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Microeconomics: Optimization & Markets

1. Microeconomics studies how individuals and firms make decisions to allocate limited resources in markets where goods are bought and sold. 2. The lecture covers optimization and allocation, different types of markets, economic measurement including flow and stock variables as well as prices, and positive versus normative economic analysis. 3. Key types of markets include competitive, monopolistic, oligopoly, monopoly, and monopsony/oligopsony markets based on product differentiation and influence on price.

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35 views3 pages

Microeconomics: Optimization & Markets

1. Microeconomics studies how individuals and firms make decisions to allocate limited resources in markets where goods are bought and sold. 2. The lecture covers optimization and allocation, different types of markets, economic measurement including flow and stock variables as well as prices, and positive versus normative economic analysis. 3. Key types of markets include competitive, monopolistic, oligopoly, monopoly, and monopsony/oligopsony markets based on product differentiation and influence on price.

Uploaded by

dijojnay
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1

1 Optimization and Allocation

Lecture 1

Overview: Themes, Types of Markets, Economic


Measurement, Economic Analysis

Microeconomics is a branch of economics that studies how individuals and


firms make decisions to allocate limited resources, typically in markets where
goods or services are being bought and sold.

Outline
1. Chap 1: Optimization and Allocation
2. Chap 1: Definition and Various Type of Markets
3. Chap 1: Economic Measurement
4. Chap 1: Economic Analysis
1 Optimization and Allocation
Consumer theory. Maximize preference (with limited income or time)

Producer theory. Maximize profit (with limited capital)

2 Definition and Various Type of Markets


Market. A place where buyers and sellers come together to exchange some
product or good.

Product and Factor Markets


Market Buyers Sellers
Product Market individuals firms
Factor Market firms individuals
Table 1: Product and Factor Markets.
3 Economic Measurement

In a factor market, buyers are firms who need to hire workers and borrow
money for capital expenditure, and sellers are individuals who provide labor and
save money in banks.
2
Types of Markets Based on Influence on Price
Market Type Products Sellers Buyers
Competitive homogeneous many many
Monopolistic heterogeneous many many
Oligopoly a few many
Monopoly one many
Monopsony many one
Oligopsony many a few
Table 2: Types of Markets Based on Influence on Price.

Table 2 shows different markets based on product differentiation and


influence on price. Influence on price increases in moving from Competitive
markets to Monopoly.

3 Economic Measurement
Flow and Stock Variables
Stock variables. Not measured with respect to time. e.g. price, wealth,
inventories.
Flow variables. Measured per some unit of time. e.g. production, consumption,
income.
Two additional flow variables:
Expenditure.

EXPENDITURE = PRICE × CONSUMPTION.

Revenue.
REVENUE = PRICE × PRODUCTION.

Prices
Nominal price. The absolute or current dollar price of a good or service when it
is sold.
Real price. The price relative to an aggregate measure of prices or constant
dollar price. It also measures prices relative to others. Price after
adjustment for inflation.
4 Economic Analysis

CPI(Consumer Price Index). Total spending on a market basket of goods.


Formula of inflation rate:
CPI(currentyear)
3
(Gross)Inflationrate = .
CPI(baseyear)

Formula of real price:

Nominalprice(currentyear)
Realprice = ,
Inflationrate(baseyeartocurrentyear)
or
Nominalprice(currentyear)
Realprice = .
CPI(current)/CPI(base)

Example. For instance, the average tuition of college:


Year Nominal Price CPI Real Price (base year 1970)
1970 2,530 38.8 2,530
1990 12,018 130.7 3,569
2002 18,273 181.0 3,917
Table 3: Average Tuition of College 1970 to 2002.

Notice that from 1970 to 2002 nominal price increases by 7 times but real
price increases by 1.5 times.

4 Economic Analysis
Positive analysis. Study the relationship of cause and effect (Questions that deal
with explanation and prediction).

Normative analysis. Analysis examining questions of what ought to be (Often


supplemented by value judgments).

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