LNAT Practice Test 1

-t6 ,(
/ u,
Section A: Multiple Choice

There are 12 passages with 3 or 4 questions each, for a totat of 42

questions.

Time Limit: 95 minutes

Answer all of the questions that follow.

I Cultural Diversity

The phrase 'cultural diversity' refers to the manifold ways in which the cultures of
-
=
groups and societies find expression. These expressions are passed on within
and among groups and societies. Cultural diversity is made manifest not only
through the varied ways in which the cultural heritage of humanity is expresied,
augmented and transmitted through the variety of cultural expressions, but also
through diverse modes of arlistic creation, production, dissemination, distribution
and enjoyment, whatever the means and technologies used. Cultural diversity is

=
a rich asset for individuals and societies. The protection, promotion and
maintenance of cultural diversity are essential requirements for sustainable
development for the benefit of present and future generations.
.
Equitable access to a rich and diversified range of cultural expressions from all
over the world and access of cultures to the means of expressions and
dissemination constitute important elements for enhancing cultural diversity and
encouraging mutual understanding between and among nations.

When nations adopt measures to support the diversity of cultural expressions,

they should seek to promote, in an appropriate manner, openness to other
cultures of the world and to ensure that these measures are geared to the
't
Is
objectives pursued under present international law.

lmportantly, cultural diversity can be protected and promoted only if human rights
-

and fundamental freedoms, such as freedom of expression, infoimation and

communication, as well as the ability of individuals to choose cultural
expressions, are guaranteed. No one may infringe or limit human rights and
fundamentalfreedoms as enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human

Go
Rights or guaranteed by international law.

ln accordance with the principles of international law, nations have the sovereign
.

right to adopt measures and policies to protect and promote the diversity of -

cultural expressions within their own territories.

O Copyright 2018 LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Consortium Ltd does not endorse this material.
 The protection and promotion of the diversity of cultural expressions presuppose

zeo
-

the recognition of equal dignity of and respect for all cultures, including the
cultures of persons belonging to minorities and indigenous peoples.

lnternational cooperation and solidarity should be aimed at enabling countries,

=
especially developing countries, to create and strengthen their means of cultural
expression. This means of expression includes their cultural industries, whether
nascent or established, at the local, national and international levels.
Source: This is a very brief excerpt from 'Convention on the Protectron and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions',
Paris, 20 October 2005, Reproduced under the terms of the Click-Use Licence.

✓ What is the writer'simain argrmenil?

(a) Cultural diversity is the way in which cultures and societies

express themselves.
(b) Cultural diversity is a rich asset for individuals and societies. X
(c) Culturaldiversity should be accessed and disseminated equitably.
o
(d) Cultural diversity should be respected, protected and promoted.
(e) lnternational cooperation is needed in order to strengthen cultural
diversity.

,IAT
×
O
2 Which of the following is{an assumption)by the writer?

(a) Cultural expression will become more diverse with the advent of
f,TIO new technologies. ×
)U LI (b) Cultural diversity will prove to be more impodant for future
F THl generations than it is at the present time. ×
(c) Sovereign law should take precedence over international law in
\CH
{D I!
I
to (d)
matters relating to cultural diversity.
The needs of minorities and indigenous peoples are currently
more pressing that those of the majority.
{E PT (e) The cultural expression of developing countries is in more need of
protection at present than that of developed countries.
t
IE
✓
L
3. Which of the following can befinferredlrom the passage?
UEST =

u Esr (a) Cultural diversity has historically been supported by sovereign

law.
(b) Most societies do not recognize the worth of their cultural
expression.
(c) Many societies have problems with knowing how to express their
cultural heritage.

O(d) Human rights relating to culturalexpression have sometimes been

impinged upon in the past.

O Copyright 201 8
LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Consortium Ltd does not endorse this material.

②
 (e) The cultural expression of developing countries is beginning to
thrive due to recent legal developments.

ll Labour Demand and Supply

Employers use a range of different methods to recruit employees and employees

use a range of different methods to look for work. Where people who are looking
for work are using the same methods as employers are using to seek employees,
then a match between the two is likely. However, this is not always obvious to
either party, which limits the efficiency of the job-matching process.

lf there is balance in the local labour market, employers will be able to find
employees easily and people seeking work will be able to find jobs easily. At the
same time, the market price of jobs (wages and earnings) should arguably be
stable or rise in line with national trends.

Where employers cannot fill their vacancies with workers of the desired calibre,
they may report to surveys that they have 'hard-to-fill vacancies' or'skill-shortage
vacancies'and may also respond by raising the earnings offered to potential
recruits. Frequently earnings of existing workers should rise as increased
overtime is paid. ln the same way that motorrsts will pay increased prices for
- -

petrol when petrol supplies are scarce, rising earnings above the national or local
-
-

average will indicate some degree of excess of employer demand over labour
supply in the local area.

Normally, difficulties in filling vacancies are specific to particular occupations.

where these difficulties persist and employers respond by more actively
recruiting and increasing wage offers to recruits, people with similar skill sets
may move into that occupation, and/or people living outside the area may apply
for the jobs. This may, if continued, cause specific skill shortages to become
general labour shortages.

Skills shortages will continue to persist in occupations in local areas if employers

do not undertake remedial action now through changing recruitment, pay and
training practices. The changing nature of labour market demand may make it
difficult for employers to change their human resource practices and pay
structures, but employers must neve(heless respond to skill shortages within the
context of their management and staffing structures.

It is possible and indeed likely that skill shortages in one occupational group in a
local area will coexist with an excess of labour supply over employer demand
affecting other occupational groups. For example, in the city of London, there

O Copyright 2018 LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Consortium Ltd does not endorse this material.

,l*iq&n*,;*.';s ii#*Efll Me
 may well be a scarcity of Mergers and Acquisitions specialists, but a surplus of
people who wish to be cleaners.

Source: This is a very brief excerpt from 'Local labour market analysis', HC 33 Session 2007-2008,14 November 2007,
Reproduced under the terms of the Click-Use Licence

✓
4. When the writer talks about limits on the efficrency of the job-matching
process, her main argument is:
charging notum
(a) Normal market forces make it difficult for the job-matching process
to function effectively. t

O
(b)
(c)
Limits occur because potential employees sometimes do not
understand the means by which prospective employers filljobs.
Hard to fill vacancies place a strain on the job-matching process
(d) An imbalance in the job-matching process will result in a shortage
of jobs.
(e) A shortage of jobs leads to increased overtime pay.

✓
5. Which of the following can be inferred from the analogy between 'hard-to-
fill vacancies' and petrol shortages? → pg
shld be shortage
\IAT
(a) Petrol consumption✓ increases during periods of scarcity.
(b) lncreased demand causes prices to increase.
ATIOI a
(c) 'Scarcity' is defined as an excess of demand over supply.
)U LE (d) Reports to surveys often exacedcate the problems of shortages
(e) Shortages may cause consumers to accept inferior quality
F THT
supplies.

\CH (
\ID IS ×
6. Why does the writer provide an example in the last paragraph?

(a) To illustrate how specific skill shortages become general labour

HE PR
shortages
(b) To argue that employers must change their recruitment, pay and
HE L training practices
uEsrr (c) To demonstrate the difficulties employers face when trying to
change their human resource practices and pay structures in
UISTI order to respond to skill shortages

O (d) To exemplify the way in which labour shortages vary in different

geographical areas
(e) To show that employer demand varies locally for different
occupations

O Copyright 201 8 LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Consortium Ltd does not endorse this material.

④
 lll Courts and the Community

Due to recent positive developments in the judicial system in Great Britain,

⇐
extensive interaction now takes place between judges and court staff and the
community. This valuable interaction is carried out by the involvement of courts,
judges and staff with their communities through visiting schools, arranging visits
to courts, and open days. Such involvement is important because it promotes the
confidence of the public in the justice system. lncreasing understanding of and
participation in the system across all the various sections of the population is
fundamentally important to
achieving this aim.

Visits by local schools, as well as work experience placements, are now regular
features of the working life of courts. The Crown Court at Manchester Crow-n
square, for example, was visited by 45 school parties last year. There appears to
→
be greater participation in open days as weil as 'rnside Justice' week
programmes, charity events, police officer training and 'you be the Judge,
events, which have been particularly useful in increasing public confidence.

over 2,000 school students take part in the annual Bar National Mock rrial
=
Competition, organized by the Citizenship Foundation and sponsored by the Bar
council, the lnns of Court, and the local Bar circuits, and their scottish bnd
Northern lreland equivalents. Over 90 judges at all levels take part. Courts are
opened on Saturdays for local heats and the competition relies very heavily on
the work and assistance of judges, barristers and court staff.

The contribution of magistrates is illustrated by the Magistrates in the

Community Project (MiC), a Magistrates'Association initiative involving some
3,000 magistrates that has developed over the past few years to increise public
#
awareness of the role of magistrates in the criminal and civiljustice system.
Teams of magistrates attend primary, secondary, 6th form colleges, ichools,
community groups and employers to give a presentation, discuss how they are
appointed and speak about their work. As far as possible, presentations are
tailored to suit requests, whether it be an informalten-minute talk or a more
padicipative sentencing exercise such as acting out a mock trial.

ln addition to these activities, the work of the Diversity Community Relations

Judge (DCRJ) network, a group of 45 Circuit Judges spread around the circuits,
acts as a productive interface between the courts and local minority communities,
with a view to increasing the confidence of those communities in the justice
system, and for the judges better to understand the issues and needs of those
communities. Recent research claims that the DCRJ network has demonstrated
that the judiciary is no longer remote and unaware of how most people live.
some of the work undertaken by these judges has been arduous, involving

O Copyright 2018 LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or
tr
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Consortium Ltd does not endorse this material.
 arranging for community leaders, religious leaders, schools and colleges to visit
the courtl and meet the judges and court staff. lt has also involved the promotion
of working within the justice system, by taking part in justice related employment
events.

It is hoped that judges will receive more invitations to speak, in particular to

young people, at mosques, temples, churches and synagogues. Another
inticrpated positive outcome of the scheme is that the Diversity Community
Relations Judges will encourage members of all communities to have no fear in

#
engaging in court proceedings, and in seeking employment as part of the court
service, probation service, magistracy and the legal profession.
Source: Theprecedingtext isaverybrief excerptfrom TheLordChief Justice'sReviewof theAdministrationof
Justiceinthe

understanding
Courts', March 2008. Reproduced under the terms of the Click-Use Licence.
P
x7. Which of the following is the writer's main argument in support of
increasing the involvement of the court system within the communtty?

O
(a) lt in turn increases the involvement of the community within the
court system.
(b) lt helps to draw participants into the scheme from more diverse
sectors of the PoPulation.
(c) lt helps the public to feel more assured about the role of the court
NAT system within societY.
hrro (d) lt has a positive effect on the educational system.
OU L; (e) lt is essential in minimizing the impact of crime upon the
IF TH community.

ACH , x8. Which of the following is an assertion of opinion?

X
ND I: (a) Members of the court now visit schools on a regular basts.
HE PT (b) More than 2,000'students participate in the Mock Trial
Competition. sumo,
(c) The DCRJ acts as an intermediary between the courts and local
HEt minority communities.
LUEST (d) The DCRJ has attempted to increase the confidence of the public
in the judicial system.
LUEST
(e) The DCRJ is aware of how most people live nowadays. x

x9. The article states or implies all of the following except:

(a) There is much more interaction between the judiciary and the
public than there has been in the past. V
(b) The Mock Trial competition involves joint cooperation from a
number of organizations. ✓

O Copyright 201 8 LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Consortium Ltd does not endorse this material.
 ffi
[fr
Iri
:iiti
jlilii
iiifi
iii;i
'i;lll:
i'ii

(c) As a result of the MiC project, the public should now be more ✓
aware of the role of magistrates within the justice system.
(d) ln the future, people will have less fear about engaging in court

:
proceedings.
(e) The DCRJ's activities sometimes take place at religious venues.

lV Alternative Provision in Education

Alternative provision is education for children and young people who are unable
to be provided for in mainstream or in a special school. Local authorities are
required by law to make provision for all children of compulsory school age who
have been permanently excluded from school or who are othenruise without a
school place. Alternative provision is also used by schools for pupils who remain
on the school roll, but who need specialist help with learning, behavioural or
other difficulties.

At any one time just under 1 percent of pupils (70,000) are in some form of
alternative provision. many placements are short term, so the numbers of
students passing through alternative provision in any one year are about double
this, in other words approximately 135,000 pupils.

The great majority of alternative provision placements are of secondary age

pupils. About one third of placements are in the 450 local authority-run Pupil
Referral Units; the other two thirds are in other forms of alternative provision
commissioned by local authorities and schools. Other alternative provision
includes placements in fufther education, in private and voluntary sector
provision and in independent schools.

The statistics available for pupils in Pupil Referral Units tell us that 75o/o have
special educational needs, 91o/o aged 11-15, and 69% are boys.
t
ir

"ra
Only 1 percent of 15 year olds in Pupil Referral Units achieved 5 GCSEs at
grades A* to C or equivalent; 1'1.3 percent achieved 5 or more grades A* to G,
and 82.1 percent achieved 1 or more qualifications. This compares with 45.8
percent, 90.5 percent and 97.8 percent in mainstream schools. While there has
been some slight improvement over time, these outcomes remain very poor.

a
We must raise our expectations for these young people. The level of under-
achievement diminishes their future opportunities and is strongly associated with
poor job prospects and poor life chances. We recognize that many of the young
people for whom alternative provision caters are among the most challenging of
their generation. Many will have struggled to keep up at school and arrive in
alternative provision with very low prior attainment.

O Copyright 201 8 LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Conso(ium Ltd does not endorse this material.
 ⇐ -
We know that 75 percent of pupils in Pupil Referral Units have special
educational needs. Many of these will have social, emotional and behavioural
difficulties, which may mask underlying learning difficulties or a disability. While
there is some good and some outstanding alternative provision, there are
systemic weaknesses.

-
Source: This is a brief excerpt from 'Back on Track A strategy for modernrsing alternative provision for young people', May
2008. Reproduced under lhe terms of the Click-Use Licence

×
10. All of the following are statements of opinion except:
(a) The majority of children in Pupil Referral Units have special
needs.
(b)

:
Boys are more difficult to educate than girls.
(c) Young people should do better at school than they are at present
(d) The educational system in the UK is in great need of reform.
(e) Academic underachievement leads to criminal behaviour.

✓
11. What is the writer's main argument?

(a) The requirements of children with special educational needs are

often overlooked.
(b) Local authorities need to do more to help children who have been
excluded from school.
.NAT (c) lndependent schools manage the alternate provision better than
{nrto (d)
state schools.
'OU The present shortcomings in the alternative provision need to be
L
addressed.
)F TH (e) GSCE results for 15 year olds should be higher.

iecH
rND Il
X
12. Which of these do you think is an unstated assumption of the writer?
r ':^gl,6J / ,^(6tsl ft'u' {nr rr.r'
.HE (a) The statistics quoted in the passage are probably erroneously
PI understated. unstated
(b) The burden of improving the present state of affairs rests with the
iHr t
o
government.
LUEST
(c) Children are personally responsible for their own poor
performance at school.
LUTST (d) The situation described in the article will get worse before it gets
better.
(e) Parents should do more to help their children. ?

O Copyright 201 8 LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Consortium Ltd does not endorse this material.

⑤
 ffi
ffi
ffi
rffi,
l$g&l

V Recycling Old Computers to Save the Environment ffi'

]i
Many cities, towns and villages are now thinking about computer recycling as
well as W recycling methods to protect the environment and avoid possible soil
contamination. Because computers contain many parts that could release toxins
into the soil, city governments are seeking alternative ways to dispose of
antiquated computers, as well as alldisused electronic equipment. This
eventually will become a normal practice as more local councils become aware
of the potential danger of dumping computers and other electronic products into
landfills. Many activist groups are also spreading the word about computer
recycling and want to find better ways to dispose of electronic equipment.

(ln many cities, there are local electronic shops or recycling centres that will take
unwanted computers and other electronics, dismantle them, and place the parts
into the correct respective containers for disposal) This method of disposal will
soon become a necessity as the computer industry perpetually upgrades
operating systems. ln so doing, the industry effectively'enforces' a programme
whereby consumers have to replace old computers if they want to their
equipment keep upto-date. lf obsolete computers continue to be placed into
landfills as they have in the past, this situation will eventually cause
environmental issues that may then need to be addressed by the govemment.

The issue of recycling computers and other electronics has become a hot topic
and will continue to be addressed by conservatives and government officials in
order to protect the environment for us and for future generations: The average
consumer does not appreclate that computer monitors and television sets contain
gases and other toxins that leech into the soil if placed in landfill sites. lt is an
inevitability of nature that these gases will be released into the atmosphere as
well. This is a concern for all who have the ozone and air quality in mind. Simply
stated, the gases inside a monitor need to be released safely; without proper
release, the ground and air will become filled with these toxic gases.

ilt is vital that everyone disposes of their computer equipment properly by taking it
to a participating recycler in the area. A small fee will normally be charged for this
service, but it is money wisely spend to protect the environment. Nevertheless, it
is lamentable that Some computer users will dispose of their unwanted
equipment in a pile in a flytip somewhere in order to avoid paying this small fee,
rather than taking their equipment to a place that is accredited for safe disposal.

bne of the issues surrounding computer disposal is the thousands if not millions
of computers, printers and monitors as well as other electronics that are already
in landfills all over the world,. Many people express concern about ways to clean
up landfill sites that already have the electronics dumped there, but the cost
would be in the millions to do such a huge project of this sort. Others argue that

@ Copyright 2018 LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or c
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Consortium Ltd does not endorse this material.
 w
,ffi]
k*.

i{,
Jr1,

lil
lr!'

the electronics that have been in landfills for some time now should be left alone,
:t;ll,

having already done what harm they could do.

Printers just need the ink cartridges or toner cartridges removed before
dismanling them) Many retail electronic outlets have barrels for disposing of
empty printer cartridges, and some ink and toner manufactures even supply pre-
paid envelopes for sending the old cartridges back for recycling. These practices
i-rave been around for quite a while now, and they have substantially reduced the
quantity of cartridges being put in landfills.

Recycling old computers to save the environment is necessary and everyone has
, r"rponlibility to abide by this practice in order to protect and preserve land and
air quality. Wifh newer computer systems becoming readily available at
atfoiOaOte prices in order to keep up with the relentless march of technological
change, consumers are going to need new computers and other electronic
equiphent to keep up with our ever-changing world. More recycling centres are
needed urgently since the quantity of disused computer equipment will double, if
not triple, over the next few Years.

X13. ln the passage, the writer makes no claim about which of the following?

(a) the provision of recycling by retail electronic stores

ini the involvement of government officials in resolving the issue of
LNAT computer recYcling '
Nnrtc

:
(c) the harm done by computers already in landfills
YOU L (d) the propenslty of the average household to participate in local
OF TH recycling schemes
(e) the antiCipated future increase in the amount of obsolete computer
equipment .
EAC H
AND
THE PI
T:
✓ why
14. does the writer place the word 'enforces' in inverted commas in
paragraph 2?

THT I
(a) to provide emPhasis to the idea
(b) to show that the word is not used in its literal sense
qU EST (c) to indicate an exact quotation
Q!' E ST (d) to reveal her approval of the concept
(e) to distance herself from this statement

x15 Which of the following does not provide a logical step in the structure of
the writer's argument?

(a) ln many cities, there are localelectronic shops or recycling

centres that will take unwanted computers and other electronics,

O Copyright 2018 LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Consortium Ltd does not endorse this material.

'
 l!rElli
' r)il

dismantle them, and place the parts into the correct respective
containers for disposal.

:
(b) The issue of recycling computers and other electronics has
become a hot topic and will continue to be addressed by
conservatives and government officials in order to protect the
environment for us and for future generations.
(c) lt is vital that everyone disposes of their computer equipment
properly by taking it to a participating recycler in the area.
(d) One of the issues surrounding computer disposal is the thousands
if not millions of computers, printers and monitors as well as other
electronics that are already in landfills all over the world.
(e) Printers just need the ink cartridges or toner cartridges removed
before dismantling them.

X16. What is the main cause of environmental damage from computer disposal
today?

(a) Toxic gases from computers that are not disposed of properly are
being released into the earth and atmosphere.
(b) There is insufficient involvement of groups and organizations to
raise awareness about computer recycling.
(c) Some computer users dispose of their unwanted equipment in fly-
tips.
(d) There is a certain amount of apathy about ways to clean up landfill
sites that already have computer equipment dumped in them.
(e) More recycling centres are needed urgently since the quantity of
disused computer equipment will double in the future.
⑥

O Copyright 2018 LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or 11
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Consortium Ltd does not endorse this material.
 Vl The Search for Britain's Worst-Ever Monarch

fo
Picking Britain's worst-ever ruler is certainly no easy task. How does one pit
someone like the Saxon Ethelred the Unready with, say, the twentieth-century
Edward Vlll? ln spite of this, a group of high-profile historians have got together
with English Heritage and come up with a short list of the three top failures; a
trinity of shame, if you will.

The first on the blacklist is Mary I of Scotland. More commonly referred to as

Mary Queen of Scots, Mary I was crowned Queen of Scotland and betrothed to
the infant son of Henry Vlll before she was even nine months old. Coronated or
the 9th September, 1543,(Mary's reign was fraught with difficulties and bad
decisions that culminated in her own crushing incarceration and grisly executior

When her second husband, Lord Darnly, died in an explosion, Mary was
considered the prime suspect in his murder and seriously began to fall out of
favour with members of the Scottish court. She then severely exasperated the
controversy by marrying the other chief suspect in the case, the then Earl of
Bothwell, just three months after Darnly died.

(forceO to abdicate her position, Mary fled to England believing that Elizabeth I

would protect her from an uprising of her nobles) lnstead, the Queen of Englanc
LNAT was forced to inquire into the death of Darnly and threw Mary in prison.
Nlrro
YOU LI {ntt"rher death, Mary's reputation blossomed as a symbolic and romantic figure
A Catholic martyr, Mary Queen of Scots has never been officially canonized by
OF THl the church, but the intensity of her suffering at the hands of both Darnly and
Bothwell, and then Elizabeth, has led many to sympathize with her plight.
H
E.e.c r

AND IS ln spite of her more endearing treats (she was a renowned beauty and had
THE PT mastered several languages), if one is to judge the success of her ability to rule
then she certainly doesn't come off too well. The historian Sarah Gristwood, for
example, described her actions while Queen of Scotland as 'irresponsible to the
THT L point of criminality'. Whatever we may think of her personally, she was
Q!' E ST undoubtedly a lousy monarch.
qL, E ST
The second candidate in the top three is King George lV. Ruling as the Prince
Regent whilst his father, King George lll, was prone to bouts of madness, and
then as monarch from 1820-1830, George was a serial womanizer and huge

g
-

squanderer with lavish and gaudy tastes. Frivolous at a time of great social
distress, many of his subjects held the King as a fool and a playboy.

O Copyright 2018 LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Consortium Ltd does not endorse this material.
 ( Despite seeing Britain's victory over Napoleon's French military, George spent
far more time and money on expensive palaces) like the opulent Royal Pavilion at
Brighton and on his various affairs and strings of mistresses.

o
The final candidate on the shortlist is Edward ll. A terrible soldier, during
-

⇐
Edward's reign he managed to lose control of Scotland to Robert the Bruce at
Bannockburn in 1314. He also lavished expensive gifts and privileges on his
-
male favourites, especially the French knight Piers Gaveston, a relationship
which formed the basis of the king's rumoured homosexuality.

iEdward was forced to abdicate under grounds of incompetence and was

imprisoned.by his wife's family) Perhaps the most famous aspect of Edward's life
is,(ironically) his bJqlellglqss. Raphael Holinshed's sixteenth-century account of
Edward's murder has er{pured that - it has gone down in history as one of the most
= t
gruesome of all time. ,,0n,,. ,n , ,,,urri .t

So, there's the shortlist. Not exactly Britain's finest moments, granted, but are

€#
they really the worst rulers? Just as in deciding Britain's best monarch, it all
comes down to matters of personal opinion. After all, was Queen Victoria the
o
elegant Empress of lndia that dutifully resided over a commonwealth on which
the sun never set? Or was she a vainglorious tyrant that condoned the disgusting
exploitation of the poorest and most vulnerable people on the planet? lt just
comes down to perspective, doesn't it?

Source: submitted by Sam Wise to articlesland.info

✓ 17. AII of the following phrases or sentences advance the writer's argument
except.

(a) Mary's reign was fraught with difficulties and bad decisions that
culminated in her own crushing incarceration and grisly execution.
(b) Forced to abdicate her position, Mary fled to England believing
that Elizabeth I would protect her from an uprising of her nobles.
a
(c) After her death, Mary's reputation blossomed as a symbolic and
romantic figure.
(d) Despite seeing Britain's victory over Napoleon's French military,
George spent far more time and money on expensive palaces.
(e) Edward was forced to abdicate under grounds of incompetence
and was imprisoned by his wife's family.

O Copyright 2018 LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Consortium Ltd does not endorse this material.
 x
1B Which of the following pairs of people or ideas are not contrasted in the

-0
text?

(a) Britain's best and worst monarchs

(b) Saxon Ethelred and Edward Vlll
(c) Royal squandering and social distress
(d) Elegance and vulnerability
(e) Duty and tyranny

:
19 paragraph 10, the writer uses the word 'ironically' when discussing
ln -
King Edward ll. What irony is the writer referring to?

(a) He was forced to abdicate and was imprisoned by his wife's

family.
(b) ln spite of treating his men well, he suffered from rumours about
his sexuality.
(c) He was forced to abdicate under grounds of incompetence.
(d) His brutal murder is recorded only in a sixteenth-century accour:

:
(e) He is more famous for his death than his life.

20 Which of the following best expresses the writer's view?

LNAT (a) English Heritage embarked on a foolish endeavour when

compiling the shortlist of Britain's worst rulers.
Nnrro (b) The three rulers selected for the shortlist are not really Britain's
YOU L[ worst.
OF THI (c) The notion of who is the best or worst ruler is a matter of each
individual's point of view.
ERCH <
(d) It is difficult to compare ancient rulers wtth modern monarchs.
(e) The monarchy serves no useful purpose in Britain today.
AND IS
THE PR

THT L
⑨
qL,ESrr
qu E srl

O Copyright 2018 LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Consortium Ltd does not endorse this material.
vll Actors: Emotiona! Physicians?

A Hamlet said: 'We end the heartache, and the thousand natural shocks that
flesh is heir to'.

It has always been the function of the actor to be the emotional physician, who
gives solace, encouragement and freedom of feeling to people who need it -
when they need it.
Acting is a challenging profession, and this has been the challenge of the actor
since the beginning of time. He or she is the torchbearer of a great tradition - a
fearless trail blazer into an expanding frontier.

Actors must not be afraid to be the catalyst between progress and people.
They must approach their calling with authority, humility and fearlessness.

As the human race progressed, instinct gave way to inspiration. lnspiration

became a creative tool of civilization. To be aware of creation, which is born of
inspiration, and to be able to direct that creation, are the result of intelligence.

B Actors should be fine individuals. They should be many-sided. They should be

=
full of enthusiasm for every phase of living. Each phase that comes into their
scope of awareness increases their stature as individualists.

Audiences are composed, chiefly, of people who have not fully developed their

-E
subconscious desires. They depend on actors to vicariously fill this void.

ln your desire to be a serious actor, you are applying for membership in the
oldest brotherhood of emotional physicianship to mankind.

C The duty of the serious actor is great. ln ancient Greece thousands of years
ago, acting served the same purpose that it is still serving today. lts
t
f
fundamental purpose has not changed from the time cave men lined up in a I
circle and performed their ritualistic chants and pantomimic dances to stir the I
i
emotions of their audience. Through these rituals, which were basically acts, I
-
the primitive emotions were excited to a point of emotional stimulation that I
-
propelled our civilization onward.

=ln times of grief and trouble, performances diverted the attention of the
audience and gave spectators solace and relief from emotional tensions, while
their subconscious minds were being stimulated. I

O Copyright 2018 LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or
15
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Consortium Ltd does not endorse this material"
D There has been a fundamental change in the relationship between the ac::'
and the audience in recent years.

According to Aristotelian principles, actors should provoke an emotional

this emotional release,•

-
=
catharsis in the members of the audience. Traditionally, actors have provic::
but this is far from the case in many modern motior'
pictures and television programmes. Many performances and productions

= nowadays lack gravitas; rather, they are based on contrived stories or wea.
-

plots that exist merely as a mindless diversion. When actors engage in suc-
vacuous performances, they cannot even begin to serve their higher purpc>.

x
21 Which of the extracts implies that difficulties can beset an actor in try -:
to achieve an emotional response from the audience, without directly
stating this idea?

(a) A
(b) B
(c) c

:
(d) D
(e) None of the above.

x
22. All of the extracts suggest that:

(a) Acting is a challenging profession.

(b) Modern acting has evolved from traditional acting.
(c) The actor should provoke an emotional response from the
audience.
(d) Actors should be more emotionally well-developed than the
members of their audiences.
(e) Serious actors existed only in ancient Greece.
X
x
23. The last paragraph of passage A implies that:

(a) Good acting results in intelligence and creativity.

(b) Actors need to be creative and intelligent in order to perform v,=
(c) lnspiration is the chief cornerstone of civilization.
(d) Without intelligence, the human race cannot be creative.
(e)
O lntelligence and inspiration are often thought to be incompatib :

✓
24. Which of the following statements would the writers of extracts A, C a-.
D most likely agree with?

(a) Actors sometimes hinder the emotional release of the audienc=

(b) Many actors failto exemplify Aristotelian principles.

@ Copyright 2018 LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Consortium Ltd does not endorse this material.
 (c) Good actors should provide creative inspiration to their audience

O
members.

④
(d) Actors'productions can help audience members to overcome
emotional tensions.
(e) The primary role of the actor is to entertain the audience.

Vlll The Future of World Oil Suppty

When will global oil supply stall and start to decline? An important part of the
answer to this frequently asked question comes down to oil field decline rates
that is, the annual rate at which production from existing fields goes down. The
-
decline rate is a key link in the chain of factors needed to understand the future
of the world oil supply. ln an effort to answer the question about the global
decline rate, cambridge Energy Research Associates (CERA) launched a
detailed, in-depth research project that culminated in our new study - Finding the
Critical Numbers: What are the Real Decline Rates for Global Oil Production?

To do the research, CERA undertook a substantive analysis drawing on(the most

extensive field production database in the worldthat includes tens of thousands
-
of fields. The parlicular data set used in the study covers the production
-
characteristics of 811 separate fields. These are the biggest producers.
combined together, these fields account for over 60 percent of the world's
current conventional oil production and half of total proved plus probable
reserves.

oForecasting how much existing oil fields will produce in the future is challenging
becaus{t}e
-
amount that can be produced from a field in any given year varies
over time.[Production typically rises during a field's early years)fnis is the build-
-
up phase,{which lasts from the onset of production until the field reaches 80
-
percent of its maximum potential productior). After the build-up phase, a field
goes into the plateau phase, when it is continuing to produce at g0 percent or
-
more of its maximum potential. A field then reaches the decline phase, which
lasts from the time production first falls below 80 percent of maximum until, after
a number of years, production declines to a low enough level that the field is no
longer economic.

Future production from existing fields depends on(where along the spectrum
-
C
from build-up to plateau to decline - the world's fields are in aggregatq). Thus, the
global decline rate is at the centre of any estimates about how much new oil must
be discovered and brought on line in the future to replace capacity lost through
the decline in production from existing fields, as well as to meet anticipated
demand growth. ( A small difference in assumptions about the decline rate) can
make a huge difference in projections about how much new oil productiori will be
-

needed in the future. For example, the difference between assuming a 10

@ Copyright 2018 LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or
17
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Consortium Ltd does not endorse this material.
percent global decline rate, as opposed to a 5 percent rate, translates into a
swing in which the world would need to discover and bring on line an extra 18.5
million more barrels of oil per day by the year 2017 - an amount equal to nearly
one quarter of total oil production today.

⇐
Out of the 811 fields analyzed in the CERA study, 400 are large (more than 300

=
million barrels of originally proved, plus probable reserves) and the remainder,
small (less than 300 million barrels of originally proved, plus probable reserves)
They can be broken down into two groups: 375 fields are still in the build-up or
plateau phases, with 436 in the decline phase.

When the CERA team analyze{ recent production trends in its data base, it
found that the aggregate globa(decline rate for fields currently in production is

¥=
approximately 4.5 percent per year. This is far lower than the 8 percent figure
used by many studies) One reason for this difference, we conclude, is that some
analysts focus only on the fields that are in decline, not taking into account the
production fror4 the many fields in the world that are still in their build-up or
plateau phase.f The 4.5 percent figure provides additional support for CERA's
view that oil production capacity, at least in terms of the physical resource, can
grow enough over the next decade to meet the anticipated increase in demand.
-

A key conclusion of the study is that there is no evidence that oilfield decline
rates will increase suddenly. The study of decline rates allows for better and
more reliable projections about future oil supply. The CERA study is a signpost -

that shows we are gaining a better understanding of the below-ground factors,

such as decline rate, that will shape the future of world oil supply.

Source: submitted by Daniel Yergin, chairman of CERA, to articlesland.info. See CERA.com website for more information.

✓
25 All of the phrases from the passage illustrate aspects that can generally
influence estimates of oil production except:

O
(a)
(b)
'the most extensive field production database in the world'
'the amount that can be produced from a field in any given year
varies over time'
(c) 'Production typically rises during a field's early years
(d) 'where along the spectrum - from build-up to plateau to decline -
the world's fields are in aggregate'
(e) 'A small difference in assumptions about the decline rate'

O Copyright 2018 LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Consortium Ltd does not endorse this material.
✓
26 Which of the following best sums up the idea of the build-up phase?

(a) production 'varies over time'

(b) 'a field's early years'
(c) 'the onset of production'
O
(d) 'until the field reaches 80 percent of its maximum potential
production'
(e) 'to produce at 80 percent or more of its maximum potential'

✓
27 What criticism of other studies does the writer suggest in paragraph 6?

(a) They focus only on decline rates, rather than production.

(b) They utilize incorrect percentages in carrying out their analysis.
(c) They fail to recognize oil production capacity as a physical
resource.
(d) They overestimate the anticipated increase in demand.

:
(e) They fail to take into account sufficient data from fields that are in
the early phase of production.

×
28 According to the text, why will oil production capacity be able to meet the
anticipated increase in demand?

(a) Because CERA has calculated a decline rate of 8 percent.

(b) Because oilfield decline rates are not as bad as previously
thought.
(c) Because the CERA study has resulted in better and more reliable
projections.
(d) Because of below-ground factors.
(e) Because future demand will shape oil production capacity.

O Copyright 2018 LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or 19
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Consortium Ltd does not endorse this material.
lX Sharing a Property with a Flatmate

→
Sharing a property - a dream come true or the ultimate nightmare? ln my
experience the disadvantages to having a flatmate far outweigh the advantages
When these drawbacks are severe they can result in uncomfortable living
situations and even dangerous living environments. There are a Severalways
that property owners can protect themselves when sharing their property with a
flatmate. This includes screening the potentialflatmate carefully and having a
formal contract or lease for the rental agreement. Yet, in spite of these
protections, flatmates usually do more harm than good.

Property owners who opt to have a flatmate normally do so for financial reasor-'
They essentially cut their costs in half if they opt to have one flatmate or by two'
thirds if they opt to have two flatmates. While this seems an ideal solution for
home owners who would like to have a larger living space yet would not be able
to afford such accommodation without the financial assistance of flatmate, the
arrangement may bacKire when flatmates do not pay on time or do not pay at e

Another consideration is that there is also an opportunity to share household

responsibilities with flatmates. Property owners should have a discussion with
theirflatmates regarding the household responsibilities, such as cleaning the
common areas. But more often than not, the flatmate is not willing to do his or
her share of the work on a regular basis or he or she will see the distribution of lr

household responsibilities as equitable. This often results in rows and other

disagreements. Another source of contention is that if there is more than one
flatmate, there is always the possibility that one flatmate may not do his or her
share of the work. When this happens, it creates conflict and resentment amotrc
the flatmates themselves. This conflict makes the living situation quite
uncomfortable for everyone.

lHowever) incompatible cleaning styles are only a small portion of the

'
compatibility issues flatmates may face. One important problem is entertaining.
one occupant of the property has visitors frequently, it can cause resentment an:
jealously in the other occupants. ,F

k
lncompatibility in sleeping habits is another issue.,lndeed) the times which the
flatmates normally sleep usually cause problems. lf one flatmate goes to bed
early and wakes up at 4:00 am, it can be problematic if, for example, the other F
flatmate likes to stay up late and not wake up until 9:00 am. ln this case the
flatmates will not only begin to get on each other's nerves, but they might also
begin adversely to affect the other's job or social life.

r f urtlrei; having a flatmate also means a lack of privacy. People who live alone d:
not ever have to worry about not having time to themselves while they are in the

O Copyright 2018 LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Consortium Ltd does not endorse this material.
 homes"'But when a home owner has a flatmate, there is no guarantee of
to one's self in the accommodation.

Frnally, property owners should have a rental agreement with their flatmate or
'iatmates. This is very imporlant because it helps to protect all of the flatmates.
lnclusion of all of the flatmates prevents one flatmate from being able to ask
another to leave unjustly if conflicts arise. lnclusion on the rental agreement
therefore)ensures each of the flatmates has a right to live on the property.
Placing each of the flatmates' names on the rental agreement also prevents one
flatmate from not making their rental payments in a timely manner.

Ox The writerfinaluses the word 'ultimate' in paragraph one to

29 mean

ha ! o greatest
(a)
(b)
conclusive
(c)
(d) most remote
(e) most fundamental

x30. The writer suggests that the division of shared responsibilities:

(a) should be the decision of the property owner.

:
(b) should be the joint decision of the property owner and flatmate
(c) is usually not fair to the flatmate.
(d) results in quarrels and strife.
(e) is worse if there is more than one flatmate.

✓
31. All of the following are used in the passage in order to advance the
writer's argument except:

(a) however
(b) indeed
(c) further
(d) but
(e) therefore

O Copyright 2018 LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or
21
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Consortium Ltd does not endorse this material.
X Does God Exist? The Age-Old Debate

Whether you believe or not, the existence of God has been a question face: :
human civilization for millennia. From the early concepts of sun worship to
advanced theological thinking and philosophy, humans have argued and de:;
the existence of some higher spiritual plane or a unique deity characterized ' ,

God.

ln this context, God refers to the wider spectrum, beyond Christian, Muslim :
Judaic connotations, to include Gods and Goddesses of other faiths and be :
and even energies and spirits without physicalform from elsewhere. Withou:
scientific proof, many people claim that faith is hard to justify, while others be -

that science and religion are not mutually exclusive considerations.

It is said that the starting point for a debate about the existence of God has t:
with the creation of the world in which we live. Has our life, our planet, our sc :
system, our galaxy, our universe come as the by-product of chance? ls it a f :
of science and chemrstry? Theories have been proposed in a number of
directions, including, prominently, evolutionary theory and creationist theories
The theory of evolution as pioneered by Daruuin and his contemporaries is w :'
considered to be the most probable and accurate, and is favoured by scient :"
the world over.

For some, however, this theory is lacking in definition and still poses some
awkward questions. Creationists adopt the story of the world according to the
bible or other sacred tests and accept conventional, religious understandings .
how we came to be. Conversely, there are those who are sceptical of the va :
of creationist theory and who fail to understand unjustified faith in the substar.'
of a text. Both of the major schools of thought have gained widespread suppc -
and the debate over God's existence still rages on.

The mathematician and philosopher Pascal came up with a proposition whicl-

has come to be known as 'Pascal's Wager'. Pascal's wager suggests that it ts
=
-
safer to believe in a God than to not. The rationale behind this is that if there ,
a God, and you have believed in God, you will simply rest without consciousr^=
foreternity; thus, you've lost nothing. However, if there is a God, and you ha.'.
not believed or have denounced the existence of this divinity, you may be sua .
to adverse treatment after life.

Although this might be a neat summary of why it is better to believe in God tl-=
not, some people think that, in spite of this, there is a distinct lack of proof or
'

spiritual side.

Source: submitted by Jonathan Hardcastle to articlesland.info. See 4educationiniormation.com

@ Copyright 2018 LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Consortium Ltd does not endorse this material.
x
32. Which statement best characterizes the writer's use of italics in paragraph
1?

(a) to highlight the difference between these two words.

(b) to indicate that the words have a metaphorical meaning.
(c) to show that the words are ironic in this context.
(d) to emphasize the way the words are being used grammatically

:
(e) to cast the conventional meaning of these words into doubt.

x
33 Which of the following best describes the shift in viewpoint that the writer
makes between paragraphs 3 and 4?

(a) from the work of Danruin to religious viewpoints

(b) from a summary of evolutionary theory to a summary of creationist
theory
(c) from the advantages of evolutionary theory to the disadvantages
of creationist theory
(d) to compare and contrast the acceptance of evolutionary theory
with the acceptance or rejection of creationist theory
(e) to introduce the debate about the existence of God

x34. Which of the following situations might violate the proposition of Pascal's
Wager?

o
(a) lndividuals who have been lifelong atheists.
(b) lndividuals whose belief in God in unwavering.
(c) lndividuals without consciousness.
(d) lndividuals who have denounced God.
(e) lndividuals who have faith in God at the end of their lives, but have
doubted previously.

✓
35. What is suggested by the last paragraph?

(a) The writer accepts the tenets of Pascal's Wager.

(b) Most people in the world today still believe in God.
(c) Religion and science will continue to be in conflict.
(d) lf there were evidence of God, the world would be at peace.

o
(e) For some, faith simply cannot be logically and rationally justified.
-
- -
④

O Copyright 201 8 LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Consortlum Ltd does not endorse this material.

h".-
 !

Xl British Expenses Row Boosts Monaco

Motivated businessmen and wealthy millionaires in the past have been faced
with a dilemma - save tax by moving to Monaco, famous for its zero percent tax
rate - or stay at home, pay the taxes, and know you're contributing to your
country?

But that dilemma for many in recent months has been firmly knocked into touch
with the revelations in Britain that politicians - including those at the Treasury -
have themselves maximized their expense claims and avoided Capital Gains Tax
when selling a second home, the cost of which has been funded by the taxpayer

As a result of the media backlash following the outlandtsh claims made by some
Members of Parliament for their expenses, as well as from the continuing desire
of the wealthy to minimize their tax bills, the number of enquiries for Monaco
property has surged since the revelations began, according to a leading Monaco
property specialist, who states.

'ln the past we've had enquiries from people considering movtng to Monaco, but
who have decided against it as they feei they should pay their taxes in the UK,
=
despite the fact that many have already contributed hugely frnancially to the
British economy a lot of the new enquiries are people who i'rave considered
-
-
Monaco in the past and now see no reason why they shculd contribute more
when Members of Parliament are doing all they can themseives to minimize their
tax bills and claim all they can on expenses - which are funced by the taxpayer'.

One way Members of Parliament bumped up their expenses and the money they
have made in recent years is something that has been ouDbeC as'flipping
homes'. This phenomenon has led to many businessmen arid v/omen
considering buying a Monte Carlo propertyto see no reaso^ rvhy they shouldn't
move to a tax haven and buy real estate.

MF's are allowed a- second home allowance, which rS- ' i3 {cr those who have
constituencies well outside of London. The purpose ce. ^l lhe second home
allowance is to enable MP's to lrve in London (Llrrn! :^e ',^'cri<ing week to attend
Parliament and represent their constituents there

But some were telling the Expenses Office they neecec ':carrs done to their
second home, but moving their second home res d-":, :c iheir original house,
and then later changing it back to the London hor.e a^: raving repairs done
there too -flipping between the two, hence the onrase ' ccrng homes'.
-

With the rncrease in London property pnces In 'ecen: iears many MP's have
seen the value of their London property soar rn vaiue sold rt and kept the profit

@ Copyright 201 8
LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Consortium Ltd does not endorse this material.
 the most
themselves - with the morlgage funded by the British taxpayer' One of

-0
o
notorious expense claims *ai to build a duck
point, it seemed that the chances of making
house
money
on
were
an MP's
far
lake
higher in
At that
Parliament
than the Monte Carlo Casino.
find there?
But if people do decide to move to Monaco, what can they expect to
After all, Monaco is only a square mile in size lmportantly for people with money'
the security Monaco offers them is
security is often high on their agenda, and
u*"ond to none. with one policeman for every hundred residents Equally
secure
important for many is the financial infrastructure of a country and how
presence or
their money is. With all the major banks having either a direct
of
partners in the country, people feel safe when their money is deposited in one
and social
the banks in Monaco.'niO tb that the Grand Prix, tennis, yacht show
Monaco is a favourite destination for
activities and perhaps it's no wonder that
the wealthy.

Source: submitted by Michel Johnson to articlesfree'co'uk

✓
36 Which of the following comes closest in meaning to the quotation from
Monaco property specialist in paragraph 4?
the

(a) There has been increased intenest in Monaco properties from

individuals from all income levels.
(b) High income individuals have started to reconsider Monaco as a
means to avoid PaYing UK tax.
(c) Wealthy individuali still betieve that they should contribute to the
British economY.
(d) The amount of MP',s moving to Monaco is bound to increase.
(e) There has been a public outcry about the MP expense scandal.

x37 When describing the claims made by some Members of Parliament

repairs to their original and second homes, the writer is:
for

(a) lamenting the state of politics in Britain today

(b) highlighting the importance of tax havens to the wealthy'
(c) illustrating the concept of flipping homes'
(d) predictinj that more wealthy people are going to invest in Monaco

a(e) criticizing the policy of the Expenses Office'

✓38 Which of the following best resembles the link the writer implies between
the duck house incid6nt and the attitude of the wealthy about investing
Monaco?
in

(a) sales of motor vehicles tend to decline after news of faulty car
manufacturing.

o copyright 201LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or

8 25
this material'
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Consortium Ltd does not endorse

ffi
,i
 (b) There are more fraudulent insurance claims when insurance

:
companies raise their fees.
(c) Employees are more likely to seek work elsewhere when
employers act in an unreasonable manner.
(d) Many people feel no compunction about illegally downloading
mp3s because they know they won't get caught.
(e) Couples are more likely to divorce when one of the partners loses
his or her job.

1×39
40 . The writer's main claim in the last paragraph is that:

(a) It's easy to see why Monaco is an attractive tourist destination.

(b) ln spite of its small size, Monaco has a lot to offer investors and
property owners.
(c) The financial infrastructure in Monaco is more stable than in many
other countries.
(d) Financial and personal security are important considerations for
the wealthy.
(e) Major banks do business in Monaco because so many wealthy
people invest there.

tr
iiil

O Copyright 201 8 LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Consortium Ltd does not endorse this material.
xil Einstein's Last Request

On July 9, 1955 in London, Albert Einstein and Bertrand Russell, along with
many other world famous scientists and philosophers, issued a hearlfelt plea to
humankind. The Russell Einstein Manifesto was Einstein's final public act before
his death.

They were greatly concerned about the perils that have arisen as a result of the
'accelerated'development of weapons of mass destruction.

These scientists understood that people have different nationalities, ethnic

backgrounds and religious views.. They asked the people of the planet to identify
themselves in a [ess limited)and(more accuratd way as a(globaffamily. They
challenged each human being to set aside superficial differences and consider
themselves only as members of a biological species which has had d,\ remarkable)
history, and whose disappearance none of us can desire.

These wise elders of the planet saw that the dangers we face call for more than
just another arms treaty. They put the question in its most basic form:

Here, then, is the problem which we present to you, stark and dreadful and
inescapable: Shall we put an end to the human race or shall mankind
renounce war?

It has been over half a century since the world heard this challenge. As usual we
have been distracted by lesser rssues, instead of focusing on the big questions of
life. We haven't put an end to war, and if we don't do so, we will not have the
tirne, energy, resources or international cooperation to solve all the other
pressing social and environmental problems our species is facing. We need to
evolve beyond war and the mentality that leads to war. Violence is no longer a
viable option for resolving human conflicts.

Einstein and Russell were not doomsayers. They saw the possibility of bright
future:

There lies before us, if we choose, continual progress in happiness,

knowledge and wisdom. Shall we, instead, choose death because we cannot
forget our quarrels? We appeal as human beings to human beings:
Remember your humanity, and forget the rest. lf you can do so, the way lies
open to a new Paradise; if you cannot, there lies before you the risk of
universal death

@ Copyright 2018 LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Consortium Ltd does not endorse this material.
(On , practical level these scientists realized that science and technology alon:
could never pave the road to peace) They concluded that there was only one
hope for a positive peaceful future: 'We have tc learn to think in a new way'

Let's not let another half century go by People are suffering, and the planet is
#

suffering. Each one of us can do our part to create the kind of world we want t:
live in and that we want our children to live in. We can learn to think in a new
way. We can change our thinking from toxic thought patterns that - create stres-'
conflicts within our own mind and with other people. We can cultivate inner ta '
-

that leads to inner peace and to finding solutions to the problems in our lives f-
the personal to the planetary.
Source: submitted by Roberl Gerzon to articlesfree.co.uk. See www.gerzon.com

✓
40. Which of the following (from paragraphs 2 and 3) is intended to expres.
disapproval?

:
(a) 'accelerated'
(b) 'less limited'
(c) 'more accurate'
(d) 'global'

✓
(e) 'remarkable'

41. According to the writer, what is the main difference in the future
envisaged by Alberl Einstein and Bertrand Russell and the half centur;
that passed after the Russell Einstein Manifesto?

(a) They placed faith in science, but we search for alternatives to

technology.
(b) They were concerned about weapons of mass destruction, but v '
regard such weapons with ignorance.
(c) They believed in continual progress in happiness, knowledge ar.
wisdom, but we believe in a new way of thinking.
(d) They proposed solutions for a peaceful global community, but w.
have failed to repudiate war.
(e) They focused on the 'planetary', but we focus on the 'global'.

x42. The tone of the text is:

(a) pompous x
(b) aggressive
o (c) opinronated
(d)
(e)
scientific
supplicating x
④
O Copyright 2018 LNAT Success Associates. This material may not be photocopied or
electronically reproduced. The LNAT Consortium Ltd does not endorse this material.