑇𝑐 2 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 ⇒ 38,545.632550

Now
Ω𝑒 𝑇𝑒 = 𝑎𝑔,0 + 0.25068447𝑡 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 ⇒ 38,869.015510 where t = 21 hrs 30 mint = 1290 mints
Coordinates of the satellite in rotating system are given as:

𝑥𝑟 cos(38,869.1551) sin(38,869.1551) 0 −4292.788

[𝑦𝑟 ] = [−sin(38,869.1551) cos(38,869.1551) 0] [−10,865.42]
𝑧𝑟 0 0 1 9695.91
𝑥𝑟 −2171.7793
[𝑦𝑟 ] = [−11479.05724]
𝑧𝑟 9695.91

Sub-satellite latitude will be

𝑧𝑟
𝐿𝑠 = 900 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 [ ] ⇒ 24.60 𝑁
(𝑥𝑟2 + 𝑦𝑟2 + 𝑧𝑟2 )1⁄2

Since 𝑥𝑟 ≤ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑟 ≤ 0 , So longitude is

𝑥𝑟
𝑙𝑠 = 90 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (| |) ⇒ 100.710 𝑊
𝑦𝑟

b) The period of revolution of the satellite

According to Kepler’s third law

2𝜋. 𝑎3⁄2
𝑇= ⇒ 16477.18 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 ⇒ 𝟒 𝒉𝒓𝒔 𝟑𝟒 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝟑𝟕 𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝜇 1⁄2
If the satellite begins its revolution at 9:30 PM , Oct 17, 2006, it will finish the journey at 3:04:37
AM Oct 18, 2006.

4. Calculate the look angles for the following cases:

Satellite Position Earth Station Location
0
(a) 29 E Karachi (12.5)
0 0 0
N
(b) 65 E 40 W and 45 N (12.5)
290 670
SOLUTION 240
a) Given ls= 290 E W
Kar E
Earth station is located at Karachi
Le = 240 N SPP
le = 670 E

S
First we will find central angle

cos(𝛾) = cos(𝐿𝑒) cos(𝑙𝑠 − 𝑙𝑒) ⇒ 𝛾 = 43.960

Elevation angle will be calculated as:

El =39.340

a = |ls - le| = 380

c= |Le - Ls| = 240
s=0.5(a+c+γ) = 52.980

𝛼 𝛼
tan2 = 0.368 ⇒ tan = 0.60668 ⇒ 𝛼 = 62.4880
2 2

Because the SSP is at the southeast of earth station leading to azimuth angle

Az = 180 + α ⇒ 242.4880

b) Given
ls= 650 E
le = 400 W = -400
Le = 450 N
N

400 650
450
ES
W
E
SPP

S
 N
0
+90

0
+90
-90
0 E
W 0

0
-90
S

cos(𝛾) = cos(𝐿𝑒) cos(𝑙𝑠 − 𝑙𝑒)

cos(𝛾) = cos(45) cos(65 + 45) ⇒ 𝛾 = 103.990

El = 22.030

a = |ls - le| = |65+45| = 1100

c = |Le - Ls| = 450
s = 0.5 (a + c + γ) = 129.490

α = 97.270

Because the SSP is at the south east of the earth station leading the azimuth angle of :

Az = 180 - α = 82.730