ADVANCED RESEARCH
METHOD
ASSIGNMENT # 02
SYED FAWAD HUSSAIN
28550
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEVELOP HYPOTHESIS:......................................................................................................................2
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK & LITERATURE REVIEW:.........................................................2
MEANING AND CONCEPT OF MOBILE PHONES:.....................................................................3
MODERN MOBILE PHONES:...........................................................................................................3
STUDENT PERFORMANCE:.............................................................................................................4
IMPACT OF MOBILE PHONES ON STUDENT PERFORMANCE:............................................4
IMPACT OF FAMILY STRESS ON STUDENT PERFORMANCE:..............................................4
IMPACT OF LEARNING FACILITY ON STUDENT PERFORMANCE:....................................5
LOW SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTOR................................................................................................5
LACK OF FACILITIES AND RESOURCES.....................................................................................6
LESS QUALIFIED TEACHERS.........................................................................................................6
DEVELOP HYPOTHESIS:
We decided to conduct a research to find out how mobile phone contributes to our academic
performance. We create a hypothesis that mobile phone creates negative effect on student’s
grades. We also developed a Null hypothesis that says that mobile phone usage creates a positive
impact on academic performance of the students.
H1: Mobile phone usage has a significant positive impact on student’s academic performance.
H2: Family stress has a significant positive impact on student’s academic performance.
H3: Learning facilities has a significant positive impact on student’s academic performance.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK & LITERATURE REVIEW:
Theory can be defined as a set of interrelated definitions, concepts and propositions.it is a
generalize thinking or the result of that thinking that explain or predict situation or events by
specifying relationship among variables.
Feber R.J., and OGuinn T.C provided escape theory that have been used to explain the effects of
mobile phone usage. According to them cell phones helps the affected individuals to escape
negative feelings or events. They explained that, mobile phone may be used to avoid big
problems that can cause of greater stress. When people remain busy on mobile phone on using
social media and other apps, they get more aware of what’s happening in the world, and he
don’t focus on issues that are deconcentrating.
Sharples, Taylor and Vavoula provided a theory of mobile phone learning in 2005. This theory is
essential when thinking of the role of communication and mobility in the learning environment.
The theory of mobile learning explains the advantages and disadvantages of mobile phone
usage.
We have analyses another theory which is named as constructive theory that explains,
” knowledge is being actively constructed by the individual and knowing is the adaptive process,
which organize the individual’s experiential world”. According to this theory the use of mobile
phone contributes to a student’s knowledge but basic knowledge of the student is associated
with his past experience, however this theory also enables the mobile phone technology to
focus on the student’s ability to be self-directed and draw conclusion. The students need
opportunity to experiment different things The previous knowledge and experience of the
student build new understandings of the educational material.
According to Arshi in her research in 2017, the students are addicted to mobile phone. They
spend most of their time on texting.excessive use of mobile create many problems for them.
These problems include pain in back, neck, hands and eye sight. According to her having a
mobile phone for your kids can waste their time in texting and calling each other instead of
doing productive work.
So these all researches showed that mobile phone creates a negative effect on students’
academic performance.
MEANING AND CONCEPT OF MOBILE PHONES:
A mobile phone is a device that helps to make and receive telephone calls over a radio link. It
utilizes frequencies transmitted by cellular towers to connect the call between two devices. The
first mobile phone was developed by Motorola incorporation and was operated on an analog
service. Mobile phones are now the most widely used portable device in the world. They also
be referred as cellular phones or wireless phones. In 2019 the number of mobile phone users is
forecast to reach 4.68 billion. The number of mobile phone users in the world is expected to
pass the five billion mark by 2019. In 2016, an estimated 62.9 percent of the population
worldwide already owned a mobile phone.
Modern mobile phones are providing much more then calls and receiving messages. These
mobile phones can be used for sending and receiving messages, phone calls, Emails, audio
recordings, pictures and videos as well as connecting to the internet, GPS, listed music, play
online games, digital marketing, Business applications and much more.
The improved mobile phone technology helps to get aware of the situations prevailing in the
world. It makes a lot easier to contact each other. It also contributed massively in the business
world.
Thus increasing popularity of the mobile phones has attracted research attention. There are
different researches that shows that cellphones are mixed blessing. It can effect in both ways,
positively and negatively. Teen agers says phones makes their lives safer and more convenient
however they also cite tensions connected to mobile phone use.
As mobile phone has become more easily available, they are increasingly owned and used by
the teenagers. We can say that, we are moving into that era where cellphones are not just for
talking and texting each other, but can also excess the internet and all its offers.
MODERN MOBILE PHONES:
STUDENT PERFORMANCE:
Many researches have provided the detailed study about the factors affecting on students’
performance. Academic learning and performance of the student can be effected by many
factors. These factors may include age, gender, student schooling, teaching faculty, trend of the
tuition, daily study hours, social and economic status of the parents, and accommodation of the
student.
Darden and Ellis quoted Staffolani and Bratty observed that “The measurement of the student’s
previous outcomes are the most important indicators of student’s future achievements”.
According to them as the higher previous appearance the greater the future performance of
the student.
IMPACT OF MOBILE PHONES ON STUDENT PERFORMANCE:
There are number of negative effects of excessive use of mobile phones on students. Some
mobile phone users show the same symptoms that a drug addict might have. Some people use
mobile phones to lift their moods. It may take more and more time to give them a same level of
satisfaction with the passage of time. It is observed that some students feel depression when
they are without their phones. This ultimately effect on the academic performance of the
student that sometimes results in failure in studies.
Surprisingly this addiction of mobile phone creates very negative effect without noticing it, even
people find it hard to admit that they are addicted to their phones.
In the classroom and out of class, the excessive use of mobile phone cause of distraction from
the lesson. In the class some students text each other, play games and if they are daring they
sometimes call others when they should be doing work. Mobile phone calls, alarms and
ringtones disrupt the flow of the lesson and attention of other students and teacher as well. In
nowadays some students take picture of their teachers when they aren’t looking at them.
Some students do cheating during their tests and assignments. Some make use of calculator
while others store information in it. So it effects their learning.
There are also some drawbacks of using mobile phone out of the class. Students who use
mobile phone excessively, spends their most of the time for entertainment purpose that
includes watching videos on YouTube, playing games, listening music, texting and calling and
using camera for video and pictures. Nowadays they are also busy on using social media like
Facebook, What Sapp and snap chat. They give lessor time to their studies that badly effect
their studies and it results in their failure or low grades in the university.
IMPACT OF FAMILY STRESS ON STUDENT PERFORMANCE:
There is a link between stress levels and poor sleep. According to the Anxiety and Depression
Association of America, 70 percent of those who report persistent stress have trouble sleeping. 3
The National Sleep Foundation reports teens need at least eight hours of sleep to function at
peak performance, yet only about 15 percent of teens get an adequate amount. 4 Poor sleep
makes stress management more difficult, while also negatively impacting concentration,
learning, listening, memory and problem-solving. Stress may be the culprit of students who are
prone to bullying others. The Mayo Clinic reports stress increases feelings of irritability and
anger, which increases the likelihood for angry outbursts and social withdrawal. 5
Besides directing anger at other students, students who are stressed may be resistant to
following school guidelines and respectfully engaging with instructors. They may also exhibit
disrespectful behavior online. Their focus on anger may cause overall work to suffer. When a
student is stressed and preoccupied, it takes over their ability to focus during lectures or
studying. Stress may even cause students to drop out of school or drop classes. The 2010
American College Health Association National College Health Assessment reported more than
25 percent of students say that stress lowered their grades or ability to finish a course. 6
For students experiencing stress at home, attending to schoolwork may not be a top priority. As
research shows, stress exhibited by instructors directly increases the stress levels of students
while in the classroom. Stressors may pop up at any moment to disrupt learning and
concentration.7
It's vital for educators to recognize the significant impact stress has on teens and young adults,
and work to create a supportive and calm educational environment. School administrators who
want their students to succeed academically should conduct regular check-ins with students
and direct students to counselors and mental health programs when necessary and educate
families about the negative impact of stress on students.
IMPACT OF LEARNING FACILITY ON STUDENT PERFORMANCE:
Nowadays, education is the most important aspect in society development. School has to play a
major role in ensuring the successful of the development. As for students, they need to have
good skills and have to be proactive with an appropriate futuristic set of mind. Besides that,
students are also need to be active in co curriculum activity along with high academic
achievement. The learning environments also have major roles to play in learning and the area
where the students’ lives can determine their performance in their studies.
LOW SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTOR
The students’ background relate to the low socioeconomic factor of their family also one of the
factor that effect their performance in education. Most of the students that live in rural areas
come from low income family. Their parents cannot provide them enough educational
resources at home. Compared to students at urban areas, the majority of them come from high
income families and their parents are afford to send them to their tuition classes in order to get
better performance. Urban students also can buy additional books for their references while for
the rural students, they non-exposure to educational resources and it will affect their
performance compared to those who have access to such resources. Students who have access
to more resources are advantage compared to those from poor families because they can know
more about the latest developments around them thus can assist them to improve their
performance at schools.
LACK OF FACILITIES AND RESOURCES
Education promotes human capital as an asset that has greater or lower rates of return depend
on the quality of education that is provided. Some of the factors that contributing to the poor
performance are lack or resources and poor facilities in most schools especially in rural areas.
Some of schools in rural areas are dilapidated compared to those in urban areas. The problem
regarding unequal distribution of resources between provinces, rural and urban areas are still
intact (Motel&Papadis, 2001:56). Several schools in rural areas do not have laboratories and
this situation means that students learn science by rote learning. Facilities are important in
order to make the teaching and learning process more effective. Students that live in rural
areas will less expose to the using of technology because the facilities that were provided for
them are not sufficient. This will make their learning process will be less effective and they will
have less knowledge about current issues as well as how to use technology. Students in urban
areas have many advantages in their learning process and with the advent of technology it will
make easier for their study. They will more understanding with their learning with the facilities
provided.
LESS QUALIFIED TEACHERS
Teacher is the important role in order to create good performance students. Most of the
teacher did not want to posting in rural area because they think it will bring difficulty to them.
So, the majority of teachers that were sent to the rural areas are the new teachers that have
less experience in teaching. Awoniyi (1981) remarked that there is a direct relationship
between the quality of teaching personnel and the quality of education process. Most of them
did not master the teaching technique yet because they are still new in teaching area. When we
compared to students in urban areas they usually have a teachers that have good
communications skills in English. Most of teachers compete for placement in urban schools. So,
rural school will have inadequate teacher and it will make their learning progress disturbed and
not running properly.
