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Direct - Method Solved Examples

This document discusses the direct stiffness method for assembling finite element models. It introduces 1D spring elements and shows how to derive the element stiffness matrix for a spring. It then demonstrates how to assemble the element stiffness matrices into a global stiffness matrix for systems of multiple springs through superposition. Finally, it provides two examples showing how to apply this method to find the global stiffness matrix, displacements, and reaction forces for simple spring systems.

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Husnain
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717 views25 pages

Direct - Method Solved Examples

This document discusses the direct stiffness method for assembling finite element models. It introduces 1D spring elements and shows how to derive the element stiffness matrix for a spring. It then demonstrates how to assemble the element stiffness matrices into a global stiffness matrix for systems of multiple springs through superposition. Finally, it provides two examples showing how to apply this method to find the global stiffness matrix, displacements, and reaction forces for simple spring systems.

Uploaded by

Husnain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Direct Method

By
S. Ziaei Rad
Model Based Simulation
Types of Finite Elements
1-D (Line) Element

2-D (Plane) Element


Types of Finite Elements
3-D (Solid) Element

(3-D fields - temperature, displacement, stress, flow velocity)


Spring Element
One Spring Element

Spring force-displacement relationship:


Spring Element
Consider the equilibrium of forces for the spring. At node i,
we have
and at node j,

In matrix form,

or,
Spring Element

where
k = (element) stiffness matrix
u = (element nodal) displacement vector
f = (element nodal) force vector
Note that k is symmetric. Is k singular or nonsingular?
That is, can we solve the equation? If not, why?
Spring System

For element 1,

For element 2,
Assemble the stiffness matrix for
the whole system

where is the (internal) force acting on local node i of


Element m (i = 1, 2).

Consider the equilibrium of forces at node 1,

at node 2,

and node 3,
Spring System (Assembly)
That is,

In matrix form,

or

K is the stiffness matrix (structure matrix) for the spring system.


An alternative way of assembling
the whole stiffness matrix
“Enlarging”the stiffness matrices for elements 1 and 2, we
have
An alternative way of assembling
the whole stiffness matrix
Adding the two matrix equations (superposition), we have

This is the same equation we derived by using the


force equilibrium concept.
Boundary and load conditions
Assuming,
we have

which reduces to

and
Solutions
Unknowns are and the reaction force F1

Solving the equations, we obtain the displacements

and the reaction force

Checking the Results


·Deformed shape of the structure
·Balance of the external forces
·Order of magnitudes of the numbers
Notes About the Spring Elements

Suitable for stiffness analysis


Not suitable for stress analysis of the
spring itself
Can have spring elements with
stiffness in the lateral direction, spring
elements for torsion, etc.
Example 1.1

Given:
For the spring system shown above,

Find:
(a) the global stiffness matrix
(b) displacements of nodes 2 and 3
(c) the reaction forces at nodes 1 and 4
(d) the force in the spring 2
Example 1.1 : Solution
(a) The element stiffness matrices are
Example 1.1 : Solution
Applying the superposition concept, we obtain the global stiffness
matrix for the spring system as
Example 1.1 : Solution
or

which is symmetric and banded.


Equilibrium (FE) equation for the whole system is

(*)
Example 1.1 : Solution
(b) Applying the BC
or deleting the 1st and 4th rows and columns, we have

Solving, we obtain

(c) From the 1st and 4th equations in (*), we get the reaction forces
Example 1.1 : Solution
(d) The FE equation for spring (element) 2 is

Here i = 2, j = 3 for element 2. Thus we can calculate the spring


force as
Example 1.2
Problem: For the spring system with arbitrarily numbered nodes
and elements, as shown above, find the global stiffness matrix.
Example 1.2 : Solution
First we construct the following

which specifies the global node numbers corresponding to the


local node numbers for each element.

Then we can write the element stiffness matrices as follows


Example 1.2 : Solution

Finally, applying the superposition method, we obtain the


Global stiffness matrix as follows
Example 1.2 : Solution

The matrix is symmetric, banded, but singular. Why?

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