\ MATHEMATICAL Logic Mathematical Legic b the Mucly~ of Aystemmahe shkdy of Proposition | Nachive antl thels Ayebre Mlag Syrotls Legic © Ike sctence dealing totth the ~melhods af reasoning, PRoPos TION, A prpokition K a Stemeot which “& Ciltey “Wer Felse jo The given content bnt nit both. Propehitiong, he — evhuelly aonsted bp Pia, 1 3,-> + TROTH VALUE The Toul vatue of a psopodttton dewslea he Trutt @r) Falsity of 2 Petal cmd i ctowhed by gyn oe] A iptt > Tee and 0 if th io FALsE, == Upsthe. sen Pinch tm lis East — B Thue qt All yoseh Ae ed = False ® 7: Yo b Tratin «| — TRE @ 4: 3 bb a Pme Nembey — TRYE Lo@icaL ConNECTIVES * | ee Se, Tr gadex Combine boo (3) Mave Pie Pode téons wa oy the lonels Gx) plat LiKe net “amet” “or”, Zp then” and “Df anal aay 5", Bhaoe words [pisats Be called Logical Conecbice. Corlpoon, PROPOSITION. + Combination of trove Moe Semple Praoponifion Ing ton whe it Commedtives oda cciked — Cotmpound Propusetcan,ConNecTIVVE CortpounD PROPS ITION Sy aol Nor negation = and Conqunction A or dixguctén Vv Gf then Bicorclitimal “> Tf onda Kicedttionel — Tritk Table fer Negation; 1 Tonle Table _te_coppnetio’ The crafunctém pag 1S True only wlan ph Tue cond 4 8 “Bee , oltdusine eh io Fatse C Adel) Tppa] may | Tutte Tale Re cligquncttan ” The ctidjunction pVY @ False oy when Pp & Fabe and 4 to Palse, otbelurite b TRUE C ove =a) : pve ofTruth Tate feos condttimal : Te conditional py is FAlse ay when PB Tone anc qb Palse , Slhdesfine Ck bb Tree. | t > oo - ewe - a Bm Tut Table fee Biconditfnal : The Ricomdttional Pesq U Bue my hen bot pand % hove tee same lull Valuel , otternote ft & Falee. pesg \ ° ° tTAUTO lo GIES A compound Proposition Which ‘a caleoays Trhe fey all tee Combination Sf Tratk values 4 esmpmedts % Called 4 Ta UTo Lo Gy. ConTRAD CTION : a Compound propoaitten whath & alioays False for RU spottable Com binecbions tp Tete valu it components 4 Called Casey CONTRADICTION C absundity) CONTIGENCY : A Guapournd propotitéion whi cle in Neild a Taullogy Nor a Condyaclictoon Wh called a ConTIGENCY. Logical E@UIVALEN CE Two Pho pot tims A and B ae detd th be Beatle Leg cally eQuivaluenct Th thay have the Same rile vals dog all pokible Combinalking =f tee TPotk valtich 5 Tate Cowrekponting, Compormerl cud to Aomotee ly ASR) A Sb : Logically eonivateut prepositins oSe Tented as Tdbulf oak Proposetian, LeGicaL TPL CATION when a bypolkckical Ebdemest P-7V in butch that @ && TRUE Shenever Po TRUE ime P logically im plick y-clewdad Baet PeMs [rea mens pre wateutolege']OTHER Conmwecrives, _ —o— | Exclusive aiatunction : exe leer p se NoT beth ae jes “Ye Liv ae fir 2 NAND i (ae panda” I corshimalinn op Nel ec i AND ascee Le 1) Renoted by te Serbo) He ‘eo, P Aa, = 1 (pam) && TPY TY ge [ep lq |e t4 | ap t es = Fi & Nok : La NcT Por 4] Rere Gamapices mation 4 vot md or, It & dencted by +e Ayenbol + EC, PY = Cpvy) <= 1PA1a,The hows of hegie : tate! Fa poimilive stalioeall pray Oy Wd one . Te, ond 24 peviodicbin fe L apee Laos af Deubb Negalion 2 arya apary Dettngans loo a pages pv my a tative bows 3, pyy uve Pay > 4rP 4 pv ya) <= Cpvqvr Arsecialine Hawes PA (ana) <> Cpagq an mC uitive Laws 5 PV Cann) e>(prpA(PVAd ‘ PA Cay var) <> (pag) v (PAN) 6 pyp

Sez (i) P—>@Yx) 8 False my whon Pu tue k(Avr)a False (avr) @ False S Wis False & Y I False *. The Tuk values ¥ Ris, Yate Oh, One Derpectively. = Ms (i) Gi PA (@—> 7) | Tme > Pis Tame and*(q x) & Tme (yr) &B True | when is Twe 2 ¥ is Tue y is False 0 ¥ isTue vb False 2 is Fabe Bs Pid, F AO Sy by 2. Tf a propostivon q har the toutk valae 1, determme all trutk valere ascigomentt for the primitive propositems PE and £ fey which the tou vakre the follotng Coupeund pe peGtar ‘s 1. [a > f Cap) ats a [14 Grae) det U= q —> f{ Capvy)ATSY |= 15 (r700)a The Hiveet Compard propestton becomes (av) - Giew (UAV) bah Trt value 2 i 2 US Twel!) & Vv w& Fuels) ieee SCG tall feihivate fb oF hae tue Wawa 1 a 2. Se CapvyA7A hed the feutk value | ¥ PVE Tee & 7% & Tue > A bod Tate Valuo © (False) ; Since 18 hes tuk value | & V hol Toul value | et ne Garaw) net be | > Tr is Thue (since Wal Tru value 1) > xy 1s False Co) ie since v {tS False paapyr Te oS. DP mkt be Tue —_— - > P__ tiwdet —be fm False (o) 2. The otk values F Pf, 7, S ohe 0, 0,0 Fedperbuely, ~~ Cor) Trt duble_5G) ps Ga) W)__—PACr 273 3 _Let P.% and y be paopositions having truth values 3 O10, | SeBpettively . Find the fuk valaes of the __ fellowsts, compound paopeditions. Q) Ova) vr (i) Cpag)ar (ii) (pa vy) —>Y (vi) p> Cy => ar)OC Taadedy, Conteadicten, ) 1. Show treet Levan Cernaterr|—or ? 8 a Taudo logy by comsteucttig he “trultt table. _ The Teule teble & slven by sr The CP, — = |v | x _| (Pvy| > en] Qa (renacyr)] x > yl Tae aay Zz ve T E= fe Saar F F e 5 r els [iz ¥r F i Ea | T F fis) Fr mean ae o ite Pe T rile |r F E T aa z ne high iam E lore = = | le ‘ a a Taudebsy _#, The ghen Prepesittcn is show that [L0Pva) At (Ae ACtav7r)) [Crp aze) ve Paty) 2. ha tanbeledy ating Laws ¢ Myée- Sele het = (pva) AT L7PACTHVTY)} hi 7 and V = (pATu) V Capaty) Ten W = ave —> I Dy ' Consider wae eee Cavan f aut is) = (pve) A {Pv tem vIn $ Ss (pve) ALPV@An)y 5 _ALevo ark _v {eva A@and} — ristipte Le P V[fvayar sar] celeron late, ui 2 e— Considey = G pare) VCrp AT) ae <> 1Cpve) Vacpyr) Dersam lace Denorgu (ae _ Sf ev CHAT) b disteedie Caw Saget from @ feof O2uvy — Suvi — ZT te Pe The Biccu Prepocitem @- Tauboleby Examine whether [(P va) x] <> Liv 7 (rva] D A Tautolegy using truth table. For any Prepost tem {P —>@->v) | —> } Crea) > Cp2n} Ba Tautelosy. pocitims Pp, vx, he compound pant Show rat (Pva) <> Coyvp) da Tackelogy pdove tat for ony proposittaus Pp, tke Compoumcl Propositéo CP >a) A Car) 2 aTactoldy By Conshuctéms, he fot da ble , Examine she thet igv aa eee x ee Tanto logy Co) met% Sho tt tor any propobitiond Pandy - © (ya) v (reso) a toute lopey OL VW) A Chea) ib a Gonbyetiction @) (a v4) A CP ->a) Ba combigency = (i) a. The piven Compound propoSittar 3 conbaackichen, Coubigen(y os = ( Smiles oftala )Pave he folowing ding tne sable G) Leva) x] < Lerwncy or] [Goan Gon a Crespo [029 aqrnacyrey] GD [Crvey A CPACerw)] > Pry WW) TCpay) — CPev7e) Sel: (i) The teuth table is Zinn bo a| x Flint ele elon FE F b= Tr eye lee ele ~ Fer the tek ‘tab we obfene that “he Teullr vets 5 colum Yo oy Vit ome Tdonteal 8 [ove xf Lerenacyal pees ce a Sinieny tk. lo ney2, Wilkeut __Censtuctens, toe tok teble_ pai a! @- frllowting. C_ vsing tows ¢ logic) - OP + lan) <> Crd > ae Gi) [Rea Cogan vL@an vipa] or i. @ Pv paCevay] as p i =. Gy) [Gr v7) > Cravasy <> PAY (vy) TE 7 {eva arhv zu] & war “Sd: (7) covsider — P > Caer P-> Cravr) (+ Povaten) <> v (140) <=> ipv7) vr Associative luo <> 1(PAY) VY ede RAR ar *~ a 2. [P= @ 9) Sa) =r @ consider [4p Cigar] = Cap nto) AY, Ascorietéve lw mea maialg) Ay» Denes liso <> A LrGyal] , Committe a tein ya NC Pmt) <> CVAD) VOYAP) + Commie ao _& yaCave) 1 Di Sheba luo SS TACPVY) —_» commubetive law 8. Lipa Crarilv [ean vend] & fr a rove] v [rac] 7 a YAT. (= tev pete) Sr CP YATo@ 1)(it) consider pv [pa Crvay] <> PvP <> Pp o fey Lea Creve) +> P OY Gr v76) —> (pagan > TCArviw) Vv Cprqar) <> (pra) v Cero) ar Fbsoopten law 263. @— Tdempotent lao [P2790 Demawm'slaa ADL, Gnssoctchivela a : a ae ; se <> (Paw) 1 BY Abs Plan laio. zs leviart ag . SS (Pva) a Cray) £> (Pvo) Acar) la Slvg9a ar = yar Ww) [5 fevay arg vie le [7 S(ere) av) aa] Peers Ne Law of Doubs rp 1 WSSociakve lad , Commatertine (aim 1 PrStaciertove bid Bexosiprean lat) es [1 L1{Ceveayar} y19] & gar Simplify tee ollooind, using lous of Gegie. GO) (ev aA7fGevot G) Prva v Create av) Si) @ aa Try acrvres] aea oom 265° Selp: @ (2) Consider Cpva) AT4Gr) va} = (pve) A (P.A70) , Benet ho = (eve) APIA TY, Assnietive is =[PA ceva] AT, Commedative feo ssaail “ = PAS abcde tear (aw. 2» |(pva) A7 4c) vo PATY (oa Pyyv Cparyasres(pve) V {10a Ar} Pemwged foo Mle) v cove] [var] rpbstie - Ss TAK per] , Unverse favo SOW vr _ , Pdnktylad - PAV Aciabvelaw, 2. /pvg Vv C1PAmgay) & (pry ur) (3) Consider : ° ‘at (Pa) a Lav acy yaa) ] = (pea a [19 4 Cravrd] Smmabive = (P20) ATY_, Absorption law ae a1 [e704] . (106202 PA79) al - 1 [7 (90) va] (+ Peas seve) tf 7 [eeate) volJ : i 267%" E s i ge) = TL veen74) | | commnteteve lao TVA) A (avt4)| , Pishibdive fw salwar] Favese law _ me = Ca yp) Teloubty lav 2. (P+ A 14 Acrv70)1 = 7Cyvp)] —4 (apv10) A Crevp) AP Cw) costter CPV. 79)ACFeNPP = Gev7g a pap ©E veep) = OGrv7a) A P_. (Pap=p) fie ~ = Grp) v@ one) =a mV Ca np) _ ae = Gap) ss, [Gevie) a CrevPlap = Gagap)) \y () Fer aay propooitiont p, 4 prove the follooink + fa) TOCPYU) <> -Apa74e >) TCP44) SS APYIe © P 4 (Ota) <> TP Vv Con) A) PV (4M) <> TP ACaVY) Sola:(it) Fits Walk table Con) Lass of lisie - pave.Necessary avd Su Sicient Cand? tions Suppope tmt p aya, teen io oder ti @ 8 Kufficient thot P Bme, Also Pp Pp & fue yen UL ene ce May that q & tere. Im view f above joterpretation , the Pollmoing Atede ments oe ak q may be tee taken ah 4ame meaning: (2) pw sufficient ry (3) 4 is mecessay tr, CG) PSs Ba 7 af a quadrilatinl i a Rquere ten Ba rectongle” (oR) A quaddlatesat 1 axauche iy a Su Sicent Conctition fo %h be * ncessamy> ectnal oo selisciaat conli fi on A quadslalesel Jor hte be waa pooporitims P and T Sduakias a Noth: Fee aay be Following posi ble 5 G) pst but vey c ting eta] pia @ Sabheont bud oT Karnataks f. pr we city A io Tada gq: Te cy A io Here Py bt vee i) para bt b&P Gi) Pp Sa and 4 SP By: pt The intes or % @ eveN q+ The integer x » Rivibible by 2 asBezhiene (en! teal wiellnokanit Prove thre follaving GQ) TRAC sal +e Gi) L (pe) atel & 7P (a) love) Arp 1 4 GW) [pa Cppayasl 2 (pve) 7 (wy) [Pv Cvva)ara, | > (Pva) A Hiss 4 2 [ we obbene tet when era) ev from the “featc table jo thet Yao - suche eo te BNP ° [ipo sted a oe trae (oR) Re tenth foble der (Hoy mral re © nee — Pa | ral aP ye eoanTa] (Oa 71 eG Fl F | @F T iT |e) oF ear F T piT| 4 - i F T a, el cay | clade TL sme Uv Andology— *.[@ pate] = TF [ sirsitealy vthevs )NEGATIONS A. 4101p) =P 2. 1(pAg) = TP TY 3. 1 Cpva) = PATTY h. T0Peu) = PATY 5. 71(Pé>y) = (PATH) V (TPA, PROBLEMS: I. Negate the Po lining, and simp liby ? Gi) CRvayar @ 0 >y) Ge) (ve) —> ry (wp > Ct8a7) (vy) Cpav) vy) sd) 7 Lever] = (pve) V1¥ = Cpe) Ir » w 7 lero i PryrA tr, wa) 1 [ove rx] =P vA) A 77 WTP > (am) FPA TOU = pa(a7y v7r) = pa(y v 77) @) 7 [om cov) = Payat(vyyr) = (pas) A (TV A7¥)2. write down tre tollncing io eprobrhe qe and de and meget = Gi) 12 em ecddi Z $ da iokger & qheakr thon 2 ged leat tren 8, then UE Ba bome number: Te? Solo: det pg odd iobeger gveaky ‘hem 2 y? odd intger 1244 thom & a: Te a pome number Symbolic Soom is + (paw) eee fT [Gan ea] = (Ry) ATT. Tus the ergatin ik 7 ad ioleger greater tao 2 and lessttan & aed i ® sol bame number i (i) ox & mete weal number then & mba ratina | number aad mot an jravatonal aumber, St: fof = Ps oc 2 veal momber , VE te? qekiona) number a1 % erekionel momber- Sy mibola ¢ jem? 7 e——7 vate) oe Lar Cryats |= PAT CavaT¥) = ap AaIY vagy) = apa@v*) Thug Hee neg alton 8 4 X wnora veal number and @aa valinat. 4 qumber ox an reinkioncl: mumber -C. omverse, Inverse and Centoapesiteve & Conditional 1 yore fb dre cmverse £ pF 2. ap or Ta & te taverse f Pd 8. TH TP io tre Contrapogi ve & p>. Problems: Finuerse and Contiaponi five of “ta pidect each J. Strode tre Comverse quads lateral ig a parallelegram ho ike diagonals oko" ben: bot OP quadsialers| it ovellelg ram qy: diagonal bigect each cbtior. y Symbolic fom is” P 74: () convene: gop 3 F gjagerels binedt eadn Obed fren qadaiden! i earailieleg 1 - (ay \nvewse # spate: 4 quadrilokeral © pot * porlleley om — & isect eaoh fou “eR diagerals Sas not pikect otto . tf Hiagonals ohne not pidert each ofkoh (ji) Gtiagesine: 477? * Hon Gf qual laderel io eT & Podatlele gra”. 2 writ te converse, inverse cmol Contrapoditive of 2: 7p ayeal x greater tkapo then * % net equal 4 do Zero”gan: Let pb: veal nurnber x* 70 ay: « #e symbolic fem: paren (i) converse: TP: FB Re tn 02? e Gmees oy eee ue ote 2 2 ip af bw ® i (i) Ladue? Yr TP 3. p —> (1947). Goan) —7P Sejm: Converse: ap —- 1C1Ar) fovevbe # eo —> (vvtr) 4 Cvar) 7 7P Contmapesi five = ee (vy) —?TP. 4 (pve) > (TD) Soy: Converse : Gaom) —7 (rv) ceva) 9118") Inverse ey (pn) 7 GAM cntrepeibe: TOI) —7 de (794%) “Ly @Aty) —™‘Add? tional Problems TPs peck ce] le f ° (Der ei toond y be Popeattfnd lauly “ls valu 0,0 8 1 rife Chelly Find the tonlk: valued 4 te follow G) (Pag) V © &) po Casas) @) Pa trou) (NW) mp A CQAnr) WwW (ra) > wi) P —> (oar) prinifive ctelementt few bith re Pe Let pond a be tog tonik Valu 4 tice following ‘yb False - Determine G) paw at ey G ervey — © @® yor — . (WW ajbep— ¢ Bh condiguct tae tonlle Table es tre follovinge (> (pay) + ~¥ Gy p> Cy 4%) w) 4 > icapve) Art] ») [Ow vawleor w 4 Crp vera) WW) O--ay Cao 0) (wi) (Py-q) > bra) (vii) (PAD) AY (id (Py AY oxy Aaa (rvs)prlboing TH] Prove that . tr any paopoRttion Bq. the’ Composed profoliting tos Taute oa (i) [Po awanj> [ G34 s¢psa)] ® Laqavry]— -P @) (Y =y Aan] > 00 Gu) (@ >a) vepary] <> Lp covey] {Ovo >yJawn} — Car) Wi) [Qve [e ) ex] es [ors ~Cpvay] TB] prove he losing: ‘ aoe ; Gabe) =P pry = yoyts>p ® 70M) = aU [7K Toate valet in ohio 5H G thea) B pate we Rlenbed i Gy) a teoa) = PAPE fr 7 (A (pera) = PA AY) V (408) w Poy = oPyy wi) p-aqay = P27 A Cpr) wi) [Peg x] & [60 rgon] (i) Ces) AGerracers 2 TRVIA Gv A>] (yp Pa Gaye Pa Cav) & (pm) Dy G9 VES") ®)pr Tl write he Negettioms of the following. (i) Too Slee are eenguuent TP theie Areas ade PR UAl LQ) Bf toe Kumbers ada mot eal thay Beir Satons Se vot Ean] @IF a Member 6 real teen He esl yadeonal Co) Taedian al (W) pa@ux) A Carv7y ve) ~y) (p44) — WwW) @va) Vv (aparvAr) (vi) po (2 vav) ales his Crt Causse and Fetches Wis date (ii) Ty Nerwold pe will gradual, Me lhe tnd 4 tee praactarh bejest thew (a cea women monber, ten CEB wl? aside Heaor aad a? Trvmdiael Mavala” : td eri ake tool sable , veryiet eath Ay tee Follower tn a logical von phicakte, w [rater or)| > & 79 (i) Lasy acon] > (p>) ® [grey r-v = ) [eva Acrd —7* Ww le 9) Aq! cele or lad [pa (ps4) av\ low ari (vin ftp vv ary t > pvr (vin) (pug) ACP PVAG PD PTTH wisi tee Comverse, toverse & conta positive of “the following @® av) — va) GP => @Vv—>~) @ [vy v Cara] > ~P Ww) Pes 4) —s or BP a quadrilateal is a pavallelgraw teen is Alagonals bisect Eath ott , Tp a veal Numbes x in grectin Ikon thay Horn % tg ot AQveL“b Tove w (vi) Tp a Ale ® mt Leoscelh tun Kh » vot queuilatral FA write town the corbratoodi hve f [P> (4-1 ili (i) only me ecavence the comnective > occaxence of the Commechve 7 (wi) Ne Soli The Contraposs be of [p> larr] ® opveun ty Cy =e) —7 TP 1 (q-zy) Pe (aay) VIP, PRUE PVE Ci) Consider 2> (4) v1 L——sonlhyme > ©) Conetdoy 14 8) > TP 717 A T)VIP , PRUE TOY La (UT) VTP Laan f daunle gion > PG STIG & (tavx) v7P ee Lee Wo Occerrence 4} >A switching jietowt. 8 made cep of wives Sel tches Connetttng, poo Sorminals nag A BB. In Sach yep cok Awifeh & open —P No cwent tov tiara sacttch is obese? + Curent fope Fgh B Te a switch PB oPEw then te Ayuth value fe O ap a &fulteh Pp is closed then “the truth value 'S A Sesies NetcoasKk consisting af two guitcha PRD Aonelet bp Prd the coment POW ficom tre ferinal Ab the termind 2 Uy goth of panty ad CloSEP gee lee Eo ( Truth value me a pas ) ss Pva : a (THE yadue fo an Cr) 4 Pray *PROBLEMS WW Btenphfy the Awitebing, Nemes kK: 4 A e y¥—~6 14> The bien petoask fo Soranbe PC fem (avpvt4) 7Y MW lev vp lav 2 (tr vp) AY 64 Tyee law = Te AY by paprrinedtion lao _ , ity The Sierphhed Nehoo® w glue Pr Aa ~———8- poy “A —f-———-# pP— 4—_T& t v Ww VA ket Ve [ pv (paw v cpaaan? | wo WwW py Lp acvarnd Ai} P bey ALbovPer? law wi = cpayat) Vt zt vit noah et ey podowp km [ato 2, Giver Neticnh = Vv AW = pat eee € 8 A eeQPEN SENTENCES (er) PREDICATES : fr 1 2. UNIVERSAL @UANTIFIER 3 anit Tr (Past—A) logic 223, a OS A decturative sentence ik am open sentence If i) Et comtains owe (x) Mowe Vaaiables i) Tt B® wor a Leki! sttement a i) It becomes a legtcal stotewenl when the vasiable in tk ade veploced by certain allowable chotces. The open sentences ado denoted bag POU, YOO, Ong) ete EX? Pew ot 32-4 Oo tee Wee) ¢ rs 21 7 oO ¥Cmg) = es y SSA QUANTIFIERS ¢ E The wosds (ox) Phoase® Dike " Fora” “' Thée exist atleast oe” , For Some 5 quant fers. 5 Per Eve pete he Called EX(sTENTIAL QUANTIFIER ¢ _ The words Bie " for some x" "for atteakt me x" + Fu. = “ The coerds (os) Phrases Like ' for all x” , Fer each x” , 6h Calta Universal quant-féer aad th DB Aaboted by vx,< a — : I -Erbepere suppose the etmiverse aforkic Consists of al! Seerkemces Consider the following, open sentences Pew) 3 *xe3 > Yor xt 8 odd yx): x7O lovite down +be ‘tur Valee f he folostnd, SEG usPe) @ PEDAGE) Gi Pro) —> afl) @_ 1404) Cy Para Yeo) WI) PCI) E> 100) Wi) PE) v [acnvre] Gin) Pea A Lote) V 150297, Sols Given “Universe = Z © fle, Sie; 2 = ve vie peo se 23 ri - YOO i ,a+1 If odo Tt hoy OH (Pea 2 £3 @hich B TROE - G) Pepa qa) =(-143) AU+0 is cold ae ee A - es Ts. == i = Gi) Pee We) = (£3) —e 1 is odd 4 atti eric fle SPR = = T iS @) paw =a f4et wot = 2 ie i _W) 1 (323) A(ore) AT APF — FAF = WP) Pw —s 74) = 23) —> 7 fan waht = ToS7T ee (Geimillons, othe fluo)2. Fer the exoi verse of all imtegers , Let — 5) ia cae str _aytxy i % even PU te" ieee forflee Shuare 2a) > oc UB Ruisible 3 to: x B Levigtble 4 Write town He doling ee Stotomeuts ta hyminiic fort (i) Ak Least ae iwteger 4 a Ben GO) Te exist positive sukeger ed 0 een : Gx) [PoOrqes} (j)__ Some eve mrlegers dhe AtvEsible by 3 = Ge Lacwasal] ©) Even integer 1d eFthat even(or) odd? pile NoT | divisible — hy 3. Gry) L{yona roo | — = Tac] a “TP x B odd (os) B Not Atvrsible — 1, They Xb Adwisé He by 3, GA) Arvo vito} a he |SB let padi or qetioso, acu): xt ax-3=0 | pa, 1 GM EY ee = ond U= £2,654 cetermine the +hratk value fo\(owtng- Atactemenits OK, pon —> TH Gi) vx, yous ray Gi) *, va — ve @__ 4% 1 peo —> vo) Sr aiven Ue fash tis Pex) 2 x 1x40 <0 = POS) =0 ie > we fast 27 pen B True fer 27 2, yxe ie. fe BS9) Te igen heats AO) 2 ee 2K = 3 ~ © Be Ga Cat) =o i > xe {1,33 i on) B TRvE for x23, ¥ x=-| f, OO i False for an xeU (- 8, Jeu] Ya) + x 7o) ae F > fp = T frouxev > v4, yo — roo] uw Tee Gi) Fer seen, ac & False Cx) & False f. 46) > x) = Fe F = Tt Some rer pin et a) ted] TRE» (iv) Pex) & True fr al neu TX) b&b False fy ao YEU So Po) —> FO = T—>F =F fevall vers 7. > te [P~m Srv] False ge ee 4. Considey the Aoliowoing- open sicdementt cofth the Ack % all Wa) Numbers as tre Universe PO Lazye , Ws zo Yau! wax-4=0 Cw) ae he a Determine tke toutk values | the Allaatng, stectements M 4x, Peoagen Ct ¥X, Poy —> 400 Gi) #4, 400 —> Ac (iv) WK, Cu) —> £ Cx) MW) FX, pow a wen) Ww HU 4 YOO —> Pod,226: Rules A Neqatio To a. IL. 1 Lxxjpe Ts x, 7 Pm 2. 1 [au pod <> v4, 7 Pew Picblems ls Nagate ansl simplify. the folowing, Otay pony Gi) tx. [ Peo vaeds] @ 44, [pm Atyty] (W) v4, Lem > away WL femv ae} > ¥en] (i) uty Lay =o] mae wr Sel GT dy Pony] = i sy wv pony) Ax, po) —> G0 7 oy Wi) 4 [4x, po —> Ww 744 oe S 3x pe) AT fox, tye] oe = ax pm A (Bx, vo) Fimillety chars follow.)2 “symelize and Negech ste touening, ux All Integers axe rational numbers and some satdonal _Mesabeys ade. NoT_ hofesers . ee NSohy Let pean fe 2c eaten Number _ Go): x B® an Integer — —Z 4 set 4 all tmteger Q: Set of ails Yateme) Number The Aymbelic form is, [¥xez, Poo] A [sxe@, 1400] sw st vaez, ol A [sxe@, 1900] } 2 8 [wee poll vw [aee, 14cx)] ao aa neo lv free, aon] [Fee nee i ee 1s ai peor =e all a Numbers oe Lutegers ” Gi) eae all Alee are Rist angled then No Ale 18 Eputoxuby bet Tor het of Ales = a Peay’ soysc (TA. Right orfied F yon: oC E Epntanuley The symbcke fom is [axet, peo] —> [wxet, 14¢0] . =f et, po | —> [¥xeT, Fam] t tt Leet. po] A o[exet, 200] mM Yoh) — EPaay Prxet, pool A fFiet, 700]= Thus “he Negation “« Al Alek che Hight angled gid ‘Some Ales Se Beutongular,” (is) Fey an integersn, If m & pot ctivisiole fy 2, Theo att eh) en Zt We cet 4 all integers ~ he SY naualie fm uw ¥nez, [A pend sa acm? | ae [wrez, 7 pen — > vom) | = gnez, al TPH) —> 40m] = mez, [TPA wgenr] (16> =ra09) = Ts the negatim i» ” For Some imtegorh um, 7 ib NeT divisible by 2 and n % mor odd “ Gy) TP km one aey integers cohen Ckem) and @u-n) che odd then (K-n) even | Sal bet Zi: The Let of alll integers Pa: Kem &% odd Qi: mM-n Uw odd yoy: K-nw Y even The Symbolic frm & "4 kimin ez LfPorAGwo}—> yen] ~ j¥ Kw nez | { PmeAgoot —> v0] }289 F Kimn ez, © [ {pro 040 } — ron | - = Fkmmez, [Pooraym] A 7 rw Thus he Negation &” There exist Some integers Kimm_ duch thal Km, m-n && odd and K—n i&& Nor even” Ginette de HE folowing ) j —™) For all veal numbers x Tf |x-31<7 then —4excio (mts Hee, [reo acd) (%) Tf * B @ veal number cokedle x? 716 , Thon aL fr) x74 ( ¥xER, POO —> yey root ) (ii) Tete Wan integer cobhich b vot a perfect Spare f (Kez, —T PCH) ) (ili) Theve exist? veal Numbers oc andy auch trot Hand y che yaktmal but x+y U Drrkmal”= — : = sd) id is nl CONVERSE , INVERSE ,ComTeapesitive of x [POO-> 400] _ Wi) Goria posibve: He oqo — > wp] 8 Phoblems. aii \. pvite he Inverse, converse 8 Costvapasikve of 4%, [ Poo ——s fron A yoo ce hs Sel: naan Ci) converses ¥x, [AKA qo} —S Pool | —@ twee: te [wpe — > Af yeonrenp] = ¥e [ore —SRrovaqgewpl Ci) Conta pasitive s 4% [ ~ {resrqo0} —>vpens J vn [erro vegoot —> poo] en bob Pes Inle3s . a x73 and eniverse 4 the fet f all veal Numbers . seen Bud the fteedk value 4 the folbaing aud alS crite dun converse , muerse Y Cmtrapesiivve + 46 [ponr—4en3] Sol; Given Ri Te Sek 4 veel Numbers Pods Ixl>3 ae oSAya tase 2 (oe ples) a S173 7 573 whith b Thve ats) i —5 73, which b False _ - es, pes) > aes)aT > P= Ff 5eR ee DP pon > 7a) _% False fer all ER sens a 2, Gy) [pm 90] & FALSE Gi) Converse $_ (¥¥, [acm —> pod] . a ia - * poy all veal Nambere., If x73 ~then Ix! 73 lich Pare Ci) Tmewe : GW) [op —> zac] sh : areata Dh ELA trea 2S 3 wht ide Ci) conteecpositve + ex) [ yee) —> mr] ee "Fer olf veal Néwlees Tp %£3 then [1163 @heh > False