Imagine a World Without

Wires.
 Agenda

• Introduction to home networking

• Wireless home networking
• Consortium - HomeRF Working Group
• HomeRF technology - SWAP
• Xilinx Spartan-II FPGAs in HomeRF-Based
Products
• Summary
Home Networking -
The Complete
Solution
Introduction & Vision
 What is Home Networking?
• The distribution of information (Audio, Video, & Data) around the
home and their interface with attached devices and external
services
• The interconnection and interoperation of
– Home appliances
– Entertainment devices
– PC hardware
– Telecommunication devices
– Security, lighting and environmental control systems
Its All About Convergence
 Goal of Home Networking

• Provide the ability to access information,

entertainment and communicate anywhere,
anytime
– Bring the Internet to the hands of the consumer
– Interconnect people in data, voice and video
• Enables users to communicate & share data
– Bring interconnectivity to intelligent devices
– Always on, anytime, anywhere access to the home
network
Four Aspects to Home Networking
 Market Requirements and
Solutions Available
Market Requirements Solutions Available

High Speed Access for Data, Voice xDSL, Cable, Powerline, Satellite,
Broadband and Video, Always on, Simultaneous Mobile/Wireless
Up-link &Down-link Communication,
Access Support Simultaneous and Multi-
User Access

Provides Access into the Home, Open System Gateway initiative

Residential Remote Management Access (OSGI), Jini, UPnP, HAVi, DVI
Platform, Bridging between Different
Gateway Networks, Firewall and Security, E-
Services Capabilities

Home Low Cost, Speed, Mobility, Quality of No new wires (Phonelines, Powerlines),
Networking Service, Security, Reliability, New wires (Ethernet, 1394, USB2.0,
Ubiquity, Ease of Use Optic Fiber), Wireless (HomeRF,
Technologies Bluetooth, Wireless LAN)

Digital electronics with advanced Digital TV, HDTV, set-top box, internet
Information computational capabilities that add screen phones, digital VCR, gaming
Application more value and convenience when consoles, MP3 players, cordless
networked phones, security systems, utility
Networks meters, PCs, web pads & terminals,
PDAs, digital cameras, auto PCs etc.
 Residential Gateway
The Key Ingredient For Home Networking
• RGs provide integration of different broadband access types & different
home networking solutions
– Broadband access: xDSL & cable modems
• Each modem offers an Ethernet port for connecting one computer
• Increasing number of households have multiple computers
– Tech-savvy users may install Ethernet hub and pull Cat5
cabling to each computer
– Most users will not find this a viable option due to installation
obstacles or cost
– Home networking solutions: HomePNA, HomePlug, HomeRF,
Wireless LANs, IEEE 1394
 Key Information Appliances
• Digital TV • Utility meters
• Set-Top box • PCs (desktop & notebook)
• Internet screen phones • Web (kitchen) pads
• Interactive DVD players, • Web/Email terminals
Digital VCR • PDAs (personal digital
• Gaming devices assistant)
• MP3 players/audio Devices • Digital Cameras
• Cordless phones • Emerging technologies
• Security systems – Auto PCs
Home Networking
Technologies
 Different Applications
Require Different Data Rates
Service Description Rate Rate Rate Rate
(bps) (bps) (bps) (bps)
Telephony 1 to 6 lines at 64 kbps with 64k 128k 256k 384k
guaranteed bandwidth

Video Conference 1 to 2 streams at 384 kbps - 384k 768k 768k

Data www, ftp, asynchronous traffic 1M 1M 3M 5M+
IP Streaming Multiple video and audio streams 128k 3M 6M 6M
(10 kbps to 3 Mbps)
DTV MPEG2 SDTV or HDTV - - 6M 30M+
(2–19.4 Mbps)
Internal Traffic Printer/file sharing, gaming, 250k 500k 2M 6M
intercom, video monitor, DVD,
digital audio, etc.
TOTAL Estimate of Home network 2M 6M 20M 50M+
capacity

Source: CableLabs
 Market Acceptance
120

100

80

60

40

20

0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Phone Line Power Line RF Ethernet Other

Courtesy: Dataquest
 Agenda

• Introduction to home networking

• Wireless home networking
• Consortium - HomeRF Working Group
• HomeRF technology - SWAP
• Xilinx Spartan-II FPGAs in HomeRF-Based
Products
• Summary
Wireless Home
Networking
Solutions
 The Coming of Wireless
Home Networking
• Home networking solutions demand
– No new additional wires or phone jacks
– Interoperability
• Compliment phoneline-based home network solutions
– Convenience
• Simple to install
• Easy-to-use
– Economical: Low cost
– Performance
• Bandwidth to support common home networking applications
– Secure
– Big industry & consortium support (Bluetooth, IEEE, H2GF)
 Why Go Wireless?
• Provide core home networking capabilities
– Multiple PC users share Internet access, printers, files, drives
& participate in multi-player games
– Internet access - anywhere in & around the home
• Share wireless voice & data
• Review incoming messages
• Activate other home electronic systems by voice
• Needed in countries where phone lines cannot be used

Key Drivers: Portability & “No new wires”

 Wireless Home Networking
Solutions - Pros & Cons
• Pros
– Flexibility & mobility
– Broad geography support at specific frequency
– Can compliment a wired network with bridging
• Cons
– Relatively expensive
– Distance limits & wall attenuation (150ft barrier)
– Security must be addressed
– Prone to narrowband interference
 What is a Good
Wireless HN Solution?
• Powerful
– Similar capabilities of a typical office network
– Simultaneous Internet access, file & drive sharing,
printer sharing
• Simple
– Simple Installation
– Easy & intuitive use of network
• Economical
 Wireless In-Home
Networking Technologies
• Bluetooth & IEEE 802.15
– Personal area network for data & voice communications
• HomeRF
– Home based data & voice transmissions
• Wireless LAN
– High-speed wireless connectivity augmenting wired networks
– IEEE 802.11 (a & b variations)
• a - 5GHz standard based on OFDM
• b - 2.4GHz standard based on Ethernet
– HiperLAN & HiperLAN2
• 5GHz standard based on OFDM
 Wireless Technologies in
Home Networking
54 Mbit/s

Wireless Local Area M ultimedia

BRAN &
HiperLAN
Short range connectivity
for portables

Wireless Local Area Broadband

Bandwidth
11

Wireless Local Area High Speed

802.11b
2

DS
Wireless Wide
Area coverage
1

802.11a DS & FH
UMTS
0,5

HomeRF

Bluetooth

10m 30m 100m >400 m

Range
 Bluetooth
• Short-range wireless data transmission technology - Personal
Area Networks
– Provide a simple module that will allow a wide variety of
electronic devices to exchange data electronically over short
ranges
• Low-cost, low power consumption methods of transmitting data
without using wires
• By 2003, Bluetooth market could be worth $5 billion (SG Cowen)
• Major industry backing of Bluetooth SIG
– Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Intel, Toshiba, Motorola, Lucent, 3Com
– 2000+ members today
 Key Characteristics &
Capabilities of Bluetooth
• Transmits sound and data
• Used worldwide (standard technology)
• Ad hoc connection
• Open environment, but prevents external reception
• Compact, & able to be installed in a variety of devices
• Extremely low power consumption
• Open industry standard
• Low cost
 Wireless LANs
• Wireless Local Area Networks combines data connectivity with
user mobility
– Implemented as an extension to wired LAN
– Minimizes the need for wired connections
• Radio or Infrared waves are used to transmit & receive data over
the air
• Strong popularity in vertical markets for productivity gains
– Health-care, retail, manufacturing, warehousing, academia
• Worldwide wireless LAN market
– More than $2 billion revenues by year 2000 (Business
Research Group)
Different Strokes for Different Folks

Home appliances have different content, functionality,

application, and use different interconnection technologies
 Wireless Home Networking
Technology Comparison
• Wireless LAN, HomeRF & Bluetooth technologies vary in data rate,
range, frequency & marketplace aimed for
 Agenda

• Introduction to home networking

• Wireless home networking
• Consortium - HomeRF Working Group
• HomeRF technology - SWAP
• Xilinx Spartan-II FPGAs in HomeRF-Based
Products
• Summary
 HomeRF WG (Working Group)
• Mission Statement
– Enable existence of a broad range of interoperable consumer devices
bringing information services to each part of the home
– Establish an open industry specification for unlicensed RF digital
communications for PCs and consumer devices anywhere in and
around the house
• 100+ Members - Xilinx is an active member
– Initiating members: Compaq, Ericsson, HP, IBM, Intel, Microsoft,
Motorola, Philips, Proxim, Symbionics
– Broad, cross industry support
• Communications, Consumer Electronics, Home Control/Home
Automation, Networking, Peripherals, PC, Semiconductors
/Components, Software
HomeRF Vision
 Home Environment for RF
• The home environment is harsh for RF and multiple factors effect
RF performance in the home
– Path Loss due to diverse home floor plans, different building
materials and no control over antenna placements
– In-band interferers such as microwaves, cordless phones
– Multi-path
• Traffic patterns
• Ceiling fans
– Co-location of Subnets
• Multiple dwelling units
• Higher density single family homes
 Agenda

• Introduction to home networking

• Wireless home networking
• Consortium - HomeRF Working Group
• HomeRF technology - SWAP
• Xilinx Spartan-II FPGAs in HomeRF-Based
Products
• Summary
HomeRF
Technology -
SWAP
Shared Wireless Access
Protocol
 HomeRF Technical Goals
• Low cost and voice support of DECT
– Adapted to 2.4GHz band
– Client call services well defined
• TCP/IP support of IEEE 802.11
– Relaxed specs to lower cost
– Use existing 2.4GHz support (FH)
– Eliminate complex parts of protocol (PCF & CTS/RTS) to lower
cost

Low Cost, Availability, and Technical

Features are Keys to Success
 HomeRF Origins
802.11 DECT
Uses CSMA/CA Uses TDMA
Good for Data Good for Voice

SWAP
TDMA + CSMA/CA

Good for Voice & Data

Optimized for small networks (in home)
Simplified radio & protocol to reduce cost

Both Data & Voice are Important for HomeRF

 SWAP
• HomeRF SWAP spec
– Designed for both data & voice wireless communication
– Defines interoperation of PSTN & Internet
• Operates in the 2.4GHz band
– Uses digital frequency hopping spread spectrum radio
• Derived from extensions of existing cordless telephone (DECT) &
wireless LAN technology
– Enables new class of home cordless services

IP Data at up to 2Mbps & Supports Cordless Telephony

 SWAP Supports

• TDMA
– Time Division Multiple Access
– Provides delivery of interactive voice & other time-
critical service
• CSMA/CA
– Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance
– Service for delivery of high speed packet data
 SWAP

• Developed & optimized

– Meet unique consumer needs at home & SOHO
– Powerful combination of data & voice capabilities
• Ensure interoperability among SWAP products
– Backed by major industry companies
– HomeRF group is working with Home PNA and other
organizations to deliver interoperability with
complimentary home networking solutions
 Capabilities of HomeRF
• Up to 150 foot range
• Networks up to 50 PCs
• Work with dial-up, DSL, and cable modems
• Work through walls & floors
• Data secured through unique network ID
• Robust & reliable & minimizes the impact of radio frequencies
• Includes support of near line quality voice & full telephony
 Performance

• Designed to meet the performance demands of

available applications
• Product performance will easily enable a user to
simultaneously
– Browse the Internet
– Print a web page
– Listen to music
 Technical Summary
• Hybrid TDMA/CSMA frame
– Beacon from Connection Point (CP) sets frame structure
• Frequency Hopping: 50 hops/sec
• Range up to 50 meters indoors
• Speed: dual speed
– 2 or 4 FSK Yields 1 or 2 Mb/sec
– Also supports TCP/IP voice
• Voice: High quality voice channels with retransmission
– High quality cordless telephones
– Voice recognition
 Technical Summary - Data
• Handles data like IEEE 802.11
• Relaxed PHY specs from IEEE 802.11
– Lowers radio cost significantly
– Same hop sequences
• Localized for France, Spain, Japan, US, EC
• Different bandwidth for Japan, France, Spain
• Manages isochronous traffic
• Simplified protocol
• Comparable backoff, packet structure, ad-hoc capabilities
 Technical Summary - Voice
• Handles voice like DECT with retransmission
• Uses DECT calling stack
• Uses DECT A/B fields
• 32kb/s ADPCM (Adaptive Differential Pulse Code
Modulation)
• 20ms Frames - retransmit in beginning, outbound at end
(better for data)
• Interleaved up and down link packets
 Data Service Types
• Isochronous (I Node)
– Circuit switched & connection-oriented
– Used mainly to carry interactive voice
• Minimum latency
• Requires the presence of a Connection Point
– Example: cordless telephones
• Asynchronous (A Node)
– Packet switched & connectionless
– Used for data networking - TCP/IP traffic
– Example: fridge pad
• I Nodes get priority on bandwidth
 Data Service Types

• CP - connection point
– Can manage a network or act as an A node
– Can be USB, PCI, PC-Card, Device Bay
– CP can place calls even when PC is down
Voice in HomeRF
 What is DECT?

• Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications

• Target applications
– SOHO voice and data
• Residential cordless
– Wireless enterprise systems
– Fixed wireless systems with range up to 15km
 DECT Market
• It is one of the world’s most successful cordless voice standard
– Over 45 million DECT terminals in use*
– Installed base of 200 million units forecast by 2003*
– Growing supplier base: over 200 today*
• DECT is a worldwide solution
– Accepted over 110 countries worldwide
– Long-term spectrum availability
– More countries are accessible through the 2.45 GHz ISM
frequency band

* - Source: Siemens
 Elements of High Quality
Cordless Voice
• Expectation of the audio path
– Wire-line audio clarity
– Void of pops, clicks, echoes or delays
– Functions with other telephony appliances
• Expectation of mobility and range
– Wander anywhere within the residence
– And to the mailbox and the pool
– And some expect to go to the neighbor’s home!
• General expectations of mobile voice devices
– Several days of standby and 10 or more hours of talk
– Easy and intuitive to operate
 Major Threats to Cordless
Voice Quality
• Speech encoding & modulation technique
– Efficient conversion of speech to digital format
– Guaranteed maximum transmit and processing delay
• Bit errors and packet errors
– Detect and repair, or retransmit
• Interference from other RF emitters
– Avoid or recover
 Threats to Cordless Voice
Quality Due to Latency
• Latency is caused by the round trip transmit times
– Between base station/access points and handset/NIC
• Latency is a function of the size of the frames transmitted
– Voice is best served by short frames
– Data is best served by longer frames
• Latency is a function of the channel access method
– Interference probability increases with frame size
– Contention methods are undesirable for real time applications
like voice
– High priority, guaranteed periodicity is optimal for voice
 HomeRF Minimizes Latency to
Voice Data Even in the Presence
of Interference

Source: Siemens
 Microwave Ovens Are a
Common Source of Interference
• Nominal 2450- MHz center frequency
• Approximately 50% duty factor
– 8.4- ms on- time in US
– 10- ms on- time in Europe
• Instantaneous narrowband, but “wandering”
– 1- MHz short- term spectral width
– 1- to 3- MHz chirp, probably magnetron self- heating
– 10-30 MHz average occupancy due to “mode stirring”
• Relatively intense
– Avoidance yields most effective mitigation
– Linear processing of marginal value
Spectral/Temporal Characteristics
of Microwave Ovens

Source: Siemens
 HomeRF Mitigates the Effects
of Microwave Ovens
• Probability of a hit by microwave oven interference
– 20% of the band for 50% of the time
• HomeRF uses time/frequency diversity to reduce probability
• HomeRF uses hopset adaptation for persistent interferers
Consumer Benefits of HomeRF for
Residential Cordless Voice
Networks

• Provides mobility throughout the home or small office

• Extremely high quality voice suitable for home or business
• Security against eavesdropping
• Multi-user capabilities capitalizes on household trends
• Extensive core feature set beneficial to residence & SOHO
• Meets price point expectations
 Technical Advantages of
HomeRF for Residential
Cordless Voice Networks

• Audio Clarity is achieved by

– Use of Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation
• Latency is minimized by
– Utilizing 10ms frame length when voice is active
– Providing high priority isochronous channels for voice
 Technical Advantages of
HomeRF for Residential
Cordless Voice Networks

• Bit and frame errors are reduced by

– Active interference avoidance
– Time/Frequency diversity by re-transmitting the frame
• Interference is mitigated in HomeRF by
– Re-transmitting lost data in the very next frame
– Hopping to a new frequency each frame
– Modifying the hopset to hop around the interferer
 ADPCM
Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation
• Coding technique optimized for human voice spectrum
– Carefully designed around ‘what we hear’
• Optimal tradeoff between BW and Quality
– Bit rate scheme is optimized for clarity
– 32 Kbps is efficient use of radio spectrum
• ADPCM rates high on subjective listening tests
– Mean opinion scores are on a scale of 1- 5 (5 is highest)
– Land-line at 64Kbps produces an MOS of 4.3
– ADPCM at 32Kbps produces an MOS of 4.1
– Digital cellular at 8Kbps produces an MOS of 3.4
• Near land-line quality
 DECT
DECT Frequency/Time Spectrum
Timeslots
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
RF 0
C 1
h 2 a a

a 3
4
n 5
n 6 b b
el 7
s 8
9

Downlink Uplink
One Frame 11,520 bits (10ms)
“aa” and “bb” indicates paire d spee ch se rvice slots

DECT Basic Physical Packet

s0 s31 d0 d387 z0 z3

Synch Z
Field Data Field Field

p0 p31 p32
p419 p423
The Z field repeats the last 4 bits of the Data Field to allow detection of
unsynchronized interference affecting the end of the physical packet.
 DECT Features

• Features
– Supports data, voice, and video
– 1.152 Mbps data rate
– High network capacity
– 1.88-1.90 GHz frequency band
– Available now
• Access/Modulation
– TDMA/GFSK
 DECT
Advantages & Disadvantages

• Advantages
– ETSI sanction
– Coexistence with 2.4 GHz LANs
• Disadvantages
– Lower speed
Data in HomeRF
 PHY Features

• Nominal 100 mW transmit power

• Minimum receiver sensitivity of -76 dBm (2FSK)
– Range >50 m in typical homes
– -85 dBm typical sensitivity
• Cost effective filter requirements
– Use MAC to reduce PHY cost
– Makes single-chip integration simpler
 FH - Frequency Hopping
• It works very much like its name implies
– Frequency hopping
• Data signal is modulated with a narrowband carrier signal that
hops from frequency to frequency as a function of time over a
wide band of frequencies
• Relies on frequency diversity to combat interference
– This is accomplished by multiple frequencies, code selection
& FSK
– E.g., A FH radio will hop the carrier frequency over the 2.4GHz
frequency band between 2.4GHz & 2.483GHz
• If the radio encounters interference on one frequency, the radio
will retransmit the signal on a subsequent hop on another
frequency
 FH Technology
• Hopping code determines the frequencies the radio will transmit
and in which order
– Hopping pattern is known to both transmitter & receiver
• To properly receive the signal the receiver must be set to
the same hopping code & listen to the incoming signal at
the right time & correct frequency
– If properly synchronized the net effect is to maintain a single
logical channel
• Unintended receiver see FH to be short-duration impulse noise
 FH Technology
• FH system must hop its whole information signal over a band of
frequencies of the ISM band in use
– Does not interfere with primary user
• Because of the nature of its modulation technique frequency
hopping can achieve up to 2Mbps data rates
– Faster data rates are susceptible to huge number of errors
• Frequency hopping technique reduces interference
– An interfering signal from a narrowband system will affect the
spread spectrum signal only if both are transmitting at the same
frequency at the same time
– Aggregate interference will be very low, resulting in little or no
bit errors
 FH Example
Time Hopping Pattern: C A B E D

5 D

4 E
3 B
2 A

1 C Frequency
2.40 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 (GHz)

With FH, the Carrier Frequency Changes Periodically - The incoming digital
stream is shifted in frequency by an amount determined by a code that
spreads the signal power over a wide bandwidth
 FH Example for One Channel
• 7 frequency slots exist in the band
– System send the information signal in frequency slot 24 for the first
time slot, then frequency slot 78 for the second time slot, then
frequency slot 42 for the third time slot, and so on
• Users wishing to receive signals must tune receiver to particular
frequency slot
– To receiver channel number 1 must tune its receiver to frequency slot
24 for first time slot, frequency slot 78 for the second time slot, then
frequency slot 42 for the third time slot, and so on
 Different FH Pattern
• Each channel is a different frequency hopping pattern
– Channels are distinguished between channel 1 & channel 2
by having a different frequency hopping pattern
– Receiver of channel 2 must hop his receiver according to the
channel 2 FH pattern
– This is not a different frequency as in Frequency Division
Multiplexing - it is a different Frequency Hopping Pattern
• In FDM each channel simply stays on one frequency slot
for the duration of the transmission
 Different FH Pattern
• It is possible to have operating radios use spread spectrum within
the same frequency band & not interfere
– Such that they use a different hopping pattern
– While one radio is transmitting at one particular frequency the
other radio is using a different frequency
• A set of hopping codes that never use the same
frequencies at the same time are considered orthogonal
 FH PHY Layer

• Has 22 hop patterns to choose from

• Frequency hop physical layer is required to hop
across the 2.4 GHz ISM band covering 79
channels
• Each channel occupies 1MHz of bandwidth
– Must hop at the minimum rate specified by the
regulatory bodies of the intended country
• Minimum hop rate of 2.5 hops per second is specified for
the US
 PHY Layer Header

• Each physical layer uses their unique header

– To synchronize the receiver & determine signal
modulation format & data packet length
• PHY layer headers are always transmitted at
1Mbps
• Predefined fields in headers provide the option to
increase the data rate to 2Mbps for the actual
data packet
 MAC Features
• MAC provides good support for voice & data
• Leverages existing DECT technology for voice
• Excellent integration with TCP/IP networking protocols
– Easy integration with Ethernet
– Support broadcast, multicast & fragmenting
• Data security - basic/enhanced levels of encryption
– Basic: 24-bit Network ID & Frequency Hopping
– Enhanced: Basic + LFSR algorithm
• Extensive power management for ultra-portable devices

Optimizes Existing Technology for Home Use

 What Does the MAC Do?
• Provide access control functions for shared medium PHYs in
support of the LLC layer
• MAC layer provides these primary functions
– Addressing - Accessing the wireless medium
– Access coordination - Joining the network
– Frame check sequence generation and checking - Providing
authentication and privacy
• MAC layer performs the addressing and recognition of frames in
support of the LLC
 What Does the MAC Do?
• Accessing the wireless medium
– CSMA/CA
• Contention based protocol similar to IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
• 802.11 specification refers to this mode as distributed
coordination function (DCF)
– Priority based access
• Contention free access protocol
• Usable on infrastructure network configurations containing
a controller called a point coordinator with the access
points
• 802.11 specification refers to this mode as point
coordination function (PCF)
 Multiple Access

• Basic access method for IEEE 802.11 is the DCF

which uses CSMA/CA
– Station listens for users
– If the channel is idle, the station may transmit
– However if it is busy, each station waits until
transmission stops, and then enters into a random
back off procedure
• Prevents multiple stations from seizing the medium
immediately after completion of the preceding transmission
 The MAC Sub-layer

• MAC specification for 802.11 has similarities to

802.3 Ethernet wired line standard
– CSMA/CA protocol used for 802.11
• Uses carrier-sense, multiple access, collision avoidance
• Avoids collisions instead of detecting a collision like the
algorithm in 802.3
• Collision avoidance is used because it is difficult to detect
collisions in an RF transmission network
MAC & PHY Layer Operation
• MAC layer operates together with the PHY layer by sampling the energy
over the medium transmitting data
• PHY layer uses a clear channel assessment (CCA)
algorithm to determine if the channel is clear
– This is accomplished by measuring the RF energy at the antenna and
determining the strength of the received signal
• This measured signal is commonly known as RSSI
– If the received signal strength is below a specified threshold the
channel is declared clear and the MAC layer is given the clear channel
status for data transmission
– If the RF energy is above the threshold, data transmissions are deferred
in accordance with the protocol rules
– The standard provides another option for CCA that can be alone or with
the RSSI measurement
MAC & PHY Layer Operation
• Carrier sense can also be used to determine if the channel is
available
– This technique is more selective sense since it verifies that the
signal is the same carrier type as 802.11 transmitters
• The best method to use depends upon the levels of interference in
the operating environment
• CSMA/CA protocol allows options to minimize collisions
– Using request to send (RTS), clear-to-send (CTS), data &
acknowledge (ACK) transmission frames in a sequential
fashion
 CSMA/CA Protocol
Minimizes Collisions
• Communication is established when one of the wireless
nodes sends a short message RTS frame
• The RTS frame includes the destination and the length of
message
• The message duration is known as the network
allocation vector (NAV)
• The NAV alerts all others in the medium, to back off for
the duration of the transmission
 CSMA/CA Protocol
Minimizes Collisions
• The receiving station issues a CTS frame which
echoes the senders address and the NAV
• If the CTS frame is not received, it is assumed
that a collision occurred and the RTS process
starts over
• After the data frame is received, an ACK frame is
sent back verifying a successful data transmission
RTS/CTS/ACK Protocol

Station A Station B
R TS

C TS
Data

AC K
CSMA/CA Back-off Algorithm

• Packet reception in DCF requires acknowledgment

• The period between completion of packet transmission and start of the ACK
frame is one Short Inter Frame Space (SIFS)
• ACK frames have a higher priority than other traffic
– Fast acknowledgement is one of the salient features of the 802.11
standard, because it requires ACKs to be handled at the MAC sublayer
 PC Interface

• SWAP’s PC connection is designed for use under

Windows 98, Windows2000, and beyond
– Wake on Ring
– Connection oriented NDIS
– A nodes appear as Ethernet devices
– I nodes become Connection Oriented clients
 Network Topology
SWAP System Support

• Ad-Hoc Network
– Only data communication is supported
– All stations are equal
– Control of the network is distributed between the
stations
• Managed network under the control of a CP
– Ideal for isochronous data and power savings
• Such as time critical communications such as Interactive
voice
– Provides gateway to PSTN
– Can be connected to PC via standard interface such
 Network Topology

• HomeRF networks accommodate - 127 Nodes

(max.)
• Nodes can be a mixture of 4 basic types:
– Connection point that supports both voice & data
services
– Voice terminal that only uses TDMA service to
communicate with a Base Station
– Data node that uses CSMA/CA service to
communicate with a base station and other data
nodes
– Voice & data nodes which can use both types of
Main SWAP System
Parameters
 Interoperability with
HomePNA
• HomeRF Products Work With HPNA-based
Products
– TCP/IP is used in HPNA based products
• HomeRF products fully support TCP/IP
– Consumer requires a bridge
• Interface to connect phone line network to wireless
HomeRF network
• SWAP spec defines this bridging
• Vendors are developing future bridging products
 Interoperability with
Bluetooth
• Bluetooth
– Technology to connect devices without wires
– Provide short-range connections between mobile
devices & to Internet via bridging devices to different
networks
– Provide Internet capability
• HomeRF SWAP
– Wireless technology optimized for home
– Data networking & dial tones between devices like
PCs, cordless phones, web tablets, broadband cable
& DSL modem
 Interoperability with
Bluetooth
• Full Bluetooth & HomeRF functionality can be
implemented Within one device
• Frequency spectrum is shared without
interference when operating in the same space
• Both technologies might coexist
– E.g.; Bluetooth enabled handheld PDA may be need
to synchronize addresses between the PDA and
home PC based mail lists
Examples of SWAP Products

• Set up a wireless home network

– Share voice & data between PC's, peripherals, PC-
enhanced cordless phones & new devices such as
portable, remote display pads
• Access the Internet from anywhere in and around
the home from portable display devices
• Share an ISP connection between PC's and other
new devices
• Share files/modems/printers in multi-PC homes
Examples of SWAP Products

• Intelligently forward incoming telephone calls to

multiple cordless handsets, FAX machines &
voice mailboxes
• Review incoming voice, FAX & e-mail messages
from a small PC-enhanced cordless telephone
handset
• Activate other home electronic systems by simply
speaking a command into a PC-enhanced
cordless handset
• Multi-player games and/or toys based on PC or
 Companies Developing
SWAP Products
• Butterfly Communications • Microsoft
• Cayman Systems • Motorola
• Compaq Computer Corp. • Proxim
• Hewlett Packard • OTC telecom
• IBM • RF Monolithics
• Intel • Samsung
• iReady • Symbionics
 Agenda

• Introduction to home networking

• Wireless home networking
• Consortium - HomeRF Working Group
• HomeRF technology - SWAP
• Xilinx Spartan-II FPGAs in HomeRF-Based
Products
• Summary
Xilinx Spartan-II
FPGAs in HomeRF
Xilinx
Programmable
Solutions Enable
HomePNA Devices
Value Proposition
Chaos in the HN Marketplace
• Multiple broadband & multiple Home LAN technologies
• Too Many Standards & Too Many Specs
– Each standard brings its own set of pros & cons
Chaos in the HN Marketplace
• Three Major Wireless Consumer Home Networking
Campaigns are Racing in Separate Directions
– Wireless LAN/Ethernet, HomeRF & Bluetooth technologies
vary in data rate, range, frequency & marketplace aimed
for
 Home Networking Today

• Growing chaos in this emerging technology

– Solutions are just coming to market
– Leading players are showing indecisiveness towards
different varying technologies
• Building independent solutions
• Participation in multiple consortiums
• Different wireless standards for same frequency band
• Interoperability is a key factor to market success
• Future revisions already in the works
– HomePNA is already out with v2.0
 Implications of this Chaos...

• Brings about an Environment That Guarantees

Unanticipated Problems
– Bugs
– Incompatibilities
– The Great Unknown about what is going to be the
changes
• Translates to a Steep Learning Curve
– Virtually mandates a “Ready, Fire, Aim” development
model
• Plan products for the longest life cycles
• Get a product to market “now”
Where Does Xilinx Fit In the
Electronics Industry
Key components of
an electronics system:
• Processor
• Memory
• Logic
Xilinx is the Leading
Innovator of
Complete Programmable
Logic Solutions
 Strategic Business Model
Ensures Focus
• “Fabless” strategy
– Leading edge IC process technology
– Wafer capacity at competitive prices
– Fastest, lowest cost, densest parts
• Independent sales organization (Reps &
Distributors)
– Sales is a variable cost
– Permits greater reach—over 20,000 Customers
– Over 10,000 “Feet On The Street”
• Focus on key strengths
– Product design
– Marketing
Xilinx Steering Consortiums
Xilinx Product Portfolio

High Performance High Volume Low Power

High Density Low Cost Low Cost
Xilinx - Leader in Core
Solutions
 Xilinx CPLD Families
Xilinx
CPLDs

- High Speed
XC9500 - Lowest Power
- Low Cost CoolRunner - Highest Density
Family

5 Volt XPLA (Original & Enhanced)

3 Volt XPLA2 SRAM Based

2.5 Volt XPLA3 (Released)

PAL (Simple PLD-22V10)

 CoolRunner Technology

• Full density range 32 to 960 macrocells

• World’s only TotalCMOS CPLD
– Bipolar style sense amps eliminated
– Virtually no static power dissipation
• Advanced PLA Architecture
– Product term sharing (no redundant logic)
– No wasted product terms
• 3.3v and 5.0v devices
• ISP/JTAG compatible & full software support
 The CoolRunner Advantage

• Industry’s lowest power CPLDs

– Standby current < 100uA
– High speed TPD = 6 ns
– Revolutionary XPLA architecture
• Exceptional routability & pin-locking
• Fast, predictable timing
– Small form factor packaging
• New 0.5mm 56-pin MicroBGA
• No Speed / Power tradeoffs in scaling
– Can build very large / very fast devices
960 macrocell device @ 7 5 nsec t
 XC9500XL Key Features
200MHz
• High performance
125MHz
– tPD = 5ns, fSYS = 178MHz
• 36 to 288 macrocell densities
• Lowest price, best value CPLD
• Highest programming reliability XC9500 XC9500XL
• Most complete IEEE 1149.1 JTAG
• Space-efficient packaging, including chip scale
pkg. Per
Lowest Price
Macrocell
 XC9500XL/XV System
Features
• I/O Flexibility
– XL:5v tolerant; direct interface to 3.3V & 2.5V
– XV:5v tolerant; direct interface to 3.3V, 2.5V & 1.8V
• Input hysteresis on all pins
• User programmable grounds
• Bus hold circuitry for simple bus interface
• Easy ATE integration for ISP & JTAG
– Fast, concurrent programming times
Introducing the Spartan-II
FPGA
Spartan-II: Extending the
Spartan Series

More Gates 2X gates/$ More Performance

3X gates per I/O
2X I/O Performance
3X number of gates

100,000 Gates
for $10
Cores
Feature Rich DLLs Easy Design Flow Time to Market
Select I/O Re-programmable
Block RAM Fast, Predictable
Distributed RAM Routing

Programmable ASIC/ASSP Replacement!

FPGA Application Trends

Programmable ASIC/ASSP Replacement!

 Spartan-II - Architecture
Overview
Delay Locked Loop (DLL) Configurable Logic Blocks (CLB)
Clock
Configurable
Management:
Logic Block
Multiply clock Array and
Divide clock Distributed RAM
CL DLL IOB IOB DLL CL
De-skew clock
I/O Routing Ring
I
O R CLB ... CLB R I
O
B A A B Select I/OTM
M M

...

...
Technology
R R
I I Chip to Backplane
A A
O
B M CLB ... CLB M
O
B
PCI 33MHz 3.3V
PCI 33MHz 5.0V
Block Memory I/O Routing Ring PCI 66MHz 3.3V
CL DLL IOB IOB DLL CL GTL, GTL+, AGP
True Dual-PortTM
4K bit RAM Chip to Memory
HSTL-I, HSTL-III
4Kx1
2Kx2 HSTL-IV
1Kx4 SSTL3-I, SSTL3-II
512x8 “The Spartan-
Spartan-II family, in our opinion, SSTL2-I, SSTL2-II
CTT
256x16 may be the closest that any FPGA has
come to being at a low-
low -enough price to
Chip to Chip
compete against an ASIC” LVTTL, LVCMOS
--Dan
-- Dan Niles, Industry Analyst
Spartan-II - System
Integration
 Spartan-II Core Support
• On-chip memory & • Memory controllers (10+)
storage – SDRAM, QDR SRAM
– Distributed, BlockRAM, • Communications
FIFOs
– ATM (IMA, UTOPIA), Fast
• Bus products Ethernet (MAC)
– PCI (64- & 32-bit, • Telecom
33/66MHz), Arbiter, CAN
– CDMA matched filter,
bus interface
HDLC, DVB satellite,
• DSP Functions (FIR filter) ADPCM speech codec
• Error correction • Video & image
– Reed-Solomon, Viterbi processing
• Encryption (DES & triple – JPEG codec, DCT/IDCT,
 Spartan-II End Applications
• Consumer • Computer/Storage
– Set Top Boxes/Digital – Printer/Scanner
VCRs – Multi-function office
– DTV/HDTV equipment
– Digital Modems – Storage devices
• xDSL, Cable, Satellite – Home servers
– Home Networking – Audio/Video add-in cards
products
• Industrial/Medical
– Bluetooth appliances
– Medical Imaging
– LCD/Flat-Panel Displays
– Industrial
• Networking automation/control
– Telecom linecards – Data acquisition
System Block
Diagrams for
HomeRF Solutions
Block Diagram Template /
Index
Xilinx Solution Or

Non-Xilinx Components

Memory

Mixed Signal / RF

CPU

Embedded Chip
 HomeRF Module

RAM Flash

Analog
Voice
Interface Speech Radio
Analog Control
Processor
Front End Interface
(ADPCM) System 2.4GHz
Processor Radio
Burst &
Hardware
Symbol
Accelerators
Synchronization

Bus Interface

USB PCI
USB
Device Interface
Transceiver
Controller
 “Super” Set Top Box
Home Network 1394
CVBS, Y/C NTSC/PAL PHY
Decoder Graphics Back DRAM
1394
Channel MAC
UART
DRAM MPEG
Video NTSC/PAL
Parallel
Decoder Encoder
CPU
TV
PCMCIA
Decoder Bus

Hard Drive Memory

Hard Drive Controller Controller Transport MPEG Audio
Demux Audio DAC
Satellite QPSK & Decrypt Decoder
FEC
PC
Cable DRAM
QAM & Tuner
FEC Module DRAM DRAM
Terrestrial OFDM &
Descrambler
FEC
Phone Error Card
DSL & Demod Correction Reader
FEC
 HomeRF- Based Residential
Gateway
Clock Generator NTSC
& DLLs On Screen Display &
PAL
Graphics Generator
Encoder
Satellite QPSK Decoder To T.V.
and FEC Audio-
Glue Logic Video
DACs
Memory
Cable QAM Decoder and
FEC
MPEG
I/O Decoder
Control & CPU

Interface
Terrestrial OFDM Decoder and
FEC HomeRF Module
and Radio
Glue
xDSL DSL Driver/ Receiver, Logic
Transceiver and FEC
USB USB
Dev ice UTP
Transceiv er
Conditional Controller
Hard Disk HDD Access
Drive Interface IEEE 1394/FireWire

Smart Card RS-232

ISDN Modems - HomeRF
Residential Gateway
ISDN “U” or “S”
Interface PCMCIA Interface CPU UART

RS-XXX FLASH Adapter/

I/O Control SDRAM Interface
Interface

FLASH
HomePNA DRAM
Memory
MAC

HomeRF Module
HomePNA and Radio
PHY
 Satellite Modems
Quadrature Data from Tuner
I - Channel Q - Channel
Input Input

De-Interleaver
ADC ADC Clock RAM
Generator

QPSK/BPSK Viterbi Synch & Reed-Solomon HomeRF Module

Descrambler
Demodulator Decoder De-Interleaver Decoder and Radio

Data Clock

RAM
System
I/O
Tuner Interconnectivity Flash
CPU
Interface

RF In Decryption Video Encoder MPEG A/V

MPEG
Transport & A/V
RAM
VIDEO AUDIO
 HomeRF - Cable Modem
Residential Gateway
Analog IF/AGC
HomeRF Module
FEC and Radio
Memory
SAW ADC
USB
USB Dev ice UTP
Transceiv er
Controller
In DMA Interrupt
Tuner QAM FEC Decry ption DMA Controller &
Demodulator Decoder Conditional Central Arbiter
Access
Flash
Controller Flash

Interface
8-/16-/32- bit Cable SDRAM
Microcontroller SDRAM
MAC/SAR Controller
Clock Generator
& DLLs SDRAM
Controller SRAM

DAC QPSK/16QAM FEC

Modulator Encoder Encry ption IP Telephony

IP Security Module Direct TDM 4 v oice channels

Pow er
UART (DES & Triple-DES) CODEC or 1 v ideo & 1
Supply
Interface v oic e channel
 DSL Modem - HomeRF
Home Gateway
10/100 Base-
TX Ethernet MII HomePNA
MAC 8 M Hz
Oscillator
UTOPIA DRAM
or ISA
Clock Generator
Expansion & DLLs
HomeRF Module DRAM 32-bit
and Radio Bus
Interface Controller Processor
UTOPIA
I/F or DSL
Network ATM Driver/
Interface Receiver
Block Chipset

PCI Bus 8 KB Hasher

Interface Internal List
SRAM M anager

PCI
 DSL CPE
(Customer Premise
Equipment ) Digital Signal
Processor

Memory
DSL
Analog Transceiver
Line Driver/
To line & Front End
Receiver Equalizer, Reed-
POTS A-to-D & D-to-A Solomon FEC
Line Driver, HDLC System
splitter Converters, Encoder/Decoder,
Receiver & Framer Controller
Filters, Interleaver, Modulator,
Amplifiers
Amplifiers Demodulator, Packet
Format Logic

Interface

PCI Backplane HomeRF Module

Interface and Radio

Clock Generator USB Dev ice USB

UTP
& DLLs Controller Transceiv er
Web Pad / Fridge Pad
USB Port
Audio FLASH
Codec/Amp Card

I/O HomeRF Module

Control and Radio
Bridge
CPU
LVDS Link

Micro-
FLASH Controller
Adapter/
DRAM Touch Touch
Interface Screen Controller

FLASH
DRAM Memory
 PC
Home Network

Bluetooth

Display Graphics HomePNA

PHY ISA
UART

Super I/O
CPU HomePNA
LCD USB
Controller MAC PCIISA Audio
Speakers

Memory PCI
Controller

Ethernet
PCI to PCI
SDRAM PCMCIA MAC
Bridge HomeRF Module
and Radio
PCI
Home Network
Ethernet
PHY
Modem HDD HDD
Controller
Home Security System

HomeRF Module Audio

and Radio DAC Microphone

Bus Switch Microcontroller FIFO MPEG

Decoder

Keypad Memory
Camera
Controller CCD AFE
Power
Mgmt

Display

SDRAM FLASH CCD

Imager
 Printer
Clock Resolution Image
Distribution Enhancement Processor

Engine Print
CPU
Interface Engine

FLASH Adapter/ System Control & Bluetooth Module

SDRAM Interface I/O Interface

Memory SDRAM

HomeRF Module
and Radio
 Scanner
LENS

JPEG
Codec
CCD
A/D DSP
Array
Memory
Memory
Interface

Pixel
PC Data Transmission
Co-Processor
System Control &
I/O Interface

NTSC/PAL
POS
Encoder

HomeRF Module
and Radio
Multi-Function Peripheral

Power Image Sensor

Management Processor

USB Node Fax

Motor Scanner
System
Controller
Fax Modem (UART,
HomeRF Module
Controller CPU/DSP CODEC, Miscellaneous I/O and Radio
DMA)

FLASH Adapter/ Serial Peripheral

SDRAM Interface Interface

FLASH Memory/
DRAM Printer Motor
ROM
Spartan-II Features Provide System
Integration
 Where does Xilinx fit in
HomeRF?
• Everything!!
– Enabling broadband local loop in digital modems
• xDSL, cable, satellite
– Residential gateways
– Bridges
• Enabling different technologies to co-exist
– Enabling the information appliance network within
information appliances
• Web tablets, screen phones, PCs, printers, scanners
 Spartan-II Solutions for
HomeRF-Based Products
• I/O control • Memory solutions
– Multiple front end interfaces – On-chip Distributed memory,
– Multiple back end interfaces BlockRAM
• Hard disk drive interface – Memory controllers
• Clock distribution • CPU / microcontroller
– DLLs • HDLC controller
• MPEG decoder • ADPCM
• Ethernet MAC • Color Space Converters
• Error correction • Glue logic & system integration
– Reed-Solomon, Viterbi – LCD controllers, UARTs,
• PCI DMA controllers
Programmable
Solutions
Advantages
 Xilinx Programmable Solutions
Provide Several Benefits
• Time to market
– Consumer devices require fast time-to-market
– ASICs & ASSPs take 12-18 months to spin out
• Flexibility
– Product customization to meet customer needs
– Accommodate multiple standards & spec updates/changes
– Feature upgrades
• Testing and verification
– Re-programmable allows risk aversion
– Your solutions are built on a proven FPGA technology with
pre-verified silicon and IP that guarantees performance
 Xilinx Programmable Solutions
Provide Several Advantages
• Xilinx On-line - field upgradability
– Remote update of software and hardware
– Results in increased lifetime for a product (time-in-market) and
allows new, interesting applications
– Enable product features per end-user needs
• Issues in creating a stand-alone ASIC/ASSP
– Choosing the right solution
– Product customization
– Development cost and amortization
• Low cost
 Lifecycle Component
Logistics
• Xilinx is an assured source of supply
– Spartan FPGAs are high volume standard parts
– Xilinx is a Strategic customer to our fab partners
– If a device is retired, designs are quickly portable
• Xilinx’s solutions reduce exposure to component supply issues
– Designs can be quickly adapted to efficiently address
component supply problems
• NAND to NOR type Flash support for example
– Gives latitude in maintaining a cost effective BOM in dealing
with the allocation, end of life & generational migration realities
of today’s component market
 Specification Changes
• Emerging markets are
exposed to multiple
standards and
specification changes
– DSL Modem market
• 6 different variations
– DTV market
OEM/ Vendor Market
• 18 different formats

A Programmable Solution Future Proof’s Success

New Flexibility from FPGAs
Driving down the cost of consumer products with low cost reprogrammable
products
Current Future
GSM 3G
CDMA 3G+
PCS 4G
TDMA

Enabling a whole new breed of consumer products

Reprogrammable nature allows

-Field upgrades
-Field fixes
- Mars probe repair from earth
-Support for numerous standards
Xilinx & Replay TV
-Revolutionizing consumer TV
 FPGAs, the Unsung Hero
Driving the Consumer Digital Logic Revolution

• The digital consumer world is here

– Imperatives driving market success
• Time to market and time-in-market
• Flexibility
• Custom digital logic
• Xilinx - The answer for consumer digital applications
– Introducing the low cost Spartan-II programmable family
• Cost reduced for the consumer market
• Fully programmable at the desktop, in the field or in the
application
• Future proofed for changing standards
 Xilinx Digital Consumer Logic
A Natural Fit for Home Networking
• Xilinx solutions enable you to thrive in chaos
– Fastest time-to-market
• First to market, gains market share and revenue advantage
– Xilinx Online provides reconfigurability in the field
• Allows shipped product to support revisions to the spec
• Enables unique opportunities to add Value
• Increases life-cycle revenue yield & hence time-in-market
– Enables rapid product proliferation
• New designs can be quickly turned into derivatives
– Feature superior lifecycle component logistics
– Testing and Verification
• Proven FPGA technology, software, test benches
• Cost Effective!!!
 Agenda

• Introduction to home networking

• Wireless home networking
• Consortium - HomeRF Working Group
• HomeRF technology - SWAP
• Xilinx Spartan-II FPGAs in HomeRF-Based
Products
• Summary
 Summary
• The digital consumer revolution & the Internet are forcing
broadband to the home
– HomeRF provides a viable home networking technology
• Mobility with voice and data connectivity at low prices
• Sharing of broadband access and wireless communications
between multiple consumer devices
• Technical summary
– Use DECT for low cost, voice communications
– Uses TCP/IP and IEEE 802.11 for data communications
 Summary
• Various HomeRF products are being developed
– Residential gateways using HomeRF for home
networking
• Broadband access choices - DSL, cable, satellite, ISDN
– Technology bridges (several choices)
• HomeRF-to-HomePNA, IEEE802.11-to- HomeRF,
HiperLAN2-to- HomeRF, HomeRF-to-Ethernet, etc.
– HomeRF enabled information appliances
• Internet screen phones, PCs, printers, scanners, web pads,
etc.
 Summary
• Xilinx solutions enable HomeRF-based products
– Spartan-II + IP provides a better solution than competing ASSPs
• Higher performance & cost effective
• Greater flexibility is provided through reprogrammability
– The market is rapidly growing & competition from Bluetooth &
wireless LANs is causing the need for products to be rolled out: time-
to-market
– IRL provides time-in-market as specs for emerging technologies
evolve
• Features within the Spartan-II provide system integration
– DLLs, SelectIO, BlockRAM
• Embedded solutions
– FPGA logic not used from IP can be programmed with other IP cores
• Proprietary encryption algorithms can be programmed in the FPGA
depending on the application and geography
– Spartan-II FPGAs, CoolRunner & 9500 CPLDs provide system interconnectivity
in HomeRF based products
Extra
Wireless Networking
Landscape
 HomeRF Origins
802.11 DECT
Uses CSMA/CA Uses TDMA
Good for Data Good for Voice

SWAP
TDMA + CSMA/CA
Good for Voice & Data
Optimized for small networks (in home)
Simplified radio & protocol to reduce cost
Both Data & Voice are Important for HomeRF