Name: Dr Renuka Devi S M
Professor , ECE Dept,
G. Narayanamma Institute of Technology & Science.
Hyderabad.
2. Brief description of stereo-viewing in digital photogrammetry
The word "stereo" comes from the Greek word "stereos" which means firm or solid.
With stereo vision you see an object as solid in three spatial dimensions--width, height
and depth--or x, y and z. It is the added perception of the depth dimension that makes
stereo vision so rich and special.
Figure 1: Stereo Vision of eye
The largest part of the visual field in humans is seen binocularly with two eyes. Since our eyes are up to
2½ inches apart from each other, we receive two different pictures of our environment from the left
and from the right eye. The brain “computes” and creates the joint overall image the Stero 3d model,
which provides extra information about distance to an object. This model depends on the viewing
angle of two eyes(as shown in Figure 2). This process is called stereoscopic vision.
Figure 2: Object view depends on viewing angle
Parallatic angle and depth : The single perception of a slightly different image from each eye,
results in depth perception. When the eyes focus on an object, their optical axes converge on that
point at an angle (the parallactic angleγ A ∨γ C ), as seen in figure 1. Objects at different distances
appear under different parallaxes angles. The amount of displacement parallel to our eye base,
however, is not equal in the two images because of the different positions of the eyes relative to the
object. This difference between the two displacement measures is the stereoscopic parallax p(as shown
in figure 3). The stereoscopic parallax and thus 3D perception increase with increasing parallactic
angle , making it easier to judge differences in distances for closer objects. The point C is at greater
distance than A, so the parallatic angle γ A > γ C .
Figure 3: Stereoscopic parallax for points at different distances in binocular vision. The differences of the angles of convergence g result
in different distances of A and C projected onto each retina. Their disparity, the differential or stereoscopic parallax, is used by the brain
for depth perception.
Stereoscopic vision also may be created by viewing not the objects themselves but images of the objects,
provided they appear under different angles in the images (Fig. 4). By viewing the image taken from the left
with the left eye and the image taken from the right with the right eye, a virtual stereoscopic model of the
image motif appears where the lines of sight from the eyes to the images intersect in the space behind.
Types of Steroscoes”
Devices like lens or mirror stereoscopes (for analog images), anaglyph lenses (for both analog and digital
anaglyphs, i.e. red/blue-images), or electronic shutter lenses (for stereographic cards and computer screens)
make stereoviewing much easier and also provide facilities for zooming in and moving within the stereoview.
Figure 4: Stereoscopic viewing of overlapping images showing the same object under different angles. A three-
dimensional impression of the objectda stereomodeldappearing in the space behind the images is perceived by the brain.
There are two types of Stereo viewing: Active , Passive
Active : Shutter sytem
Figure 5: Shutter system
A shutter system works by openly presenting the image intended for the left eye while blocking the
right eye's view, then presenting the right-eye image while blocking the left eye, and repeating this so
rapidly that the interruptions do not interfere with the perceived fusion of the two images into a
single 3D image.
Passive : Polarization systems
Figure 6: Polarized system
Interference filter systems, Color Anaglyph systems, Chromadepth system, Pulfrich method
Over/umder format.
Color Anaglyph systems: Anaglyph 3D is the name given to the stereoscopic 3D effect achieved
by means of encoding each eye's image using filters of different (usually chromatically
opposite) colors, typically red and cyan. Red-cyan filters can be used because our vision
processing systems use red and cyan comparisons, as well as blue and yellow, to determine the
color and contours of objects. Anaglyph 3D images contain two differently filtered colored
images, one for each eye. When viewed through the "color-coded" "anaglyph glasses", each of
the two images reaches one eye, revealing an integrated stereoscopic image. The visual
cortex of the brain fuses this into perception of a three dimensional scene or composition. [22]
Figure 7: Anaglyph
Stereoscopic Coverage: Stereoscopic photographs from professional aerial surveys are
acquired in blocks of multiple flightlines in such a way that full stereoscopic coverage of the
area is ensured with multiple stereopairs (Fig. 8 ). Each photograph overlaps the next
photograph in a line by approximately 60% (forward overlap or endlap), while adjacent lines
overlap by 20–30% (sidelap). In mountainous terrain, the overlap can be increased in order to
avoid gaps of stereoscopic coverage by relief displacement and sight shadowing. The required
air base or distance between exposure stations B is dependent on the dimensions of the image
footprint and the desired endlap. If D is the image coverage in direction of the flightline and PE
the percent endlap, B calculates as:
Figure 8: Block of aerial photographs with 60% endlap in three flightlines with 25% sidelap. This survey design is
ideal for ensuring gapless stereoscopic coverage while minimizing image number and redundancy.
Types of stereoscopes:
1 Pocket
2. Mirror & moved manually
3. Scanning motored streroscope
Methods of Stero display in digital environment
1. Split screen view
2. Anaglyph view
3. Seperation by polarisation
4. Alternating images
Recreating the same conditionas existed at the time of Photography
Finding the following unknowns: Image coordinates, exposure satation co-ordinates, Orienatation of stero
pairs
Measured Co-ordinates:reflection & finding inner orientation to find the actual coordinates
From Refined Photo Coodinates, relative orienataion of 5 unknowns is done. 3D model co-ordinates not
true to ground coordinates. Orientating one image wrt other the absolute orientation ground coordinates
can be found.
Purpose : Allow the orienataion of the bundle of rays which formed the image.
Method: Transform the co-odinates measured in the image to camera co-ordinate system.
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