Gopi Chandra Poudel / M.Sc, M.

Ed

Uff]kLrGb| kf}8]n - Pd P:;L, Pd P8_

!=! j|Xdf08 ;DjlGw hfgsf/L
 j|Xdf08 McGtl/Ifdf /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ lk08x?sf] cltljzfn ;d"x g} j|Xdf08 xf] .
o o; cGtu{t ;f}o{d08n, tf/f, tf/fd08n, tf/fk'~h cflb kb{5g\ .
o Cosmology: (;[i6Lzf:q) j|xdf08 ;DjlGw cWofog ug]{ zf:q xf] .
o Astronomy :(vuf]nzf:q) cfsfzLo lk08x? ;DjlGw cWoog ug]{ zf:q
o Astrology : hf]ltif ;DjlGw cWoog ug]{ zf:q
 Uoflnlnof] UoflnlnM ;a}eGbf klxnf]] b'/aLg k|of]u u/L j|xdf08sf] cWoog ug]{
j}1flgs
 lgsf]n; sf]klg{s;M ;"o{ s]lGb|t l;4fGtsf k|ltkfbs =
 ;"o{ s]Gb|df /xG5 / k[YjL nufot u|xx?n] o;sf] kl/qmdf ub{5g\
elg ;j} eGbf klxn] cfˆgf] l;4fGt k|:t't u/]sf lyP .
vuf]lno b"/L ;DaGwL PsfOx? M
 cfsf;df /x]sf vuf]lno lk08x? aLrsf] b"/LnfO{ P:6«f]gf]ldsn b"/L elgG5 . o;nfO{
k|sf; aif{, P:6«f]gf]ldsn PsfO{ / kf;]{s PsfOdf gflkG5 .
 k|sf; jif{ (Light Year):
o z'Godf k|sf;n] Ps jif{df kf/ ug]{ b"/LnfO{ k|sf; jif{ elgG5 .
o Ps k|sf; jif{ Ö (=$^× !)!% ld x'G5 .
o Ps k|sf; jif{df sl/a (% vj{ lsnf]ld6/ b"/L x'G5 .
o k|sf;sf] ult M #×!)* ld=/;]s]08 cyjf #×!)% ls=ld=;]s]08 x'G5 .
o k|sf;n] Ps ;]s]08df # nfv lsnf] ld6/ b"/L kf/ u5{ .
 P:6«f]gf]ldsn PsfO{ (Astronomical Unit):
o ;"o{ / k[YjL larsf] cf};t b"/LnfO{ P:6«f]gf]ldsn PsfO{ elgG5 .
o 1AU Ö ;'o{ / k[YjL ljrsf] b'/L .
o ! P:6«f]gf]ldsn PsfO{ 1AU = 1.5×1011 m or 1.5×108km
o s/Lj ! v/a %) c/a dL6/ b"/L x'G5 .
 kf;]{s (Parsec): vuf]lno lk08x? larsf] b'/LnfO{ dfkg ug{sf nflu k|of]udf Nofpg
;lsg] k|sf;aif{ eGbf klg 7'nf] PsfOnfO{ kf;]{s elgG5 .
o ! kf;]{s ( Pc) = #=@^ k|sf; aif{
o ! kf;]{s ( Pc) = 2.06×105 AU
o ! kf;]{s ( Pc) = 3.1×1016 m
 Gopi Chandra Poudel / M.Sc, M.Ed

tf/fk'~h (Galaxy):
 a|df08df /x]sf nfvf}+ s/f]8f}+ tf/fx?sf] ljzfn ;d"xnfO{ tf/fk'~h (Galaxy) elgG5 .
h:t}M Milk-way Galaxy, Andromeda Galaxy etc.
 tf/fk'~hsf] k|sf/ M tf/fk'~hx? tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .
s_ sdfgL -:kfO/n_ (Spiral) v_ c08fsf/ (Oval) u_ clgoldt (Irregular)
cfsfzu+uf tf/fk'~h (Milky way Galaxy):
 ;f}o{ d08n /x]sf] tf/fk'~h g} Milky Way Galaxy xf] .
 o; tf/fk'~hdf ! vj{ tf/fx? /x]sf 5g\ .
 o;sf] df]6fO{ !) xhf/ k|sf; aif{ /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] s]Gb| ;"o{af6 #) xhf/ k|sf; aif{
6f9f /x]sf] 5 .
 ;"o{nfO{ cfsfzu+uf tf/fk'~hsf] s]Gb| jl/kl/ kl/qmdf ug{ @% s/f]8 aif{ nfU5 . of]
;donfO{ sl:d;s aif{ (Cosmic Year) elgG5 .
 Gopi Chandra Poudel / M.Sc, M.Ed

;f}o{d08n (Solar System):

 ;"o{ / ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ 3'Dg] ljleGg u|x, pku|x, lzz'u|x, [pNsf, w"ds]t", k'5|]tf/f
cflbsf] ;d"xnfO{ ;f}o{d08n elgG5 . o;nfO{ ;f}o{ kl/jf/ klg elgG5 .
;"o{(sun)
 ;f}o{ kl/jf/sf] ;j}eGbf k|d'v ;b:o
 cfsfzu+uf tf/fk'~hdf /x]sf Ps v/a tf/f dWo] dWod cfsf/sf] tf/f .
 ;f}o{d08nsf] nueu ((Ü ef/ ePsf] lk08
 cGo u|xx?sf] lk08x? eGbf &$) u'0ff j9L lk08 ePsf] .
 cf};t Jof; – !#, (@, $)) ls=ld

;fk]lIft 3gTj– !=$!

k[YjL b]lvsf] b'/L– !$ s/f]8 ** nfv ls=ld

;"o{sf] ;txsf] cf};t tfkqmd– %&)))C

;"o{sf] s]Gb|sf] cf};t tfkqmd –1,50,00,000oc
 ;f}o{ jtf;sf] j]u – 500km/s
 ;"o{sf] lk08= 1.99×1030 kg (2×1030 kg)
 ;"o{ zlQmsf] d'nsf/0f – Go"lSnP/ k|ltlqmof
 ;"o{sf] jgfj6 – xfO8«hf]g – &)Ü lxlnod @*Ü cGo @
 ;"o{af6 k[YjLdf k|sfz cfOk'Ug nfUg] ;do – * ld= @) ;]s]G8
 ;"o{n] kl/qmdf ug]{ sIfsf] s]Gb|ljGb' – Uofn]lS6s ;]G6/ (Galactic Center)
 Gopi Chandra Poudel / M.Sc, M.Ed
 ;"o{sf] ult – 221 km/s
 ;"o{n] (Galactic center ) tf/fk'~hLo s]Gb|nfO{ Ps k6s 3'Dg nfUg] ;do – @%
s/f]8 jif{ . o;nfO{ Cosmic year klg elgG5 .
;"o{ / k[YjLsf] t'ngf
– k[YjLsf] eGbf ;"o{sf] cfsif{0f jn – @* u'0ff a9L
– k[YjLsf] eGbf ;"o{sf] Jof;sf] lx;fjn] –!)( u'0ff a9L
– k[YjLsf] eGbf ;"o{sf] lk08 lx;fan] – #,#@,($^ u'0ffa9L
– k[YjLsf] eGbf ;"o{sf] cfotgsf] lx;fajn] – !@, ((, #&) u'0ff a9L
– ;"o{df !# nfv a6f k[YjLx? c6\g ;S5g\ .
u|xx?M
– ;"o{sf] j/Lkl/ 3'Dg] cfsflzo lk08
– cfˆg} tfk / k|sf; gePsf] lk08
– hDdf u|x – * j6f
– ;g\ @))^ cui6 @#–@$ sf] cGt{/fli6«o vuf]n lj1fg ;+3sf] @^ cf}F dxf;ef af6
odnfO{ u|xsf] dfGotfaf6 x6fO{of] . o;sf] cf}krfl/s 3f]if0ff ;]K6]Da/ @))^ df eof].
lelqu|x – j'w, z'qm, k[YjL d+un
aflx/Lu|x – j[x:ktL, zlg, c?0f, a?0f
 7"nf]b]lv ;fgfu|x?sf] qmd M a[x:klt, zlg, c?0f, a?0f, k[YjL, z'qm, d+un, a'w
 ;'o{jf6 ghLs b]lv 6f9f u|xx?sf] qmdM a'w, z'qm, k[YjL, d+un, a[x:klt, zlg, c?0f, a?0f
 k[YjLaf6 ghLsb]vL 6f9fx'g] u|xx?sf] qmd M z'qm, d+un, a'w, a[x:klt, zlg, c?0f, a?0f
u|x x'gsf] nflucfjZos of]UotfM
1. cfˆgf] :ki6 sIf x'g'kb{5 .
2. u'?Tjjnn] uf]nfsf/ (Spherical) x'g'kb{5 .
3. cGo cfsflzo lk08 sIfsf] glhs x'g' x'Fb}g .
od ;Fu} lzz'u|xx? /x]sf] / o;sf] l5d]s (Clear) gePsf]n] o;nfO{ u|xsf] dfGotfaf6 x6fPsf]
xf] o;nfO{ xfn k'mRr] u|x (Dwarf planet) elgG5 .
;a}eGbf ;fgf] u|x – j'w ;j}eGbf 7'nf] u|x – j[x:klt
j'w(Mercury)
– ;j}eGbf ;fgf] u|x
– Pstkm{ clt tftf] / csf]{lt/ clt708f ePsf] u|x
– ;"o{af6 % s/f]8 &^ nfv ls=ld= 6f9f /x]sf] u|x
– ;"o{sf] kl/qmdf ug{ *&=(& nueu ** lbg nfU5 .
– cfˆg} cIfdf 3'Dg %*=^% -%( nueu lbg nfU5_ .
– pku|x, gePsf] .
 Gopi Chandra Poudel / M.Sc, M.Ed
– Morning star
– a'wsf] ult $* ls=ld=÷;]s]08 5 .
z'qm(Venus)
– ;"o{af6 bf];|f] glhssf] u|x
– ;j}eGbf rlDsnf] u|x
– sIf e|d0f ;do– @@& lbg -z'qmsf] jif{_
– cIf e|d0f ;do – @$#= lbg -z'qmsf] lbg_
– jif{ eGbf lbg nfdf] x'g]
– ;j}eGbf tftf] u|x, pku|x, gePsf] .
– sfj{g8fOcS;fO8sf] jfbn ePsf] -jfo'd08n_ j9L tftf] ePsf]
– Morning star / Evening star sf] pkgfdn] lrgLg]
– ;"o{af6 b'/L !) s/f]8 %& nfv ls=ld=
– z'qmsf] ult #%=^# ls=ld=÷;]s]08 5 .
k[YjL(Earth)
– ;lhjnfO{ pko'Qm jftfj/0f x'g] u|x .
– b'O ltxfO -&!Ü_ kfgL / @(Ü hldg /x]sf]
– ;"o{nfO{ 3'Dg #^% lbg % 306f $* ldg]6 $%=%! ;]s]08 nfU5 .
– cfˆg} cIfdf 3'Dg – @# 306f %^ ldg]6 $=)( ;]s]08
– k[YjLsf] ult #) ls=ld=÷;]s]08 /x]sf] 5 .
– o;sf] cf};t Jof; !@^&@ ls=ld /x]sf] 5 .
– o;sf] Psdfq pku|x rGb|df xf] .
– o;sf] cf};t 3gTj 5.52gm/cm35 . To;}n] ;j}eGbf j9L 3gTj ePsf] u|x xf] .
d+un(Mars)
– /ftf] u|x -lndf]gfO6 x'gfn] /ftf] b]lvPsf]_
– u|xsf] b'j} w|'j{df UofF;Lo j/kmsf 6f]kL /x]sf]
– sfj{g8fOcS;fO8sf] kftnf] jfo'd08n /x]sf]
– o;n] ;"o{nfO{ Psk6s 3'Dg ^*& lbg nufpF5 .
– o;n] cfˆgf] cIfdf @$ 306f #& ldg]6 @@ ;]s]08df 3'D5 .
– cf};tJof; ^&$@ ls=ld= 5 .
– o;sf @ j6f pku|x /x]sf 5g\ . –kmf]af]; / l8df];_
– ;"o{af6 @@ s/f]8 %^ nfv ls=ld= 6f9f /x]sf] 5 .
– o;sf] ult 24km/s /x]sf] 5 .
– cf};t 3gTj 3.93gm/cm3 5 .
– d+unu|x uPsf] klxnf] ofg – efOlsË–!
 Gopi Chandra Poudel / M.Sc, M.Ed
j[x:klt(Jupiter)
– ;f}o{d08nsf] ;j}eGbf 7"nf] u|x
– /ftf] bfu ePsf] ldy]g / co2sf] jfo'd08n ePsf]
– ;"o{af6sf] b'/L && s/f]8 &@ nfv ls=ld=
– ;"o{nfO{ kl/qmdf ug{ !!=*^ jif{ nfU5 .
– cfˆgf] cIfdf 3'Dg ( 306f %% ldg]6 #) ;s]08 nfU5 .
– cf};t 3gTj 1.33gm/cm35 .
– pku|xsf] ;+Vof &( 5g\ .
– ;j}eGbf 7"nf] pku|x …u]gLd]8Ú
Zflg(Saturn)
– ;f}o{d08nsf] bf];|f] 7"nf] u|x
– jl/kl/ rqm ePsf] u|x
– ;"o{ b]lvsf] b'/L !,^@,($,)),))) ls=ld=
– ;"o{nfO{ kl/qmdf ug{ @(=$^ jif{ nfU5 .
– cf};t 3gTj 0.687gm/mc3 5 .
– ;j}eGbf xn'sf -3gTjsf] lx;fjn]_ kfgLdf pqg]
– pku|xsf] ;+Vof –*@
– ;j}eGbf 7'nf] pku|x –6L6fg
– ;j}eGbf ;fgf] pku|x – kmf]j]
c?0f (Uranus)
– t];|f] 7"nf] u|x
– ;"o{jf6 b'/L @,*&,%),)),)) ls=ld=
– ;"o{nfO{ kl/qmdf ug{ *$ jif{ nufpF5 .
– cf};tult %=$ ls=ld=÷ ;]s]08 5 .
– cfˆgf] cIfdf 3'Dg !& 306f !$ ldg]6 nfU5 .
– c?0fsf] cf};t 3gTj 1.27gm/cm35 .
– pku|xsf] ;+Vof @& 5g\ . xl/of] /+u b]lvG5 .
j?0f (Neptune)
– ;"o{af6 ;j]}eGbf 6f9fsf] u|x
– ;"o{jf6sf] b'/L $,$(,&),&),)) ls=ld= 5 .
– cf};t 3gTj 1.64gm/cm35 .
– o;n] cIfdf 3'Dg !^$=( jif{ nfufpF5 .
– o;sf] !$ j6f pku|x 5g\ .
– ;j}eGbf 7"nf] pku|x 6«fO6g (Triton)xf] .
pku|xM
 Gopi Chandra Poudel / M.Sc, M.Ed
u|xsf] jl/jl/ 3'Dg] cfsflzo lk08nfO{ pku|x elgG5 .
pku|x k|fs[lts / s[lqd u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .
j'w / z'qm u|xsf pku|x 5}gg\ .
k[YjLsf] pku|x – ! zlgsf]] pku|x – *@
d+unsf] pku|x– @ c?0fsf] pku|x – @&
j[x:kltsf] pku|x– &( j?0fsf] pku|x – !$
 klxnf] s[lqd pku|x — :k'lTgs —I, h;nfO{ ?;n] ;g\ !(%& cS6'a/ $ df
cGtl/Ifdf k7fPsf] xf] .
lzz'u|x M
d+un / j[x:klt u|xx?sf] ljrdf /lx ;"o{sf] kl/qmdf ug]{ cfsflzo lk08 .
– lolgx?sf] lglZrtcfsf/ 5}g
– lolgx? !=^ ls=ld= b]lv *)) ls=ld= ;Dd Jof; ePsf 5g\ .
– nueu !^)) j6f lzz'u|xsf] klxrfg eO;s]sf] 5 .
pNsf(Meteor)
cfsfzdf jNb} k[YjLlt/ emg]{ qmddf x/fpg] lk08 g} pNsf x'g\
pNsf lk08 ( Meteorite): cfsfzdf jNb} emb}{ hfFbf k[YjLsf] ;tx ;Dd cfOk'Ug] cfsflzo lk08nfO{
pNsf lk08 elgG5 . sl/j %) xhf/ jif{ klxn] cd]l/sfsf] Pl/hf]gdf !@&% ld6/
rf}8f / !&% ld6/ ulx/f vfN8f] jgfpg] u/L pNsflk08 vz]sf] cg'dfg ul/G5 .
pNsflk08 # k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .
s_ 9'Ëf h:tf (Stony) v_ kmnfd h:tf (Irony) u_ b'j} ldl>t (Stony Irony)
;'l6Ë:6f/ M – cfsfzsf] Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf jNb} uP/ ljnfpg] cfsflzo lk08
kmlnË:6f/ M– cfsfzdf dflyaf6 tnlt/ emg]{ pNsf
pNsfjiff{ -pNsfkft_ M Ps};fy 7"nf] ;+Vofdf vz]sf] pNsfx?sf] ;d"x .
pNsfkft pQ/ / blIf0fL w'j{df j9L x'G5 .
w'ds]t'÷ k'R5«]tf/f (Comet) ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ c08fsf/ sIfdf 3'ld/xg] s'rf] cfsf/sf] j/kmaf6
jg]sf] rxlsnf cfsflzo lk08x? g} k'R5«]tf/f x'g\ . lolgx? j/km / ;ªu'l6sf af6
ag]sf] x'G5 . logdf co2 / CH4sf] 8«fOcfO; x'G5 .
k'R5|]tf/fsf] gfd klxnf]kN6 ;"o{ kl/e|d0f ;do -sl/a jif{df_
b]lvPsf]
x]nL k'R5|] tf/f (Halley's 240 76
comets) B.C
6]Dkn 66n (Temple-tutle) 1366 33
PGs] (Enke) 1786 3.3
:jf:dfog jf:dfog 1927 15
(Schwasman-Washman)
 Gopi Chandra Poudel / M.Sc, M.Ed
a]Gg]6 (Bennet) 1969 —
;'d]s/ n]eL (Shoemaker 1993 ;g\ 1994df 3'Db} hfFbf a[x:klt
Levy) u|xdf 7f]lsO{ rsgfr'/ eof] .

sf]df M k'R5«]tf/fsf] 7f]; s]lGb|o efusf] aflx/ rf/}lt/ jfbn h:tf] b]lvg] j/km / w'nf]s0f
ld>Lt UofF;Lo jfo'k08n .
;f}ojtf; M – ;"oj{ f6 j]un] 5'6]/ ePsf rfh{o'Qm kf/df0flas s0fx?M
Tff/fM cfˆg} k|sf; ePsfcfsflzo lk08x?
sfnf]l5b| -ANofsxf]n_M tf/fx? cGTo eO;s]kl5 jGg] clt j9L u'?Tjsfif{0f zlQm ePsf] If]q
hxfF k|sf; klg ljnfpF5g\ .
tf/fd08nM cfsfzdf tf/fx? ldnL j;]sf] lgLZrt If]qnfO{ tf/fd08n elgG5 .
tf/fd08nx? ** j6f /x]sf 5g\ .
kN;f/ M /]l8of] t/Ë lbg] tf/f
rGb|df (The Moon):
 k[YjLaf6 #,*$,$)) ls=dL= sf] b"/Ldf rGb|df /x]sf] 5 .
 o;sf] Aof; #,$&$ ls=dL= /x]sf] 5 .
 o;sf] cf};t 3gTj 3.3gm/cm3
 rGb|df af6 k|sf; k[YjLdf cfOk'Ug !=# ;]s]08 nfU5 .
 of] k[YjLsf] Ps dfq pku|x xf] .
 o;sf] ;txsf] u'?Tjan k[YjLeGbf !/^ u'0ff sd 5 .
 cd]l/sfsf lgn cfd{:6|ªn] ;g\ !(^( h'nfO @! df Apollo -11af6 RfGb|dfsf]
;txdf klxnf]k6s kfOnf 6]s]sf x'g\ . pgL;Fu} hfg] w/ftndf cf]ln{Psf AolQm P8\jLg
PN8[Lg x'g\ eg] uP/ gcf]ln{g] AolQm dfOsn sf]lnG; x'Gf\ .
rGb|df; M
 Pp6f cf};L b]lv csf]{ cf}F;L ;Ddsf] ;do jf Ps k"l0f{dfb]lv csf]{ k"l0f{df;Ddsf]
cjlw @( lbg !@ 306f $$ ldg]6 # ;]s]08 nfUb5 . o;nfO{ rGb|df; (Synodic
Month) elgg5 .
gIfqdf; M
– rGb|dfn] k[YjLsf] Ps k6s kl/qmdf ug{ @& lbg & 306f $# ldg]6 !! ;]s]08 nfUb5
. o;nfO{ gIfq df; (Sidereal month) elgG5 .
u|x0f M rGb|dfn] ;"o{nfO{ 5]s]/ k[YjLdf 5fofF kfg'{ jf k[YjLn] ;"o{nfO{ 5]s]/ rGb|dfdf 5fFof kfg'{
nfO{ u|x0f elgG5 .
u|x0f nfUg'sf sf/0fx? M
 k|sfz l;wf /]vfdf dfq lxF8\g] x'gfn],
 rGb|dfn] k[YjLnfO{ / k[YjLn] ;"o{nfO{ kl/s|df ugf{n]
 Gopi Chandra Poudel / M.Sc, M.Ed
 ;"o{, k[YjL / rGb|df Pp6} l;wf /]vfdf kgf{n]


;"o{ u|x0f (Solar eclipse):
o cf}l;sf] lbgdf ;"o{, rGb| / k[YjL Pp6} ;/n /]vfdf kbf{ ;"o{sf ls/0fx? rGb|dfn]
5]Sg uO{ rGb|dfsf] 5fFof k[YjLdf k/]/ ;"o{ 5]lsg'nfO{ ;"o{u|x0f elgG5 .
o ;"o{ u|x0fdf ;"o{sf] klZrdL efu klxn] 9flsG5 .
o ;"o{ k"0f{ ?kdf 5]lsPdf vu|f; ;"o{u|x0f, cf+lzs ?kdf 5]lsPdf v08u|f; ;"o{u|x0f
/ ljrsf] efu 5]lsP/ j/Lkl/ l/Ë b]lvg] jnou|x0f elgG5 .
o vu|f; ;"o{u|x0f k[YjLsf] Ps 7fpFdf #^) aif{df nfUg] u5{ .
o vu|f; ;"o{u|x0f al9df * ldg]6 ;Dd nfU5 eg] v08u|f; ;"o{u|x0f al9df $ 306f
;Dd nfU5
o ano ;"o{ u|x0f k[YjLsf] Ps 7fpFdf k|To]s !))) aif{df nfU5 .
rGb| u|x0f (Lunar Eclipse):
o k"l0f{dfsf] /ftdf ;"o{, k[YjL / rGb|df Pp6} l;wf /]vfdf kbf{ k[YjLsf] 5fofF rGb|dfdf
kg{ uO{ rGb| u|x0f nfU5 .
o rGb| u|x0fdf rGb|dfsf] k"jL{ efu klxn] 9flsG5 .
o rGb|dfsf] ;txnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf 5f]Kg] u|x0fnfO{ vu|f; rGb|u|x0f elgG5 eg] cf+lzs
?kdf 5]lsPdf v08u|f; rGb|u|x0f elgG5 .
o vu|f; rGbu|x0f al9df ! 306f $) ldg]6 ;Dd nfU5 eg] v08u|f; rGbu|x0f
al9df $ 306f ;Dd nfU5 .
o rGb| u|x0fdf rGb|df xNsf /ftf] /+usf] x'G5 .
 Gopi Chandra Poudel / M.Sc, M.Ed

k|To]s cf};L / k"l0f{dfdf u|x0f gx'gsf sf/0fx?

rGb|sIf / k[YjLsf] sIf Ps cfk;df %=!%)sf] sf]0f jgfO 9Ns]sf] x'gfn] .
rGb|dfsf] snfM k[YjLaf6 x]bf{ k|To{s lbg rGb|dfsf] cfsf/ kl/jt{g x'g] k|lqmofnfO{ rGb|dfsf]
snf elgG5 .

!=@ k[YjLM kl/ro, pTklt / ult

cg'dflgt pd]/ – $=% c/j jif{
 Gopi Chandra Poudel / M.Sc, M.Ed
;txsf] hDdf If]qkmn – %), (&, )),))) ju{ ls=ld=
:ynv08 – !$, *$,)),)) ju{ ls=ld=
hn v08 – #^,!#,))),))) ju{ ls=ld=
Jof; – !@=&%^=# ls=ld=
3gTj – %=% gm//cm3
lk08 – ^× !)@$ ls=ld=
pku|x – ! rGb|df

pTkltM
 k[YjLsf] pTklt ;DaGwL l;4fGtx? M
o ;f}o{ / k'R5«]tf/f 7f]lSsP/ ag]sf] kQf nufpg] — hh{ akmg
o Uofl;o l;4fGt (Nebular Hypothesis): ODofGo'jn sfG6 / n]Knf;
o Hjf/Lo l;4fGt (Tidal Theory) : lhG; P08 h]kml/h
o w"nLo s0fsf] l;4fGt (Dust Hypothesis) : c6f] l:dy
k[YjLsf] ultM(Rotation)

k[YjLsf] kl/e|d0f -b}lgsult_ – @# 306f %^ ldg]6 $ ;]s]08df cfˆgf] cIfdf Psk6s 3'Dg]
k[YjLsf] kl/qmd0f (Revolution) jflif{s ultM
k[YjLn] #^% lbg % 306f $* ldg]6 $^ ;]s]08df ;"o{nfO{ Ps k6s 3'Db5 . o;nfO{ jflif{s
ult elgG5 .
 Gopi Chandra Poudel / M.Sc, M.Ed
clwsjif{ M k[YjLn] ;"o{nfO{ Psk6s 3'Dg nfUg] #^% lbg % 306f $* ldg]6 $^ ;]s]08 ;don]
k|To]s $ jif{df ! lbg j9\g uO #^^ lbgsf] jif{ x'G5 . o;}nfO{ clws jif{ ( Leap year)
elgG5 .
k[YjLsf] sIf– ;"o{nfO{ kl/qmdf ug]{ af6f]
k[YjLsf] cIf – k[YjL cfkm}df 3'Dbf kf/ ug]{ jf6f] – s]Gb|nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ klZrdaf6 k"j{ 3'Db5 .
1
cfˆgf] cIfdf 66 2 l8u|L 9Ns]sf] 5 .
ss{6 /]vfM e"dWo] /]vfaf6 pQ/ tkm{ pQ/L uf]nf4df @#) #). pQ/L cIff+znfO{ ss{6 /]vf
elgG5 .
ds//]vfM blIf0fL uf]nf4df @#)#). sf] cIff+z /]vfnfO{ ds/ /]vf elgG5 .