What is BCNF in the DBMS?
Answer:BCNF is the Boyce Codd Normal Form which is stricter than the 3NF.
What do you understand by Join?
Answer: Join is the process of deriving the relationship between different tables
by combining columns from
one or more tables having common values in each. When a table joins with itself, it
is known as Self Join.
Differentiate between cardinality and modality?
Answer: Cardinality refers to the maximum number of times an instance in one entity
can be connected with instances in the related entity.
Modality refers to the minimum number of times an instance in one entity can be
connected with an instance in the related entity.
What is a super type and subtype?
Answer:A supertype is a general entity type that has a relationship with one or
more subtypes. A subtype is a sub-grouping of the entities in an
entity type that is relevant to the organization and that shares common attributes
or relationships different from other subgroups.
Difference between Generalization and Specialization?
ANSWER: GENERALIZATION is a process of identifying more general entity types.For
example Human is a more general entity than Student or Lawyer.
SPECIALIZATION is a process of identifying more specfic entity types. For example,
Student and Lawyer are more specific entity types than Human.
Define the term of weak entity?
ANSWER:An entity that exist only if another entity exist is known as weak entity.
It means that weak entities depend upon the eistence other entity.
Suppose we want to store the data of a student after assigning a class to him. It
means that the data cannot be stored if class entity does not exists.
write a note on Generalization and Specialization?
Generalization:In generalization two entities combine to form a new higher level
entity.this process as it combines subclasses to form superclass size of
schema gets reduced.
It is buttom up approach.
Specialization:Specialization is a process in which an entity is divided into sub
entities.in specialization inheritance take place.
It is top down process.
What are the various types of relationships in Database? Define them.
ANSWER:There are 3 types of relationships in Database:
One-to-one: One table has a relationship with another table having the similar kind
of column. Each primary key relates to only one or no record in the related table.
One-to-many: One table has a relationship with another table that has primary and
foreign key relations. The primary key table contains only one record that relates
to none, one or many records in the related table.
Many-to-many: Each record in both the tables can relate to many numbers of records
in another table.
Define Entity, Entity type, and Entity set.
Answer: Entity can be anything, be it a place, class or object which has an
independent existence in the real world.
Entity Type represents a set of entities that have similar attributes.
Entity Set in the database represents a collection of entities having a particular
entity type.
Define composite key?
A key that has more than one attributes is known as composite key.It is the
combination of two or more columns.It is also known as compound key.
Any key such as super key,primary key,candidate key etc can be called composite key
if it has more than one attributes.
What is Key?Name Different types of keys?
KEYS in DBMS is an attribute or set of attributes which helps you to identify a
row(tuple) in a relation(table).
Super Key
Candidate Key
Primary Key
Unique Key
Alternate Key
Composite Key
Foreign Key
What are the main differences between Primary key and Unique Key?
Answer: Given below are few differences:
The main difference between the Primary key and Unique key is that the Primary key
can never have a null value while the Unique key may consist of null value.
What is the concept of sub-query in terms of SQL?
Answer: Sub-query is basically the query which is included inside some other query
and can also be called as an inner query which is found inside the outer query.
In each table, there can be only one primary key while there can be more than one
unique key in a table.
What is the purpose of normalization in DBMS?
ANSWER:Normalization is the process of analyzing the relational schemas which are
based on their respective functional dependencies and the primary keys in order to
fulfill certain properties.
The properties include:
1)To minimize the redundancy of the data.
2)To minimize the Insert, Delete and Update Anomalies.
What is relationship? Give examples
ANSWER: relationship is an association among several entities.
Example: A depositor relationship associates a customer with each account that
he/she has.
Why we use database?
Databases can store very large numbers of records efficiently (they take up little
space).
It is very quick and easy to find information. More than one person can access the
same database at the same time multi-access.
Security may be better than in paper files.
