Differential Equations
In Mathematics, a differential equation is an equation that contains one or more functions with its derivatives. The
derivatives of the function define the rate of change of a function at a point. It is mainly used in fields such as
physics, engineering, biology and so on. The primary purpose of the differential equation is the study of solutions
that satisfy the equations and the properties of the solutions. Learn how to solve differential equation here.
One of the easiest ways to solve the differential equation is by using explicit formulas. In this article, let us discuss
the definition, types, methods to solve the differential equation, order and degree of the differential equation,
ordinary differential equations with real-word example and a solved problem.
Table of Contents:
Definition
Types
Solutions
Order
Degree
Ordinary Differential Equation
Applications
Real-World Example
Solved Problem
Differential Equation Definition
A differential equation is an equation which contains one or more terms and the derivatives of one variable (i.e.,
dependent variable) with respect to the other variable (i.e., independent variable)
dy/dx = f(x)
Here “x” is an independent variable and “y” is a dependent variable
For example, dy/dx = 5x
A differential equation contains derivatives which are either partial derivatives or ordinary derivatives. The
derivative represents a rate of change, and the differential equation describes a relationship between the quantity that
is continuously varying with respect to the change in another quantity. There are a lot of differential equations
formulas to find the solution of the derivatives.
Types of Differential Equations
Differential equations can be divided into several types namely
Ordinary Differential Equations
Partial Differential Equations
Linear Differential Equations
Non-linear differential equations
Homogeneous Differential Equations
Non-homogenous Differential Equations
Differential Equations Solutions
There exist two methods to find the solution of the differential equation.
1. Separation of variables
2. Integrating factor
Separation of the variable is done when the differential equation can be written in the form of dy/dx = f(y)g(x)
where f is the function of y only and g is the function of x only. Taking an initial condition, rewrite this problem as
1/f(y)dy= g(x)dx and then integrate on both sides.
Also, check: Solve Separable Differential Equations
Integrating factor technique is used when the differential equation is of the form dy/dx + p(x)y = q(x) where p and
q are both the functions of x only.
First-order differential equation is of the form y’+ P(x)y = Q(x). where P and Q are both functions of x and the first
derivative of y. The higher-order differential equation is an equation that contains derivatives of an unknown
function which can be either a partial or ordinary derivative. It can be represented in any order.
We also provide differential equation solver to find the solutions for related problems.
Order of Differential Equation
The order of the differential equation is the order of the highest order derivative present in the equation. Here some
examples for different orders of the differential equation are given.
dy/dx = 3x + 2 , The order of the equation is 1
(d y/dx )+ 2 (dy/dx)+y = 0. The order is 2
2 2
(dy/dt)+y = kt. The order is 1
First Order Differential Equation
You can see in the first example, it is a first-order differential equation which has degree equal to 1. All the linear
equations in the form of derivatives are in the first order. It has only the first derivative such as dy/dx, where x and y
are the two variables and is represented as:
dy/dx = f(x, y) = y’
Second-Order Differential Equation
The equation which includes second-order derivative is the second-order differential equation. It is represented as;
d/dx(dy/dx) = d y/dx = f”(x) = y”
2 2
Degree of Differential Equation
The degree of the differential equation is the power of the highest order derivative, where the original equation is
represented in the form of a polynomial equation in derivatives such as y’,y”, y”’, and so on.
Suppose (d y/dx )+ 2 (dy/dx)+y = 0 is a differential equation, so the degree of this equation here is 1. See some more
2 2
examples here:
dy/dx + 1 = 0, degree is 1
(y”’) + 3y” + 6y’ – 12 = 0, degree is 3
3
Ordinary Differential Equation
An ordinary differential equation involves function and its derivatives. It contains only one independent variable and
one or more of its derivative with respect to the variable.
The order of ordinary differential equations is defined as the order of the highest derivative that occurs in the
equation. The general form of n-th order ODE is given as
F(x, y, y’,…., y ) = 0
n
Applications
Let us see some differential equation applications in real-time.
1) Differential equations describe various exponential growths and decays.
2) They are also used to describe the change in return on investment over time.
3) They are used in the field of medical science for modelling cancer growth or the spread of disease in the body.
4) Movement of electricity can also be described with the help of it.
5) They help economists in finding optimum investment strategies.
6) The motion of waves or a pendulum can also be described using these equations.
The various other applications in engineering are: heat conduction analysis, in physics it can be used to understand
the motion of waves. The ordinary differential equation can be utilized as an application in the engineering field for
finding the relationship between various parts of the bridge.
Linear Differential Equations Real World Example
To understand Differential equations, let us consider this simple example. Have you ever thought why a hot cup of
coffee cools down when kept under normal conditions? According to Newton, cooling of a hot body is proportional
to the temperature difference between its temperature T and the temperature T of its surrounding. This statement in
0
terms of mathematics can be written as:
dT/dt ∝ (T – T )…………(1)
0
This is the form of a linear differential equation.
Introducing a proportionality constant k, the above equation can be written as:
dT/dt = k(T – T ) …………(2)
0
Here, T is the temperature of the body and t is the time,
T is the temperature of the surrounding,
0
dT/dt is the rate of cooling of the body
Eg: dy/dx = 3x
Here, the differential equation contains a derivative that involves a variable (dependent variable, y) w.r.t another
variable (independent variable, x). The types of differential equations are :
1. An ordinary differential equation contains one independent variable and its derivatives. It is frequently called
ODE. The general definition of the ordinary differential equation is of the form: Given an F, a function os x and y
and derivative of y, we have
F(x, y, y’ …..y^(n1)) = y (n) is an explicit ordinary differential equation of order n.
2. Partial differential equation that contains one or more independent variable.
Solved problem
Question:
Verify that the function y = e is a solution to the differential equation d2ydx2 + dydx − 6y = 0.
-3x
Solution:
The function given is y = e−3x. We differentiate both the sides of the equation with respect to x,
dydx = −3e−3x
Now we again differentiate the above equation with respect to x,
d2ydx2 = 9e−3x
We substitute the values of dydx,d2ydx2 and y in the differential equation given in the question,
On left hand side we get, LHS = 9e + (-3e ) – 6e
-3x -3x -3x
= 9e – 9e = 0 (which is equal to RHS)
-3x -3x
Therefore, the given function is a solution to the given differential equation.
To gain a better understanding of this topic, register with BYJU’S- The Learning App and also watch interactive
videos to learn with ease.
