ေလ့လာမိသမွ် ဆယ္တန္းရူပ(တကၠသိုလ၀

္ င္တန္းအဆင့္) U R Kar Phyo ( BEd )

CHAPTER 1; WORK DONE AND POWER

Work done ( )
 ၄ (work)

 ၍ ၍
 ၏

W = 

 W = F s cos or) W = F cos

 ‘ ’ ( )

Power ( )
 power ( )
 concept
 Power concept
 Power ၏

Machine ( )


၏
( " " 20N
၍ ’ ’ 20N )
 (၃) (1) The lever (eg a crowbar) (2) The inclined plane ( eg. a screwjack) (3)
The hydraulic press ( eg brake system of a car )

Mechanical advantage ( ၏ )
 effort (P)
 ၄ (Load'W')
 load(W) effort(P) ၏ mechanical advantage(MA)( ၏
 mechanical advantage(MA)

velocity ratio ( )

၏ Velocity Ratio(VR)
1
 ေလ့လာမိသမွ် ဆယ္တန္းရူပ(တကၠသိုလ၀
္ င္တန္းအဆင့္) U R Kar Phyo ( BEd )
 VR MA VR MA ၍

 VR one

Input work and output work

 ” effort
(
 load (

Efficiency
 Output work input work ၏
 efficiency

Perfect machine
 efficiency 100% (perfect machine)
 perfect machine output work input work
 ၁ % input work
output work

Elasticity
 elasticity ( ) ( )

Elastic limit ( / )
 ၄ ၏

elastic limit

 ၍
’ la

2
 ေလ့လာမိသမွ် ဆယ္တန္းရူပ(တကၠသိုလ၀
္ င္တန္းအဆင့္) U R Kar Phyo ( BEd )

Work done ( )
၁ ၄ (work)

၍
၍
၂ ၏

W = 

 W = F s cos or) W = F cos

၃ ‘ ’ ( )

၄ ၏ joule, erg, foot-pound

၁ ၄ (work)

၍
၍
(work)
၏
၍ ၍

" ”
( )

၂ ၏

(၁ )

၏
( )

၏ ၅
၁

3
ေလ့လာမိသမွ် ဆယ္တန္းရူပ(တကၠသိုလ၀
္ င္တန္းအဆင့္) U R Kar Phyo ( BEd )
၏
၏ ၏

quantity Symbol
work W
Force applied F
displacement S

(work) W=F.s

၏ ၏

‘ ’
F
၏
s
(positive)
၏ W = F s (or) W= F.d
၏ ၍
၍ (negative)

၏ W = 
၏
 ၏ X - Y component
X component

F


W = F s cos 

 W = F s cos or) W = F cos

( ) ၏

W = F s cos W = F s cos 90

” "h" " "

၏ " "

4
 ေလ့လာမိသမွ် ဆယ္တန္းရူပ(တကၠသိုလ၀
္ င္တန္းအဆင့္) U R Kar Phyo ( BEd )
၏ ၏ (weight)

၏ W= F.s
W= Fs
F=w h w(weight) h(height) )

w W= wh
weight, w=mg
W= mgh

၄ ၏ joule, erg, foot-pound

Force(F) Displacement Work done

SI newton metre Joule
C.G.S dyne centimetre erg
F.P.S pound foot foot-pound

equivalent unit of joule = newton - meter , equivalent unit of erg = dyne -centimetre
1N ၏ l

ala a

POWER
၁ power ( )
concept
၂ Power ၏ watt, erg per second, foot-pound per second

၃ Power concept

၄ Power ၏

၁ power ( )
concept
power ( )
(power)၏

power

5
 ေလ့လာမိသမွ် ဆယ္တန္းရူပ(တကၠသိုလ၀
္ င္တန္းအဆင့္) U R Kar Phyo ( BEd )
၃ ၏ (power)

Power

P= where, P= power, W= work done, t = time taken

၂ Power ၏ watt, erg per second, foot-pound per second

Power ၏ P=

Work done Time taken Power

SI Joule second watt
C.G.S erg second erg per second
F.P.S foot-pound second foot-pound per second

al a l
l power 1 watt

watt kilowatt (103W) megawatt (106W)

British engineering system power ၏
horse power 150pound

၏
1W =1Js-1, 1hp =746W = 746 x 107ergs-1 = 550 ft -lb s-1

၃ Power concept

(၂)

၍
power
( ) ၏ (power)
power

) ၍
၏

၏ (power)
power concept

6
 ေလ့လာမိသမွ် ဆယ္တန္းရူပ(တကၠသိုလ၀
္ င္တန္းအဆင့္) U R Kar Phyo ( BEd )
၄ Power ၏

၏
(power)

P=
P =power
W=F.s
F =force
v =velocity
P= =F. =Fv ( v= )

power (force) (velocity) ၏

Machine ( )
၁

၂
၏
၃ (၃) (1) The lever (eg a crowbar) (2) The inclined plane ( eg. a
screwjack) (3) The hydraulic press ( eg brake system of a car )

၁
၍

(machine)

(၁) ၍ ( )
(၂) ၍ ( ) ( )
(၃) ၍ ( )

၂
၏
'
၍
၏

" 20N
’ ’ 20N
7
 ေလ့လာမိသမွ် ဆယ္တန္းရူပ(တကၠသိုလ၀
္ င္တန္းအဆင့္) U R Kar Phyo ( BEd )

၃ (၃) (1) The lever (eg a crowbar) (2) The inclined plane ( eg. a
screwjack) (3) The hydraulic press ( eg brake system of a car )
( )
(၃) (၁) (၂ (၃

(lever)
၍

screwjack
၍ hydraulic
system

Hydraulic car brake

]

Mechanical advantage ( ၏ )
၁ effort (P)
၄ (Load'W')

8
 ေလ့လာမိသမွ် ဆယ္တန္းရူပ(တကၠသိုလ၀
္ င္တန္းအဆင့္) U R Kar Phyo ( BEd )
၂ load(W) effort(P) ၏ mechanical advantage(MA)( ၏

၃ mechanical advantage(MA)

၁ effort (P)
၄ (Load'W')

effort (P)
(Load'W')
pulley ၍
၏
l a

၂ load(W) effort(P) ၏ mechanical advantage(MA)( ၏

o d
Mechanical advantage (MA) =
effo

Mechanical advantage ၏ ” ၏ ” ၏

Load(W)၏ newton(N), dyne, l effort(P)၏

l MA unit
25N 100N ”
၏
o d
Mechanical advantage (MA) = = =4
effo
MA =4 ( ) ၄

၃ mechanical advantage(MA)

MA
MA=4 ၄
၄
၄
၏

velocity ratio ( )
၁
၏ Velocity Ratio(VR)

9
 ေလ့လာမိသမွ် ဆယ္တန္းရူပ(တကၠသိုလ၀
္ င္တန္းအဆင့္) U R Kar Phyo ( BEd )
၂ VR one

၁
၏ Velocity Ratio(VR)
1second 1second
၏ Velocity Ratio(VR)
( )
”

di nce moved by effo d

velocity ratio (VR) =
di nce moved by o d in he me ime

၂ VR one

”
‘ ’

‘ ” ”
၏ ၏

VR one
VR ၏
VR is always greater than one

VR
(load )၏

10
 ေလ့လာမိသမွ် ဆယ္တန္းရူပ(တကၠသိုလ၀
္ င္တန္းအဆင့္) U R Kar Phyo ( BEd )
Efficiency
၁

၂ output work ( )
၃ Output work input work ၏ efficiency

” input w effort
(
input work = effort (P) × distance moved by effort (d effort).

၂ output work ( )
”
( ) load (
Output work = load (W) x distance moved by load (dload)

effort
input work = effort (P) × deffort
deffort

effort
deffort output work = load(W) × dload. dload

load
dload
fulcrum load

deffort = ၏ dload = ၏

၃ Output work input work ၏ efficiency

𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
Efficiency = x 100 %
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘

efficiency၏ formula
output work load  distance moved by load
efficiency  100 %  100%
input work effort distance moved by effort
load distance moved by load
  100%
effort distance moved by effort
1
= MA  100%
VR
MA
efficiency   100%
VR

11
 ေလ့လာမိသမွ် ဆယ္တန္းရူပ(တကၠသိုလ၀
္ င္တန္းအဆင့္) U R Kar Phyo ( BEd )
Perfect machine
၁ efficiency 100% (perfect machine)

၂ ၁ %

၁ efficiency 100% (perfect machine)

efficiency 100% perfect machine

efficiency ၏ Efficiency = x 100 % 100%

output work input work output

work input work efficiency (100%) efficiency 100%
perfect machine perfect machine output work input work

perfect machine
efficiency 100% ( ) output work input work perfect machine

MA
effenciency ၏ efficiency   100%
VR
100% mechanical advantage velocity ratio
perfect machine
(၁) efficiency =100% (၂ (၃) MA = VR
(၃) perfect machine

၂ ၁ %
၏ output work
inpur work
output work efficiency 100%
100% efficiency

Elasticity and Elastic limit ( )

၁ elasticity ( ) ( )

၂
( )
၃ ၍
’ la

၁ elasticity ( ) ( )

12
 ေလ့လာမိသမွ် ဆယ္တန္းရူပ(တကၠသိုလ၀
္ င္တန္းအဆင့္) U R Kar Phyo ( BEd )

elasticity ( )
.
၂
( )

( )
sprin
၏ ( )
g

Limit limit
Limit elastic limit ( ) (a)

၏ elastic limit loa

(b) d
elastic body elastic limit

elastic body elastic

limit elastic limit

၃ ၍
’ la
elastic limit

၏ elastic limit ၍

elastic limit ၍

Robert Hooke
Hooke's law Hooke ”
a ”

’ La
quantity symbol formula
Applied force or stress F F x
Elongation or strain x F = kx (k=constant)

13
 ေလ့လာမိသမွ် ဆယ္တန္းရူပ(တကၠသိုလ၀
္ င္တန္းအဆင့္) U R Kar Phyo ( BEd )
Stress-strain graph
Hooke's law ၏ elastic limit
၍ stress( ) strain( )

၂
၂ ၂ ၄
၄
quantity a grap line straight line
Hooke's Law stress strain a
straight line
x (strain)

0 F (stress)
Fig: strain vs stress graph

stress strain ( )
stress strain
( ) graph line Straight line

stress X- strain Y-
elastic body
stress( ) strain( ) stress

stress X- Strain Y

14
 ေလ့လာမိသမွ် ဆယ္တန္းရူပ(တကၠသိုလ၀
္ င္တန္းအဆင့္) U R Kar Phyo ( BEd )
(၁)
ok
ok work done
(
( work done
)
)

( )
( )

work done
?( )
??
ok
??
( )

direction
?
?
( )
( )

(
)

ok
?

work done

)
work done W
F
Work
done
distance (d )
( s )

15
 ေလ့လာမိသမွ် ဆယ္တန္းရူပ(တကၠသိုလ၀
္ င္တန္းအဆင့္) U R Kar Phyo ( BEd )

= x ( cos
W=Fxs Sin )
work done formula
W = F.s ok F
Fcos@
Work done
Work may be defined as the product of force
applied and displacement.

ok ၍

?
(90° )

W = Fs cos@ 90°
??
(
) W= Fs cos90° cos90

( ( work done )
)

component " "

X., Y component
၂
( )
" " h
(
cosine )

16
 ေလ့လာမိသမွ် ဆယ္တန္းရူပ(တကၠသိုလ၀
္ င္တန္းအဆင့္) U R Kar Phyo ( BEd )
(၂)
' '

"power "

Power

weight = force
h
power
The rate of doing work is defined as power.
W = F.s
power
( ok )
weight w = mg

W = mgh
" "

" "

power
၁
၄ power

power

rate ( ) ၁
rate

rate ၁
)

17
 ေလ့လာမိသမွ် ဆယ္တန္းရူပ(တကၠသိုလ၀
္ င္တန္းအဆင့္) U R Kar Phyo ( BEd )
? ၂ ၁
power
)

ok (ok hp
P power
W work done )
t a watt erg per second foot- pound per second
hp
ok

work done 1 hp = 746 W = 746 x 107 erg per second

SI joule = 550 foot-pound per second
CGS erg
FPS foot-pound ok
Time taken unit system
Formula
P= W/ t
P= W/t formula ok
SI l l work done
watt
a l W= F.s
CGS P=> erg / secomd = erg per P=W/t = F.s/t
second
FPS foot- s/t velocity
( velocity v = s/t
)
P=W/t = F.s/t = Fv
SI --- watt
CGS ---- erg per second power force
FPS ----- foot-pound per second applied velocity

power (work done force applied displacement

power
) )

18
 ေလ့လာမိသမွ် ဆယ္တန္းရူပ(တကၠသိုလ၀
္ င္တန္းအဆင့္) U R Kar Phyo ( BEd )
(၃)

---------=
machine ' "
ok machine

" " 20N

20N
Ok

Machine
Machine is an appliance that enables work to be
) done.

3 idoits There are three types of simple machine.

(1) The lever (eg a crowbar)
(2) The inclined plane ( eg. a screwjack)
(3) The hydraulic press ( eg brake system of a car )
(
)

Mechanical Advantage (MA)

MA ???

MA

19
 ေလ့လာမိသမွ် ဆယ္တန္းရူပ(တကၠသိုလ၀
္ င္တန္းအဆင့္) U R Kar Phyo ( BEd )

????

effort (P)

(Load'W')
ll

effort(p). load(W)
ok ???

load(W) effort(P) MA

L a

Load (W) N, dyne, lb

effort (P) N, dyne.lb
MA unit

MA is unitless..
Mechanical advantage(MA)
The mechanical advantage of a machine is defined
as the ratio of a load (w) to an effort(P).

20