A

N
T
E
N
N
A
A
An Introduction to Recent Trends in
N
A
L
Y
Antennas
S
I
S

&

S
Y
N Lecture # 2
T
H
E Dr Sanjeev Kumar Mishra
S
I
S
A
N
T
OUTLINES
E
N
N
• Introduction
A
• Antenna parameters
A
N
A
• Types of antenna
L
Y • Applications
S
I • Challenges
S
• Electromagnetic spectrum
&

S
Y
N
T
H
E
S
I
S
A
N
T INTRODUCTION
E
N • An antenna is defined by Webster’s Dictionary as “a usually metallic
N
device (as a rod or wire) for radiating or receiving radio waves.”
A
A • The IEEE Standard Definitions [IEEE Std 145–1983]: Antenna (or
N
A aerial) “a means for radiating or receiving radio waves.”
L
Y
S • An antenna is:
I
S • an electromagnetic radiator,
& • a sensor,
S • a transducer and
Y
N
• an impedance matching
T
H device.
E
S
I
S E & H Fields surrounding an Antenna
A
N
T
E
• The antenna is the transitional structure between free space and a
N
N guiding device.
A
A
N
A
L
Y
S
I
S

&

S
Y
N
T
H
E
S
I
S Antenna as a transition device
A
N
T
E
N
N
A
A
N
A
L
Y
S
I
S
Transmission-line Thevenin equivalent of antenna in transmitting mode
&
Z A  RA  jX A
S
Y  ( Rr  RL )  jX A
N
T Where ZA : antenna impedance
H RA : Antenna resistance
E Rr : radiation resistance
S RL :loss resistance (i.e. due to conduction & dielectric losses)
I
S
XA : equivalent antenna reactance
A
N
T
ANTENNA PARAMETERS
E
• Circuit Parameters
N
N • Input Impedance
A
A • Radiation Resistance
N
A • Antenna Noise Temperature
L
Y • Return Loss
S
I
• Physical Quantities
S • Spatial Parameters
• Size
& • Weight • Field Pattern (Beam Area,
S • Profile Directivity, Gain)
Y
N • Shape • Bandwidth
T
H • Efficiency
E
S • Effective Length and effective area
I
• Polarization (LP/CP/EP)
S
A
N
T
ANTENNA History
E • Maxwell’s equation 1864
N
N • Hertz 1888: Parabolic metal cylinder
A
• Prof J C Bose 1898: EM wave experiment
A
N • Marconi 1901: Transatlantic transmission
A
L • World war II: Radiating apertures, Reflectors, Arrays
Y
S
I
S

&

S
Y
N Hertz (1857 – 1894) confirmed by
T
experiment that electromagnetic radio
H James Clerk Maxwell (1831 –1879) -
E waves have the same velocity as light and
S predicted the existence of radio waves in
I his theory of electromagnetism. [Scottish can be reflected by metallic and dielectric
S Mathematician] bodies.
A
N TYPES OF ANTENNA
T
E • Structural classification:
N
N • Wire Antennas
A
A • Aperture Antennas
N
A
• Microstrip Antennas
L • Array Antennas
Y
S • Reflector Antennas
I
S • Lens Antennas
& • Frequency dependency classification:
S • Frequency Dependent Antennas
Y
N • Frequency Independent Antennas
T
H
E
** Rumsey’s principle states that the impedance and pattern properties of
S
an antenna will be frequency independent if the antenna shape is specified
I
S only in terms of angles
A
N
T
Wire Antennas
E
N
N
A
A
N
A
L
Y
S
I Circular (Square) loop antenna
S Dipole antenna

&

S
Y
N
T
H
E
S Helix antenna
I
S
A
N
T
Aperture Antennas
E
N
N
A
A
N
A
L
Y
S
I Horn antennas
S Conical Horn antennas

&

S
Y
N
T
H
E
S
I Slotted Waveguide antennas
S
A
N
T
E
N
N
A
A
N
A
L
Y
S
I
S Pyramidal Horn antennas

&

S
Y
N
T
H
E
S
I
S Radiation pattern of a antenna
A
N
T
Microstrip Antennas
E
N
N
A
A
N
A
L
Y
S
I
S

&

S
Y Rectangular patch antennas Circular patch antennas
N
T
H
E
S
I
S
A
N
T
Array Antennas
E
N
N
A
A
N
A
L
Y
S Yagi-Uda antenna
I
S

&

S
Y
N
T
H
E Slotted waveguide array antenna
S Microstrip array antenna
I
S
A
N
T
Reflector Antennas
E
N
N
A
A
N
A
L Parabolic reflector antenna with front feed
Y
S
I
S

&

S Parabolic reflector antenna with cassegrain feed

S
Y
N
T
H
E
S
I
S Lens antennas with refraction index <1
A
N
T
Frequency dependent Antennas
E
N • Wire Antennas
N
A • Aperture Antennas
A • Microstrip Antennas
N
A • Reflector Antennas
L
Y • Lens Antennas
S
I
S

&

S
Y
N
T
H
E
S
I
S
A
N
T
Frequency independent antennas
E
N
N
A
A
N
A
L
Y
S Log periodic antenna Planar Log periodic slot antenna Log-spiral antenna
I Satellite Communication System
S

&

S
Y
N
T
H Various versions of Biconical antennas – Infinite
E Discone antenna Biconical antenna, Finite Biconical antenna, a cone
S with finite ground, a cone with a stem and discone
I
S
A
N
T
EM Solvers/ Softwires
E
N EM Solvers IE3D FEKO HFSS CST-MWS
N
A Solution Type Method of Method of Finite Finite Elements
A Moments Moments Elements Method and
N (MOM) (MOM) Method Finite Difference
A (FEM) Time Domain
L
(FDTD)
Y
S
I
S

&

S
Y
N
T
H
E
S
I
S
A
N
T
E
N Input Reflection Radiation
N Directivity Gain
Coefficient Pattern
A
A
N Antenna Half Power
A Testing Parameters Beamwidth
Efficiency
L
Y
S
I Beam Efficiency Input Front-To-Back
Polarization
S Impedance Ratio

&

S
Y
N
T
H
E
S
I
S RF Signal Generator Vector Network Analyzer Anechoic Chamber
A
N
T CHALLENGES
E
N • Low cost
N
A • Compact
A • Easy to integrate with other system
N
A • Provide desired antenna characteristics or meet the desired specification
L
Y
S APPLICATIONS
I
S
• Wireless communication
&
• Remote sensing
S
• Direct broadcast satellite system
Y
N • Navigation
T
H • Point to point communication: Satellite Communication
E
• UWB Communication [High data rate]
S
I
S
A
N
T
UWB Communication:
E
N
N
C  B log2 1  SNR
A
Different Technologies are used
A
N • Dual Polarization
A
L • UWB Technology
Y
S • MIMO Technology
I
S
• Combination UWB-MIMO Technology

&

S
Y
N
T
H
E
S
I
S 21
A
N
T
E
N
N
A
A
N
A
L
Y
S
I
S

&

S
Y
N
T
H
E
S
I
S
A
N
T
E
N
N
A
A
N
A
L
Y
S
I
S

& Spectrum Over lay of UWB over other technologies

S Bluetooth Band : (2.4 GHz -2.484) GHz, UWB Frequency band: (3.1 - 10.6 )GHz, WiMAX and C
Y
N band Satellite: (3.3 - 4.2) GHz WLAN Frequency band: (5.15 – 5.35) GHz & (5.725-5.825) GHz, ITU
T Band - 8GHz
H
E Challenging issues:
S
• Obtaining efficient antenna
I
S • Difficulty in controlling dimensions in a limited space
A
N
T
Future Challenges
E
N • Phased Array Antenna
N
A • Embedded/Wearable Antennas for Humanitarian Technology
A • RF Energy Harvesting/ Rectenna Design
N
A • mm wave Antenna
L • THz Quasi-optical Antennas
Y
S • DRAs
I
S • RFID
• Massive MIMO for 5G
&
• LTE
S
Y • Active Antennas
N
• Smart Antennas
T
H • Next Generation Multiple Beam Forming Antennas,
E
S • Reconfigurable Antennas
I
S
• Wireless Power Transmission
A
N
T
Conclusion
E
N • Future communication systems will satisfy the commercial user by
N
A providing seamless connectivity anywhere, in any weather, with five
A
N
nines (99.999%) service availability, high-throughput broadband
A services.
L
Y • This will be made possible with multi-functional reconfigurable
S
I wireless antenna systems.
S
• Future’s primary efforts will be toward mass production and cost
&
reductions.
S
Y
N
T
H
E
S
I
S
A
N
T
E
• Multifunctional hybrid antenna configurations capable of
N
N • Generating narrow beams with high gain,
A
• Wide impedance and axial bandwidth
A
N • Low side-lobes,
A
L • Circular polarization
Y
• Low cross polarization,
S
I • High beam efficiency,
S
• Wide scanning beam capabilities,
&
• Beam shaping
S • Compact and Low-cost
Y
N • Collaboration between Research Centre and Academic Institute.
T
H • Theoretical Analysis
E • Antenna Design and Modelling
S
I • Work in practical problems
S AICTE Sponsored Seminar, “Emerging Trends in Communication & Computing” at COEB, Bhubaneswar
A
N One can think
T
E
N • On-chip antenna.
N
A
• Using high dielectric material (Silicon etc)

A • Meta-material antennas
N
A
• DRA
L • Microstrip patch antenna
Y
S • Circular polarized antenna
I
S • Array antenna/ space feed array antennas

&
• Multi band antennas

S
• UWB antenna.
Y • Planar monopole array
N
T • High gain multilayer antennas
H
E
• Beam steering antennas/ Smart antenna
S • Analyze the performances of wide band antennas in frequency domain, time
I domain and space domain by simulations and experiments.
S
A
N
T
Satellite Communication
E
N
N UHF Band &
A VHF Band
A
N
17.7-21.2GHz &
A 27.5-31GHz
L
Y 31.8-32.3GHz &
S 34.2-34.7GHz
I
S

&

S
Y
N
The Goal of the Satellite communication is
T to create uninterrupted, seamless, high
H
E throughput connectivity no matter where.
S
I
S
A
N
T Classification based upon Orbits
E
N
N
A
A
N GEO
A 35800
L Km
Y
S
I LEO
S
MEO
2000 Km
&

S
Y
N
T
H
E
S
I
S 23-Dec-20
A
N
T
E
N Geostationary earth orbit (GEO) Systems applications include
N
military communications,
A
A digital audio broadcast,
N fixed services,
A
L mobile telephony,
Y
S data networks,
I
broadband services and Internet access,
S
and deep space telemetry.
&
LEO and MEO systems [Europe and Australia] are going to play a key role in
S
forming future broadband in the sky networks to provide 21st century digital
Y
N services to people in the air, at sea, on the move and residing in remote areas
T
H [1].
E
S
I
S
A
N
T
E
N
N
A
A
N
A
L
Y
S
I
S

&

S
Y
N
T
H
E
S
I Summary satellite communications system and its challenging diverse services [1]
S
A
N
T Classification of Satellites based on mass [4]
E
N
N
A
A
N
A
L
Y
S
I
S

&

S
Y
N
T
H
E
S CubeSats  Typical weight [1.33 kg], with a typical volume  [10 × 10 × 10 cm3]
I 23-Dec-20 32
S
A
N
T
E
N • There is a tradeoff between size and the multifunctional capabilities
N
A that a satellite can offer, but this can be offset by launching a
A constellation of small satellites (SmallSats).
N
A • CubeSat missions operate over a broad range of frequencies, from
L
Y UHF (400 MHz) up to W band (110 GHz), & antennas ranging from
S
I miniaturized patch antennas to large reflector antennas.
S

&

S
Y
N
T
H
E
S
I
S
A
N
T
E Chart showing the number of Cube Sat missions
N used for various applications as a function of the
N year [4]
A
A
N
A
L Number of CubeSats launched as a function of
Y volume as of January 2016. www.nanosats.eu. [4]
S
I
S

&

S
Y
N
T
H
E
S
I
S
A
N
T
E
N
N
A
A
N
A
L
Y
S
I
S

&

S Twelve meter diameter Astro MeshTM offset reflector on the Thuraya

&

S
Y
N
T
H
E
S
I A graphical depiction of the various antennas
S
A
N
T
Satellite Communication System
E
N
N
A
A
N
A
L
Y
S
I
S

&

S
Y
N
T
H
E HORYU-IV CubeSat [Japan, Jan 2016]
S 145.84 MHz, 437.375 MHz & 2.4GHz
I
HIT-SAT
S AICTE Sponsored Seminar, “Emerging Trends in Communication & Computing” at COEB, Bhubaneswar
A
N
T
E
N
N
A
A
N
A
L
Y
S
I
S

&

S
Y
N
T
H View of the spacecraft and allocation of onboard equipment
E (image credit: HIT-SAT Development Team)
S
UHF Band [145 MHz] & VHF Band[430MHz] Size: 12 cm x 12 cm x 12 cm
I
S Monopole antenna: 25 cm, Dipole antenna: 16 cm