CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Conceptual Paradigm of the study about the FACTORS AFFECTING SELF-ESTEEM AS

PERCEIVE BY SELECTED GRADE 12 AMETHYST STUDENTS IN BULALA HIGH SCHOOL IN

RELATON TO THEIR ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE.

Related Literature

Kling et al. (2002) conducted a metal - analysis on gender differences in global self-

esteem with two analysis. In analysis 1, a computerized literature search of 97,121

respondents and in analysis 2, the responses of approximately 48,000 young Americans,

from the National Center for Education Statistics were used. The two analyses provided

evidence that males scored higher on standard of global self-esteem than females, but

the difference is small.

among adolescent's self-esteem in 6 domains and risk behaviours related to substance

use, bullying, suicidality and sexuality. A multistage started sampling strategy was used

and a representative sample of 939 English, Afrikaans and Xhosa-speaking students in

Grade 8 and 11 were selected. The multidimensional self-esteem questionnaire and a

self-report questionnaire were used to collect the data. The results showed that scores

on each self-esteem scale was significantly associated with at least one risk behavior.

Low self-esteem in the family and school contexts and high self-esteem in the peer

domain were significantly associated with multiple risk behaviours in adolescent of both

sàs.

Holmstrom (2010) did a meta- analysis on self-esteem as a focus pf communication

scholarship to examine the interactions that aid in the development and maintenance of

self-esteem in both children in adults. The results showed that communication

influences the development of childrens self-esteem and it has important theoretical

and pragmÀatic implications.

of training in self- monitoring and goal- setting skills on classroom study behavior and

academic achievement among elementary school students in an individualized

mathematics program in the self- monitoring conditions, students were shown a simple

including 25 girls and 25 boys.The age range of children was 8-15 years .Coopersmith

self - esteem inventory was used to measure the self-esteem . The results showed that

orphan design was used to test the effectiveness of behavior intervention .The sample

consisted of two groups of children with low self-esteem .Group 1 comprised of 10

orphan children and Group 2 comprised of 10 non orphan children. Behavior

intervention for one month was given to the children .The results showed the

effectiveness of behavior intervention in enhancing self-esteem of both orphan and non

orphan children.
According to Rock (2010) investigated the effects of strategic self-monitoring

intervention on the academic engagement , non targeted problem behavior

,productivity and accuracy of students with and without disabilities .A multiple baseline

design was used and the participants were 7 boys and 2 girls of elementary age

receiving their educational services in two different classrooms. The students were

taught to use the self-monitoring strategy during independent math/reading seat work .

The results indicated that self monitoring was an effective strategy for fostering self-

management and enhancing the academic performance of students with differing

needs.

According to Webber, Scheuermann ,Mc call and Coleman (2011) did a meta- analysis

two examine the use of self -monitoring for behavior management purpose in special

education classrooms. Twenty seven studies were include for the analysis. It was found

that self monitoring can be successfully used with special education students of various

age in settings to increase attention to task ,positive classroom behaviors and some

social skills .

A research done by Mullis and Chapman(2000) on association among gender ,age ,self-

esteem and found that adolescents having high self -esteem focused on problem solving

and emotion focused strategy was used by those adolescents having low self -esteem.
According to Zhuodi (2005) investigated whether there were differences in self -esteem

among adolescents with low vision due to gender. The sample population consisted of

(23 adolescents ),(10 males and 13 females) aged 12 -17 years in the first year of

secondary school .The researcher used the tennesse Self-esteem scale (TSCS) for the

evaluation of self -concept .The results of the study showed that there were some

differences in the adolescent self-esteem and self-behavior due to gender .Female

students scored lower on social self-esteem, family self -behavior , and moral self

-behavior dimensions that male students , but higher on physical self -esteem.

Tawnyea (2008) examined relationship with parent gender and self -esteem associated

with internalizing problem. Archival method was used for collecting scores. The result

indicated that the degree of internalizing problem was related to quality of parent

relationship and self-esteem .Children who reported better relationship with their

parents and high self -esteem reported less internalizing problem but children having

low self-esteem reported higher internalizing problem.

According to Ross and Broh (2000) self- efficacy and self- esteem are often found to be

related ,the increasing evidence revealing the positive effect from student self- efficacy

for academic success does not likewise demonstrate a direct positive influence from

self-esteem on school achievement.

According to Parker, Jennifer, Benson, and Mark (2004) conducted the national

educational longitudinal study to examine parental support and monitoring on

adolescent outcomes of self-esteem ,substance abuse and delinquency .Diverse samples

of 16,749 adolescents were include and findings showed that high parental support and

monitoring were related to greater self -esteem and lower risk behaviours .

According to Block and Robins (2008) in a longitudinal study examined the development

changes in self-esteem from early adolescence through late adolescence to early

adulthood .The samples included were 47 girls and 44 boys .The findings showed that

the self- esteem of males increased and females decreased over time.Boys and girls with

high self -esteem possessed quite different personality characteristics in early

adolescence. Although important differences remained, the personality characteristics

associated with high self-esteem were similar for the two sexes in early adulthood.
According to Berg (2010) conducted a longitudinal study to examine the cross - sectional

association between body dissatisfaction and low self- esteem across gender, age, body

weight, status, race or ethnicity, and socioecomic status. A diverse sample pf

adolescents aged 11-18 years undergone school-based survey of eating weight , and

related attitudes. Measurement of height and weight were done in schools and were

resurveyed through mails 5 years later. The findings indicated that body dissatisfaction

and self- esteem were strongly related among all groups of adolescents.

According to Erturgut and Erturgut (2010) conducted a study to analyze academic self-

esteem levels of primary school children whose families applied to the hospital with

different demonstrated that these short - term group administered therapies were

effective in significantly decreasing depression in adolescents.

According to Winfield (2010) conducted a study to assess the efficacy of a self-

monitoring technique to improve academic skill production. The participants included

were first grade students from three classroom settings in one predominately middle

class , suburban school district in south - eastern Pennsylvania. The students that

participated in the self- graphing intervention did demonstrate higher levels of growth

along with higher reading fluency scores than the other participant group. These

findings lend support to the literature in the field of self- monitoring as a method for

improving student performance.

self- monitoring technique on inattentive behaviors of children with attention deficit

hyperactivity disorder. Participants consisted of 4 students who attended two special

education schools at the elementary level and their age range was between 9 to 11

years. A multiple baseline single - subject experimental design was used .Inattentive

behaviors of participants were observed during two sessions each week and each

session lasted for 30 minutes. Self - control in the participants.The results of this study

showed an increased effectiveness of self- monitoring technique on the self - control of

inattentive behaviors.

According to Devamony and Devadoson (2011) did an interventional study to evaluate

the level of self- esteem among adolescent girls before and after hugging using pre

experimental design. The samples consisted of 30 adolescent girls selected by total

enumeration method and the data was collected using standardized Rosenberg's Self -

Esteem Scale. Inferential statistics was used to evaluate the effectiveness of hugging

among adolescent girls and the results showed that there was a significant increase in

self - esteem after hugging among adolescent girls.

study to investigate the relationship between child rearing styles and students self -

esteem among both male and female students . The sample group consisted of

randomly selected 100 students including 50 girls and 50 boys .The tool used was Self-

Esteem Eysenck Questionnaire and a question was added to determine the child rearing

style. The resumed showed that the self- esteem of the students with confidence

overwhelming child rearing patterns is more than the self - esteem of the students with

authoritarian and negligence patterns child rearing. The researcher concludes that the

role of parents in providing mental health, academic achievement and self - esteem is

far beyond anything that has been fulfilled.

According to Mrudu , Nagarajaiah and Janardhana (2012) did a descriptive study to

assess the parental attachment and self - esteem among adolescents .Convenient

sampling was used t select a sample of 100 adolescents between the age group of 15

-18 years. Socio Demographic Data Schedule ,Parental Attachment Questionnaire and

Self - Esteem Inventory were used for data collection. The findings revealed that , there

is a statistically significant positive correlation between overall parental attachment and

self - esteem among the adolescents.

of activity sessions on positive peer relationship and self - esteem among adolescent

students using pre experimental design . Simple random technique was used and 60

adolescents were selected. Peer relation scale and the Rosenberg's self - esteem

inventory were used to collect data. The subjects participated in the planned series of

activity in eight different sessions.The results showed that the subjects developed high

positive peer relation and self - esteem after participation in the activities and it was

also found that there was a positive correlation between the level of positive peer

relation and self esteem of the adolescents.

Theoretical Framework

They have an likeness in Early Theories of Self - Esteem.The beginning of self - esteem.

You've probably heard of Self- esteem now we feel about ourselves but would it

surprise you to know that there was no such thing 150 years ago? Okay, that was a bit

mis leading but now that we have your attention ,will clarify . No one considered self

esteem as a unique trait to be studied and defined until the psychologist William James

introduced his theory of self esteem in 1819. Since that time, other psychologist and

psychology theorists have built on that original theory to further define self esteem ,

describe how it forms and questions about the purpose of function of self esteem.
According to William James he used a simple formula to define self esteem , stating that

self esteem = success/ pretentions.Pretentions , in this case , refer to our goals , and

what we believe about our potential .So , if our actual achievements are low and our

believed potential and goals are high , we see ourselves as a failures. Conversely, and

you can probably remember an experience like this , if your success exceeds your

expectations , you feel great about yourself and your self esteem rises.

Rosenberg , a contemporary of Coopersmith , also studied the development of Self

esteem , focusing on adolescence rather than early childhood. So that self esteem is

built on an evaluation of the self in comparison with others. This means an adolescents

compares themselves to peers they see around them to evaluate their value while

thingking about how others might see them. We develop our sense of self - worth

through the way others treat us , the rules our society sets of define achievement and

influence what goals we set

What is the use of self - esteem ?

More contemporary theories focus on the role self - esteem plays in our lives and

psychological well- being . This follows the question of why we have self - esteem rather

than continuing to theorize about what self - esteem is or how it develops .

The framework of this study is based on the system concept .The system consisted of the
processes to be implemented during the research procedures and data analysis.

The central point of this study is the profile of the selected grade - 12 Amethyst students of
Bulala High School ,the extent to which Factors affecting self - esteem of study habits of the selected
grade -12 Amethyst students.

Preparation of survey questionnaires ,gathering of data and analysis of data will be conducted
in order two come up with an output specifically a brochure so that students can acquire awareness on
Factors affecting self esteem specially in their academic performance.

Using the descriptive approach , the researcher presented data to be analyzed. After the
reviewing of the data collected, the researcher gathered recommendations regarding on how to face
and to manage the situation that art given to selected grade -12 Amethyst students of Bulala High
School.

Figure 2 on the next page is the Conceptual Paradigm of this study White is Factors affecting
Self - esteem as perceived by selected grade -12 Amethyst students of Bulala High School in relation to
their Academic performance.
Notes

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