5/7/2020

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Lecture 04

Design of T and L Beams in

Flexure

By: Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
drqaisarali@uetpeshawar.edu.pk

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Topics Addressed

 Introduction to T and L Beams

 ACI Code provisions for T and L Beams

 Design Cases

 Design of Rectangular T-beam

 Design of True T-beam

 References

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Objectives

At the end of this lecture, students will be able to;

 Differentiate between T-beam and L-beam

 Explain Mechanics of Rectangular T-beam and true T-beam

 Design T-beam for flexure

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction to T and L Beam

 The T or L Beam gets its name when the slab and beam produce
the cross sections having the typical T and L shapes in a monolithic
reinforced concrete construction.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction to T and L Beam

 In casting of reinforced concrete floors/roofs, forms are built for

beam sides, the underside of slabs, and the entire concrete is
mostly poured at once, from the bottom of the deepest beam to the
top of the slab.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction to T and L Beam

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction to T and L Beam

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design 7

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction to T and L Beam

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction to T and L Beam

a b a

a b a

a b a

a b a
Compression

Tension

Tension Compression

Section a-a Section b-b

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design 9

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction to T and L Beam

 Positive Bending Moment
 In the analysis and design of floor and roof systems, it is common practice
to assume that the monolithically placed slab and supporting beam
interact as a unit in resisting the positive bending moment.

 As shown, the slab becomes the compression flange, while the supporting
beam becomes the web or stem.
Flange

Compression

Tension

Web

Section a-a

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Introduction to T and L Beam

 Negative Bending Moment
 In the case of negative bending moment, the slab at the top of the stem
(web) will be in tension, while the bottom of the stem will be in
compression. This usually occurs at interior support of continuous beam.

Tension

Compression

Section b-b

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Code Provisions for T and L Beams

 For T and L beams supporting monolithic or composite slabs, the effective

flange width bf shall include the beam web width bw plus an effective
overhanging flange width in accordance with ACI 318-19 Table 6.3.2.1.

Slab Effective Flange Width

bf bf
hf
Flange

Web or Stem
sw
bw

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Code Provisions for T and L Beams

 Calculation of Effective Flange Width (bf) (ACI 318-19, 6.3.2.1)

T - Beam

1 bw + 16hf
sw sw
2 bw + sw

Least of the above values is selected as bf

3 bw + ℓn/4
Note: In ACI 318-19 (6.3.2.1), h is used for
Where,
slab thickness, while in ACI 318-19
bw = Width of the beam; (9.3.1.1), h is used for beam depth.
hf = Slab thickness; However, in this lecture, for differentiation
sw = Clear distance to the adjacent beam; between beam depth and slab thickness, hf
ℓn = Clear length of beam. will be used to denote slab thickness.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design 13

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

ACI Code Provisions for T and L Beams

 Calculation of Effective Flange Width (bf) (ACI 6.3.2.1)

L - Beam Effective Flange Width

bf Slab
bf
1 bw + 6hf hf
Flange
2 bw + sw/2 Web or Stem
ssw
bw
3 bw + ℓn/12 w
w

Least of the above values is selected as bf

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Cases
 In designing a T-Beam for positive bending moment, there exists two
conditions:

Case 1. The depth of the compression block may be less than or equal to
the slab depth i.e. flange thickness (a ≤ hf)

In such a condition the T-Beam is designed as rectangular beam for positive

bending with the width of compression block equal to bf.

bf
a hf

d N.A

As

bw

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design 15

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Cases

Case 2. The compression block cover the flange and extend into the web (a ˃ hf)

In such condition the T-Beam is designed as true T-beam.

(bf - bw)/2

bf
hf
a
d N.A

Ast

bw

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Rectangular T-beam

 Flexural Capacity
 Case 1. When a ≤ hf

bf
a hf

d N.A

As

bw

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design 17

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Rectangular T-beam

 Flexural Capacity
bf εc 0.85fc ′
a/2
(∑Fx = 0) a hf a C

N.A
0.85fc′ abf = Asfy d la = (d - a/2)

a = Asfy/ 0.85fc′ bf As
εs
T
(∑M = 0) bw

Mn = T*la = Asfy (d – a/2)

As ΦMn = Mu ; ΦAsfy (d – a/2) = Mu

Therefore, As = Mu/Φfy(d – a/2)

The other checks remain same as that of rectangular beam design.

Note: In calculating Asmax and Asmin, use bw , not bf.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Rectangular T-beam

 Example 01

 The roof of a hall has a 5″ thick slab with beams having 30 feet. c/c and
28.5 feet clear length. The beams are having 9 feet clear spacing and
have been cast monolithically with slab. Overall depth of beam (including
slab thickness) being 24 in. and width of beam web being 14 in. Calculate
the steel reinforcement area for the simply supported beam against a
total factored load (including self weight of beam) of 3 k/ft. Use fc′ = 3 ksi
and fy = 60 ksi.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Rectangular T-beam

 Solution:
 Span length (lc/c) = 30′ ; clear length (ln) = 28.5′

 W u = 3 k/ft

 d = 24-2.5 = 21.5″, bw = 14″; hf = 5″

5″

 Effective flange width (bf) is minimum of,

21.5″

 bw + 16hf = 14 + 16 × 5 = 94″ 19″

As
 bw + sw = 14 + 9 × 12 = 122″

 bw + ln/4 + = 14 + 28.5 × 12/4 = 99.5″ 14″

 Therefore, bf = 94″

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Rectangular T-beam

 Solution:
 Check if the beam behaviour is T or rectangular.

 Mu = wulc/c 2/8 = 3 x 302 x12 / 8 = 4050 in-kips

 Trial # 01

 Let a = hf = 5″

As = Mu/Φfy(d – a/2) = 4050/{0.90 × 60 × (21.5 – 5/2)} = 3.94 in2

 Trial # 02

 a = Asfy/(0.85fc′bf) = 3.94 × 60/ (0.85 × 3 × 94) = 0.98″ ˂ hf = 5″

Therefore, design as Rectangular beam.

As = Mu/Φfy(d – a/2) = 4050/{0.90 × 60 × (21.5 – 0.98/2)} = 3.56 in2

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design 21

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Rectangular T-beam

 Solution:
 Trial # 03

 a = Asfy/(0.85fc′bf) = 3.56 × 60/ (0.85 × 3 × 94) = 0.89″

As = Mu/Φfy(d – a/2) = 4050/{0.90 × 60 × (21.5 – 0.89/2)} = 3.56 in2

Therefore As = 3.56 in2

Try #8 bars, No of Bars = 3.56 / 0.8 = 4.45, say 5 bars

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Rectangular T-beam

 Solution:
 Check for maximum and minimum reinforcement allowed by ACI:

 Asmin = 3 ( fc′/ fy) bwd ≥ (200/fy) bwd ; (Greater of these two for fy ≤ 80 ksi)

 3 ( fc′ /fy) bwd = 3 × ( 3000 /60000) bwd = 0.82 in2

 (200/fy) bwd = (200/60000) x 14 × 21.5 = 1.0 in2

 Therefore, Asmin = 1.0 in2

 Asmax = 0.27 (fc′ / fy) bwd = 0.27 x (3/60) x 14 × 21.5 = 4.06 in2

 Asmin (1.0) < As (4.0) < Asmax (4.06) O.K!

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design 23

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Rectangular T-beam

 Drafting

bf = 94″

5″

24″

(3+2),#8 bars

bw =14″

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Rectangular T-beam

 Class Activity: Design the Beam B1 for the following moments
 fc′ = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi, beam web width = 15′′, Slab thickness = 6′′

 Overall beam depth (including slab thickness) = 24′′,

1764 ′′ K 1764 ′′ K

24′ clear length 24′ clear length

3122 ′′ K B1-Moment Diagram

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of True T-beam

 Flexural Capacity
 Case 2. When a > hf

(bf -bw)/2 (bf -bw)/2

bf bf bf
hf hf
a a
d d d N.A
= +
Ast Asf As

bw bw
bw

ΦMn ΦMn1 ΦMn2

ΦMn = ΦMn1 + ΦMn2

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of True T-beam

(bf -bw)/2

 Flexural Capacity bf
hf/2
ΦMn1 Calculation: hf C1
N.A
From stress diagram d l1 = d - hf/2

 T1 = C1 Asf
T1
 C1 = 0.85 fc′ (bf - bw)hf bw
ΦMn1
 T1 = Asf fy

 Asf fy = 0.85fc′ (bf - bw)hf

Everything in the equation is known except Asf

 Therefore, Asf = 0.85fc′ (bf - bw)hf / fy

 ΦMn1 = T1 x l1 = ΦAsf fy (d – hf/2)

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of True T-beam

 Flexural Capacity (bf -bw)/2
bf
ΦMn2 Calculation:
hf a
a/2
C2
From stress diagram N.A
d
T2 = C2
l2 = d - a/2

As
T2
 C2 = 0.85 fc′ abw
bw ΦMn2
 T2 = As fy

 As fy = 0.85fc′ abw

 a = As fy / (0.85 fc′ bw)

 ΦMn2 = T2 x l2 = Φ As fy (d – a/2)

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of True T-beam

 As Calculation (bf -
bbfw)/2
h a
a/2
C2
We know that ΦMn = Mu f N.A
d
ΦMn1 + ΦMn2 = Mu l2 = d - a/2
As
ΦMn1 is already known to us, T2

Therefore ΦMn2 = Mu – ΦMn1 b ΦMn2

w

And as, ΦMn2 = T2 x l2 = Φ As fy (d – a/2)

Also ΦMn2 = Mu – ΦMn1
Therefore, As = (Mu – ΦMn1)/ Φfy (d – a/2);
and a = As fy / (0.85 fc′ bw)
Calculate As by trial and success method.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320 Reinforced Concrete Design 29

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of True T-beam

 Ductility Requirements • For fy = 40 ksi
c = 0.41d and, a = β1c = β10.41d
• For fy = 60 ksi
 T = C1 + C2 [ ∑Fx = 0 ] c = 0.37d and, a = β1c = β10.37d
Astfy =0.85fc′(bf – bw)hf + 0.85fc′abw
Astfy = Asffy + 0.85fc′abw
 For ductility εs = εt = εty + 0.003 (ACI 318-19 table 21.2.2)
 For a = β1c, Ast will become Astmax, Therefore,
Astmax fy= 0.85fc′β1cbw + Asffy (For fc′ ≤ 4000 psi, β1 = 0.85)
Astmax = 0.27 (fc′/ fy) bwd + Asf (fy =60 ksi), Astmax = 0.3 (fc′/ fy) bwd + Asf (fy =40 ksi)
Alternatively Astmax (True T beam) = Asmax (singly) + Asf
 So, for T-beam to behave in a ductile manner Ast, provided ≤ Astmax (True T beam)

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of True T-beam

 Example 02

 Design a simply supported T beam to resist a factored positive moment

equal to 6700 in-kip. The beam is 12″ wide and is having 24″ total depth
including a slab thickness of 3 inches. The centre to centre and clear
lengths of the beam are 25.5′ and 24′ respectively. The clear spacing
between the adjacent beams is 3 ft. Take fc′ = 3 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of True T-beam

 Solution:
 Span length (lc/c) = 25.5′ ; clear length (ln) = 24′

 d = 21.5″; bw = 12″; hf = 3″

 Effective flange width (bf) is minimum of,

 bw + 16hf = 12 + 16 × 3 = 60″

 bw + sw = 12 + 3 × 12 = 48″

 bw + ln/4 = 12 + 24 × 12/4 = 84″

 Therefore, bf = 48″

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of True T-beam

 Solution:
 Check if the beam behaviour is T or rectangular.

 Let a = hf = 3″

As = Mu/Φfy(d – a/2) = 6700/{0.90 × 60 × (21.5 – 3/2)} = 6.203 in2

a = Asfy/(0.85fc′bf) = 6.203 × 60/ (0.85 × 3 × 48) = 3.041″ > hf

 Therefore, design as True T-beam.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of True T-beam

 Solution:
Design:

 Calculate Asf

Asf = 0.85fc′ (bf – bw) hf/fy

= 0.85 × 3 × (48 – 12) × 3/60 = 4.59 in2

 The nominal moment resistance (ФMn1), provided by Asf is,

ФMn1 = ФAsf fy {d – hf/2} = 0.9 × 4.59 × 60 × {21.5 – 3/2} = 4957.2 in-kip

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of True T-beam

 Solution:
Design:

 The nominal moment resistance (ФMn2), provided by remaining steel As is,

ФMn2 = Mu – ФMn1 = 6700 – 4957.2 = 1742.8 in-kip

 Let a = 0.2d = 0.2 × 21.5 = 4.3″

As = ФMn2/ {Фfy(d – a/2)} = 1742.8 / {0.9 × 60 × (21.5 – 4.3/2)}= 1.667 in2

a = Asfy/(0.85fc′bw) = 1.667 × 60 / (0.85 × 3 ×12) = 3.27″

 By trial and success method, finally As= 1.62 in2

 Ast = Asf + As = 4.59 + 1.62 = 6.21 in2 (Use 9, #8 Bars)

 Ast(Provided) = 9 x 0.8 = 7.2 in2

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of True T-beam

 Solution:
 Ductility requirements, Asmin ≤ (Ast = As + Asf) ≤ Astmax (True T-Beam)

 Asmin = 3 ( fc′/ fy) bwd ≥ (200/fy) bwd (for fy ≤ 80 ksi)

 3 ( fc′/ fy) bwd = 3 × (√(3000)/60000) x 12 x 21.5 = 0.706 in2

 200/fy bw d = (200/60000) x 12 x 21.5 = 0.86 in2

 Asmax (singly) =0.27(fc′/fy)bd = 0.27x(3/60)x12x21.5 = 3.48 in2

 Astmax (True T- Beam) = Asmax (singly) + Asf = 3.48 + 4.59 = 8.07 in2

 Asmin (0.8) < Ast(provided) (7.2) < Astmax (True T- Beam) (8.07) , O.K.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of True T-beam

 Solution: (Class Activity)

Check design capacity your self.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of True T-beam

 Drafting:
bf =48″

3″

d=19.125″

(3+3+3),#8 bars

bw =12″

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

References

 Design of Concrete Structures 14th Ed. by Nilson, Darwin and Dolan.

 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19)

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