by:

Jerlee Faye Iza P. Valencia

Ghayle Hermosura
Jeddy Dela China
 CONTENTS

01 PRECAST CONCRETE

02 CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE
PRECAST
CONCRETE
First Lesson
There are many different types of precast concrete
forming systems for architectural applications,
differing in size, function, and cost. Precast
architectural panels are also used to clad all or part
of a building facade or free-standing walls used for
landscaping, soundproofing, and security walls, and
some can be prestressed concrete structural
elements. Stormwater drainage, water and sewage
pipes, and tunnels make use of precast concrete
units.
 Ancient Roman builders made use of concrete and soon poured the
material into moulds to build their complex network
of aqueducts, culverts, and tunnels. Modern uses for pre-cast
technology include a variety of architectural and structural
applications — including individual parts, or even entire building
systems. In the modern world, precast panelled buildings were
pioneered in Liverpool, England, in 1905. The process was invented by
city engineer John Alexander Brodie, a creative genius who also
invented the idea of the football goal net. The idea was not taken up
extensively in Britain. However, it was adopted all over the world,
particularly in Eastern Europe and Scandinavia.
 Agricultural Products
Precast concrete products can
withstand the most extreme weather
conditions and will hold up for many
decades of constant usage. Products
include bunker silos, cattle feed
bunks, cattle grid, agricultural fencing,
H-bunks, J-bunks, livestock slats,
livestock watering trough, feed troughs,
concrete panels, slurry channels, and
more.
 Building and site amenities
Precast concrete building components and site amenities are used
architecturally as fireplace mantels, cladding, trim products, accessories
and curtain walls. Structural applications of precast concrete include
foundations, beams, floors, walls and other structural components. It is
essential that each structural component be designed and tested to
withstand both the tensile and compressive loads that the member will
be subjected to over its lifespan. Expanded polystyrenecores are now in
precast concrete panels for structural use, making them lighter and
serving as thermal insulation.
Building and Site Amenities
 Retaining Walls
Precast concrete provides manufacturers with the ability to
produce a wide range of engineered earth retaining systems.
Products include: commercial retaining walls, residential walls,
sea walls, mechanically stabilized earth panels, modular block
systems, segmental retaining walls, etc. Retaining walls have
five different types which include: gravity retaining wall, semi-
gravity retaining wall, cantilever retaining wall, counterfort
retaining wall, and buttress retaining wall.
Commercial retaining walls Residential Walls
Mechanically Stabilized Earth Panels Sea walls
Modular Block Systems segmental retaining walls
Commercial retaining walls

Residential Walls
Sea walls
 Sanitary and Stormwater
Sanitary and stormwater management products
are structures designed for underground
installation that have been specifically engineered
for the treatment and removal of pollutants from
sanitary and stormwater run-off. These precast
concrete products include stormwater detention
vaults, catch basins, and manholes.
Sanitary and Stormwater
 Utility Structures
For communications, electrical, gas or steam systems,
precast concrete utility structures protect the vital
connections and controls for utility distribution. Precast
concrete is nontoxic and environmentally safe. Products
include: hand holes, hollow-core products, light pole
bases, meter boxes, panel vaults, pull boxes,
telecommunications structures, transformer pads,
transformer vaults, trenches, utility buildings, utility
vaults, utility poles, controlled environment vaults
(CEVs), and other utility structures.
Utility Structures
 Water and Wastewater Products
Precast water and wastewater products hold or
contain water, oil or other liquids for the purpose of
further processing into non-contaminating liquids
and soil products. Products include: aeration
systems, distribution boxes, dosing tanks, dry
wells, grease interceptors, leaching pits, sand-
oil/oil-water interceptors, septic tanks,
water/sewage storage tanks, wet wells, fire cisterns,
and other water and wastewater products.
Water and Wastewater Products
Transportation and Traffic-related Products
Precast water and wastewater products hold or
contain water, oil or other liquids for the purpose of
further processing into non-contaminating liquids
and soil products. Products include: aeration
systems, distribution boxes, dosing tanks, dry
wells, grease interceptors, leaching pits, sand-
oil/oil-water interceptors, septic tanks,
water/sewage storage tanks, wet wells, fire cisterns,
and other water and wastewater products.
Transportation and Traffic-related Products
Modular Paving

Modular paving is available in a rainbow

of colors, shapes, sizes, and textures.
These versatile precast concrete pieces
can be designed to mimic brick, stone or
wood.
Modular Paving
Cemetery Products
Underground vaults or mausoleums require
watertight structures that withstand natural forces
for extended periods of time.
Hazardous Materials Containment
Storage of hazardous material, whether
short-term or long-term, is an
increasingly important environmental
issue, calling for containers that not only
seal in the materials, but are strong
enough to stand up to natural disasters or
terrorist attacks
Hazardous Materials Containment
Marine Products
Floating docks, underwater infrastructure,
decking, railings, and a host of amenities
are among the uses of precast along the
waterfront. When designed with heavy
weight in mind, precast products
counteract the buoyant forces of water
significantly better than most materials.
Marine Products
Prestressing is a technique of introducing stresses
into a structural member during fabrication and/or
construction to improve its strength and
performance. This technique is often employed in
concrete beams, columns, spandrels, single and
double tees, wall panels, segmental bridge units,
bulb-tee girders, I-beam girders, and others. Many
projects find that prestressed concrete provides the
lowest overall cost, considering production and
lifetime maintenance.
Precast concrete sandwich wall (or insulated double-wall) panels
The precast concrete double-wall panel has been in use in
Europe for decades. The original double-wall design
consisted of two wythes of reinforced concrete separated
by an interior void, held together with embedded steel
trusses. With recent concerns about energy use, it is
recognized that using steel trusses creates a "thermal
bridge" that degrades thermal performance. Also, since
steel does not have the same thermal expansion coefficient
as concrete, as the wall heats and cools any steel that is not
embedded in the concrete can create thermal stresses that
cause cracking and spalling.
Precast concrete sandwich wall (or insulated
double-wall) panels
Development
To achieve better thermal performance,
insulation was added in the void, and in many
applications today the steel trusses have been
replaced by composite (fibreglass, plastic,
etc.) connection systems. These systems,
which are specially developed for this
purpose, also eliminate the differential
thermal expansion problem.
Characteristics
The overall thickness of sandwich wall panels
in commercial applications is typically
8 inches, but their designs are often
customized to the application. The interior and
exterior wythes of concrete are held together
(through the insulation) with some form of
connecting system that is able to provide the
needed structural integrity. Sandwich wall
panels can be fabricated to the length and
width desired.
Characteristics
The overall thickness of sandwich wall panels
in commercial applications is typically
8 inches, but their designs are often
customized to the application. The interior and
exterior wythes of concrete are held together
(through the insulation) with some form of
connecting system that is able to provide the
needed structural integrity. Sandwich wall
panels can be fabricated to the length and
width desired.
Applications and benefits
Precast concrete sandwich wall panels have been
used on virtually every type of building, including
schools, office buildings, apartment buildings,
townhouses, condominiums, hotels,
motels, dormitories, and single-family homes.
Although typically considered part of a building's
enclosure or "envelope," they can be designed to
also serve as part of the building's structural system,
eliminating the need for beams and columns on the
building perimeter.
Applications and benefits
Precast concrete sandwich wall panels have been
used on virtually every type of building, including
schools, office buildings, apartment buildings,
townhouses, condominiums, hotels,
motels, dormitories, and single-family homes.
Although typically considered part of a building's
enclosure or "envelope," they can be designed to
also serve as part of the building's structural system,
eliminating the need for beams and columns on the
building perimeter.
CAST-IN-PLACE
CONCRETE
First Lesson
Cast-in-place concrete is a technology of construction of buildings where
walls and slabs of the buildings are cast at the site in the formwork. This
differs from precast concrete technology where slabs are cast elsewhere
and then brought to the construction site and assembled. It uses
concrete slabs for walls instead of bricks or wooden panels, and
formwork is used for both walls and roof.
Advantages of this technology are strength of the building, insulation,
and versatility for different types of buildings. Disadvantages are
requirement of labour is more etc.
The Advantages and Cast-in-place concrete is a common
Disadvantages of Cast- type of building material for
in-Place Concrete commercial structures and
residential homes alike. It involves
pouring liquid concrete into
removable forms and then
dismantling the forms once the
concrete has hardened to leave a
solid wall behind. Cast-in-place
concrete dates back to early
experiments by Thomas Edison.
Modern builders continue to gain
from its benefits and work to
overcome its drawbacks.
The Advantages and Strength
Disadvantages of Cast- The primary benefit of cast-in-place
concrete is its high level of strength.
in-Place Concrete Cast-in-place concrete is appropriate
for basement walls and home
foundations. It is also relatively
resistant to structural damage in the
event of an earthquake, flood or other
natural disaster. Builders can make
cast-in-place concrete even stronger
by using steel reinforcement bars, or
rebar, which is inserted in the form
before the concrete is poured in.
 Labor Requirements
The Advantages and One of the only real disadvantages to
Disadvantages of Cast- cast-in-place concrete is the high
in-Place Concrete amount of labor it requires. Builders
must first construct forms for the walls
they plan to cast and then install the
forms and mix the concrete. Pouring
the concrete and waiting to remove
the forms all take time that extends
the length of a construction job and
results in more hourly pay for work
crews. Building basements with
precast concrete blocks doesn't
require forms and offers a less labor-
intensive alternative.
 Insulation
The Advantages and Another advantage of cast-in-place
Disadvantages of Cast- concrete is the high degree of
in-Place Concrete insulation it provides. This includes
thermal insulation, which keeps
basements from taking on the cold
temperatures and moisture from the
earth around them. Cast-in-place
concrete also insulates for sound,
making homes quieter. Its insulation
properties extend to insects, mold and
mildew, none of which can penetrate
cast-in-place concrete easily since
there are no natural cracks or gaps
between sections of building material.
 Versatility
The Advantages and Cast-in-place concrete is highly
Disadvantages of Cast- versatile, meaning builders can use it
in-Place Concrete for a variety of types of homes and
buildings. Computer modeling
programs allow builders to design
highly precise, customizable forms. In
other cases, builders can reuse
standard forms for cast-in-place
concrete basement walls. This
versatility makes cast-in-place
concrete appropriate both for modest
homes and large, architecturally
ambitious projects.
COMPARING PRECAST VS. SITE
CAST CONCRETE

Perhaps the best way to see just how great

precast concrete is to highlight the differences
between precast and site cast concrete directly.
Here are some key aspects between the two
methods placed side-by-side
 Quality control:
COMPARING PRECAST VS.
Because precast concrete is mixed,
SITE CAST CONCRETE
poured and cured in a factory, ideal
conditions and exacting
measurements can be maintained
throughout the process. Unfortunately,
the logistics of site casting make this
far more challenging. You are subject
to the humidity and temperature of
the day you are doing the casting. You
have to do the work using far less
precise tools. The result is an inferior
quality product even under the most
ideal conditions!
 Labor efficiency:
COMPARING PRECAST VS.
Precast is much more labor efficient.
SITE CAST CONCRETE
Because work is done in a factory, the
effort is maximized through the use of
tools and machinery that simply isn’t
available on the job site. Therefore,
with site casting, work that might be
done with machines has to be instead
performed by hand. This is much more
labor intensive, thus increasing labor
costs and making the process more
costly.
 Curing conditions:
COMPARING PRECAST VS.
SITE CAST CONCRETE Because curing conditions can be
controlled in a factory, they can be
accelerated without sacrificing strength
or quality. That simply isn’t the case on
site. While you can do certain things to
accelerate curing on site, they are
difficult and generally not worth the
logistical hassle and costs. Furthermore,
they run the risk of lower quality
concrete, as delicate variables are hard
to account for. If you need accelerated
curing, precast is the only way to move
forward confidently.
 Full strength:
COMPARING PRECAST VS.
Because concrete gains strength over
SITE CAST CONCRETE
time, it isn’t fully strong immediately
after drying. However, with precast
concrete, that hardening process takes
place before arriving on the job site.
That’s not the case with site cast
concrete. Before you can raise the
concrete into place, you have to wait for
site cast concrete to harden fully. This can
delay construction and increase costs. It
is much more time and cost efficient to
have fully hardened concrete slabs ready
to be placed the moment they arrive.
 Cast ahead of time:
COMPARING PRECAST VS.
With precast concrete, you can do the
SITE CAST CONCRETE
casting of your materials ahead of
time, holding them until they are
needed. Unfortunately, overlapping
tasks and improving efficiency is all
but impossible with site cast concrete.
Because of the amount of space and
labor required for on-site casting, you
generally have to stop construction
while you wait for your materials to be
ready. This is a costly way to stand
around and wait.
 Weather:
COMPARING PRECAST VS.
SITE CAST CONCRETE An unexpected rain storm can
grind construction work to a
halt if it occurs when you are
doing site casting. Thankfully,
this simply isn’t a problem
when it comes to precast
solutions. If it is raining when
your precast slabs arrive on site,
you can lift them into place just
as you would during a sunny
day.
 Insulation:
COMPARING PRECAST VS. Because precast concrete is factory made,
SITE CAST CONCRETE
certain elements can be incorporated within
the concrete that cannot be added to site
cast concrete. Added insulation is one of the
most common elements. By adding
additional insulation materials within the
concrete slab, you can save both labor and
architectural design space when constructing
a building. Rather than hanging and lining
the interior of your building with insulation,
the slabs that you lift into place with have
the insulating power of traditional concrete
with additional hung insulation.
 Specialized reinforcement:
COMPARING PRECAST VS. Finally, just as specialized insulation can be
SITE CAST CONCRETE
added to precast concrete, specialized
structural reinforcements can be added as
well. For certain projects, this is crucial, as
it allows the panel to bear loads at a
thickness that simply isn’t possible with
traditional poured concrete. By decreasing
the amount of material needed to make a
building structurally sound, you are saving
money while being less taxing on the
resources available.
 Insulation:
COMPARING PRECAST VS. Because precast concrete is factory made,
SITE CAST CONCRETE
certain elements can be incorporated within
the concrete that cannot be added to site
cast concrete. Added insulation is one of the
most common elements. By adding
additional insulation materials within the
concrete slab, you can save both labor and
architectural design space when constructing
a building. Rather than hanging and lining
the interior of your building with insulation,
the slabs that you lift into place with have
the insulating power of traditional concrete
with additional hung insulation.
EXAMPLES OF CAST-IN-
PLACE

Making
money is
art and
working is
art and
good
business is
the best
art.
by:
THANK YOU
Jerlee Faye Iza P. Valencia
Ghayle Hermosura
Jeddy Dela China