SOUTHERN MINDANAO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Inc.

National Highway, Barangay Buenaflor

City of Tacurong

CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT

MODULE 3

VICE DRUG EDUCATION AND

CONTROL (CDI 7)

Lesson XI - Drug Related Crimes

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 Objective:

It is the objective of this chapter to give emphasis to the students the drug-
related crimes, as well as the kinds/classifications of drugs which are commonly used
by the offenders to facilitate the commission of a crime. It is also the objective of this
chapter to incline the students on/how are drugs related to crimes committed.

Most drugs are illegal and so possessing them is a crime. It is noteworthy that a
person under the influence of drugs is more likely prone to commit a crime, such as
murder, homicide, rape, robbery, theft (stealing money to pay for drugs) and such other
physical abuse, because drugs are mind-altering that cause a state or intoxication. It
can affect thinking and judgment and can cause anxiety attacks. Drugs can also lead to
committing other crimes such as but not limited to: reckless physical injuries or damage
to properties when driving under the influence of drugs, imprudence resulting to
homicide.

Alcohol is the most abused of all drugs. Alcohol enters the bloodstream quickly
and affects the judgement and behavior user. It affects coordination and response time.

It must also be noted that thousands of teenagers are killed each year in alcohol-
related traffic accidents!

It is noteworthy that marijuana is the most abused of all illegal drugs. It is

normally smoked in hand-rolled cigarettes, pipes, and other suitable devices. It is also
ingested by mixing in food and drink.

Marijuana is a mind-altering drug that causes a state of intoxication. It can affect

thinking and Judgement and can cause anxiety attacks.

Cocaine is a white powder that is snorted, sniffed, swallowed, smoked, and

injected. The most common method is sniffing or snorting.

Cocaine may be found packaged in baggies, vials, and similar containers. It is

frequently layed out in "lines” on a smooth surface to be inhaled into the nose with a
small tube or straw.

Cocaine use may cause runny nose, paranoia, depression, irritability, violent
behavior, headaches, and trouble sleeping.

Crack is a dangerous and deadly form of cocaine. It appears on the street as

small white, brown, or tan pellets, rocks, or chips. It is inhaled through a pipe or similar
device and is 5 to 10 times more potent than cocaine that is snorted through the nose.

Crack provides a quick, intense, but short-lived "high", and then results in a need
for more of the drug.

Some of the effects of crack use are weight loss, hyperactivity, hoarseness and
heart attack. Crack can addict the user faster than any other drug!

Inhalants such as gasoline, glue, spray paints, rubber cement and other
chemicals can cause a "high" when inhaled. They can a cause permanent damage to
the nervous system, liver, kidneys, a can lead to various psychological problems.

Some athletes inject anabolic steroids in order to improve their physical ability
and appearance. Steroid use can cause liver damage, testicle atrophy, aggressive

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behavior, high cholesterol, risk for heart attack, enlarged prostate, baldness, depression
and other problems.

Driving while intoxicated. This is the charge filed against person arrested for
drunk driving. In many states a driver is presumed to be intoxicated to a degree where
he is a danger to himself or others when his blood alcohol level is 0.10% or more. Some
states call the offense DUl, or driving under the influence". Some states have a separate
charge for driving under the influence of drugs, or DUID. Some states make no
distinction.

Other Drug-related Crimes:

Q. What are "date rape" drugs?

A. The term "date rape" drug refers to illegal drugs that are sometimes used to
overpower victims and sexually assault them. Presently, the two most common date
rape drugs are gamma-hydroxybutyrate and flunitrazepam.

Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) has been associated with sexual assault in cities
throughout the country. GHB is a clear liquid or white powder that is often mixed with a
carbonated, alcohol, or health food drink and is reportedly popular among adolescents
and young adults. It generates feelings of euphoria or intoxication and was once sold in
health food stores as a performance-enhancing supplement for body builders.

Banned by the FDA since 1990, this drug makes its victim unable to resist an
attack and also causes memory loss. Police departments have reported its use during
spring-break beach festivals. In Michigan, a 15-year-old girl died after taking the drug,
and several teenagers have been hospitalized elsewhere in the country. It is also called
"G," "Georgia Home Boy, "liquid ecstasy” (not to be confused with ecstasy),
"somatomax,” "scoop," or "grievous bodily harm."

Flunitrazepam is a powerful sleeping pill that is better known by its brand name
Rohypnol (pronounced row-HIP-ole). This medicine, approximately 10 times stronger
than valium (diazepam), is neither approved for medical use, nor made or sold legally in
the United States. However, it is made and prescribed legally in other countries for the
treatment of insomnia (difficulty sleeping) and is then illegally smuggled into the United
States. It is often used with alcohol or other drugs.

Being under the influence of this drug is sometimes referred to as “roached out.”
Other street names for Rohypnol include: rophies, roofies, R2, roofenol, Roche,
roachies, la rocha, rope, rib, circles, Mexican valium, roach-2, roopies, and ropies.

It is important that you educate yourself about these drugs and learn how best to
protect yourself. Although the following paragraphs describe the increasing use of
Rohypnol throughout the United States, both GHB and Rohypnol are dangerous drugs
and using either of them can be devastating.

Q. What does Rohypnol look like?

A. The tablets are white, although counterfeit street versions may have a brownish-pink
color. The tablets will have the word "ROCHE" on one side and an encircled “1” or “2”
(depending on the dosage) on the other. For the most part, the pills have no color, smell
or taste once they are dissolved in alcohol, soft drinks, water or any other liquid. A few
users have reported a slightly bitter taste when the drug is mixed with alcohol.

Q. Who uses Rohypnol and how?

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A. Increasing numbers of teenagers and young adults use this dangerous drug to create
a "dramatic” high, usually in combination with alcohol.

Q. Why has there been an increase in teen use of Rohypnol?

A. First, Rohypnol is a low-cost drug, usually sold at less than $5 per tablet. Second,
many young people wrongly believe its relatively harmless drug and that it is safe to buy
because comes in a pre-sealed, tamper-proof bubble pack. Third, many people
mistakenly think that the drug cannot be detected with urine test.

Q. What happens if a person takes Rohypnol?

A. Ultimately, this drug can cause a person to do and say things she would not normally
want to. Because it has no strong taste or odor, victims whose drinks have been
poisoned with Rohypnol don't realize what is happening.

Within 10-30 minutes after taking Rohypnol, a person may feel dizzy and
disoriented. She will become confused and unable to make clear decisions. She may
appear to be drunk, have blood-shot eyes and slurred speech. A person will feel too hot
and too cold at the same time or feel nauseated. Ultimately, a person will find it difficult
to speak and move, as she slowly loses coordination and control of her body before
passing out. These effects peak within two hours, and can last up to eight hours. When
combined with alcohol, marijuana, cocaine or other drugs, Rohypnol is particularly
dangerous because it leaves the victim with no memory of what has happened.
"Blackouts” lasting eight to 24 hours are commonly reported among victims who
become intoxicated on a combination of alcohol and Rohypnol.

Q. Is Rohypnol addictive?

A. Yes. You can become physically dependent on this drug. Withdrawal symptoms
include headache, muscle pain, confusion, hallucinations and convulsions. Seizures can
occur up to a week after you stop using Rohypnol.

Q. Why is Rohypnol called a "date rape" drug?

A. Because of its ability to make victims lose self-control and forget what happened
during significant periods of time, Rohypnol has been used by criminals to rape
unsuspecting victims. Girls and women around the country have reported being raped
after Rohypnol was slipped into their drink by their attacker, causing them to let down
their guard, fall asleep, or even become unconscious. Because it has no taste or odor,
the victims usually don't realize what is happening. Rohypnol also has been called the
"forget pill”, trip-and-fall, and “mind-eraser."

Q. What can I do to avoid becoming a victim of a date rape

drug?

A. Remember that these drugs are odorless, colorless and tasteless and can be added
to ANY drink – even water.

 Don't drink alcohol or use other drugs at social functions They can affect your
judgment and make it harder for you to stay in control.
 If you do drink, do not accept an open drink from anyone you don't know well
enough to trust completely.
 At a bar or club, accept drinks only from the bartender waiter or waitress.
 If you accept a drink from someone you do not know well make sure it comes
from an unopened container (bottle or can) and that you open it yourself.

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  Never put your drink down and leave it unattended, even to go to the restroom.
 Do not drink from punch bowls.
 Tell other females you know about the effects of these dangerous drugs.
 If you think that you or a friend has been a victim, notify the authorities
immediately.

Date Rape Drugs

Saying no to sex when you want to is a given. But what if you CAN'T say no?
What if, the next day, you don t even remember being asked, or how you got to where
you are, or who you were with? Worse still, what if you DON’T wake up at all?

Recently, a number of drugs which have been used for the purpose of
committing rape have come to the attention of sex educators and health workers, and
SIECUS, the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States, has
issued a report outlining Some of those drugs, and a few helpful tips on what you can
do to protect yourself. Read up on what they have to say, and think about what
measures you can take to take care of yourself and keep from becoming a victim.

Fact Sheet: Drug Facilitated Sex

In recent years, drug-facilitated sexual assault has become a growing concern

among health and community educators. A number of drugs have become known as
“date rape drugs” or “predatory drugs" because they are used to incapacitate individuals
for the purposes of committing a crime, often sexual assault.

Alcohol is the drug most commonly associated with sexual assault, but incidents
involving other drugs are on the rise. These drugs, also called "club drugs” because or
their popularity in dance clubs and bars, can be unknowingly given to a victim,
incapacitate he victim, and prevent him/her from resisting during a sexual assault or
other crime. They can also produce amnesia causing a victim to be ur ar of what, if any,
crime was committed. These drugs are particularly dangerous when combined with
alcohol.

As with any coerced sexual activity, victims of drug facilitated sexual assault
cannot protect themselves from HIV, other sexually transmitted diseases, or unintended
pregnancy.

This fact sheet is intended to provide information on two of the most common
predatory drugs, as well as suggestions for preventing drug-facilitated crimes.

GHB

GHB stands for gamma hydroxybutyrate, a central nervous system sedative

often referred to by other names such as "Grievous Bodily Harm" and "Liquid Ecstasy."
GHB was once sold in health stores as a performance enhancer for body builders
because it was believed to stimulate the production of human growth hormone. in 1990,
the FDA banned the use of GHB because of reports of severe, uncontrollable side
effects. GHB can produce drowsiness, nausea, unconsciousness, seizures, severe
respiratory depression, and coma. Overdose of GHB can occur quickly and can be fatal.
Since 1990, there have been 5,700 documented cases of GHB a and more than 30
reported sexual assaults and 65 deaths d to this drug. Most of the GHB used today is a
"homemade" mix of various chemical ingredients, including solvents. Homemade GHB
is dangerous in part because there are significant differences in potency, purity, and
concentration. The same amount taken from two separate batches can have very

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different effects. GHB is available both in liquid and powder forms. It is usually odorless
and tasteless and therefore can be easily slipped unnoticed into a drink.

Rohypnol

Rohypnol is a brand name for Flunitrazepam, a powerful sedative that is often

referred to by other names such as "roofies" and "roach." Rohypnol is not legally
available for prescription in the United States but is legal in 60 countries for the
treatment of insomnia. Rohypnol may cause users to feel intoxicated; they may have
slurred speech, impaired judgment, and difficulty walking. The effects are often felt
within 10 minutes and can last up to eight hours. Rohypnol can cause deep sedation,
respiratory distress, and blackouts that can last up to 24 hours. There is a potential for
overdose or death to occur, especially when mixed with alcohol or other drugs.
Rohypnol is available in small white tablets that can be taken orally, ground up in a
drink, or snorted. In 1997, the manufacturer of Rohypnol changed the formula so that it
turns blue/green and can be more easily detected when added to liquids.

Noteworthy also is the fact that many males use alcohol or other drugs to
facilitate sex. The mild intoxicating effects of a drink of wine, beer or liquor can bring on
relaxation and sexual pleasure. But as one drink turns to two or three or more--or under
the influence of cocaine or other drugs--relaxation can turn to panic; joy and beauty to
heartbreak and regret; pleasure to pain, brutality and even death.

Lesson XII - Drug Terminology

Objective:

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 1. Master most of the drug terminologies.
2. Show appreciation of the different drug terminologies.
3. Understand the distinction between Psychotropic drug and Designer drug.

DRUGS

“Drugs” means any of the substances schedule and it, whether natural or
synthetic.

A drug is a substance other than food which is intended to affect the structure or
function of the body of the man or animal. A Drugs is also a substance intended for use
in the diagnosis, cure, treatment or prevention of disease in man or another animal.
(Western's Third new International Dictionary)

Any substance used internally or externally as a medicine for the treatment, cure
or prevention of the disease or a narcotic preparation.
(Dictionary of scientific and technical Terms, Fifth edition Mcgraw-Hitt)

NARCOTIC DRUG

Medically, a narcotic is any drug that produce sleep or stupor and also relieves
pain.
Legally, the term means any drug defined as such under the 1961 Convention.
(Drug Abuse New Revised Edition South Kline & French)
Narcotic Drugs depress the central nervous system to produce a marked
reduction in sensitivity to pain, create drowsiness an reduce physical activity. Other
effects can include Nausea and Vomiting. Constipation, Itching, Flushing, Constriction
of pupil, and Respiratory Depression.

PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES:

“Psychotropic substances” means any substance. Natural or synthetic, or any

natural materials in Schedule 1, II, III, OR IV.
(Convention on psychotropic Substances 1971)

Pertaining to any drug or agent having a particular affinity for or effect on the
psyche.
(Dictionary of Scientific and technical terms Fifth Edition, McGrew-Hill)

DESIGNER DRUG

Is a term used to describe drugs which are created (or marketed, if they had
already existed) to get around existing drug laws, usually by modifying the molecular
structures of existing drugs to varying degrees, or less commonly by finding drugs with
entirely different chemical structures that produce similar subjective effects to illegal
recreational drugs. The term designer drug also technically applies to the new
psychiatric medications, such as the SSRI'S and a typical anti-psychotic, as they are
designed over many years using testing in animals and neuro-imaging. This is in the
form of cooperate drug design.

“CANNABIS”

Cannabis is a plant bush growing widely throughout the temperate and the
tropical zone world.

Cannabis Sativa L. is a plant bush growing widely throughout the temperate and
tropical zones of the world. (The plants has cultivated) for centuries for the hemp
Fibers of the stem, the seeds which are used in feed mixtures and for the oil as an
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ingredient in paint. As well as for biologically us an active substance contained in its
leave and nowering tops.)

Cannabis is a general term used to describe different forms of the drug obtained
from the cannabis plant.

The principal psychoactive ingredient of cannabis is (Tetrahydrocannabinol

also referred to as Delta-THC) and the percentage of THC Depends to a certain extent
or when and how the cannabis plant is growth and also in how the various form of the
drugs are prepared.

Cannabis is small amounts acts in Depressant but in larger doses as effect

similar to those of a Hallucinogen.
(United Nation 1972)

Other definitions for "CANNABIS"

(EJCN.7/1987/8 17 November 1986)

i. “Cannabis” (except and expression "cannabis resins") means any plant of the
genus cannabis or any part of such plant (by whatever name and designated) but
does not include cannabis or any part of the following product after separation
from the rest of the plant namely.

a. Mature stalk of any such plants:

b. Fiber produce from mature stalk of any such plant:
c. Seeds of any such plant:

ii. “Cannabis” means any part of any plants of the genus cannabis from which the
resin has not been extracted. But whatever name they may be designated

iii. “Cannabis” means any part of any plants of the genus cannabis which contains
one of more of the chemical identified as a cannabinoid which are subject to
international or national control measures.

“CANNABIS PRODUCT”

1. CANNABIS PLANT

Cannabis, defined

“Cannabis” means flowering or fruiting tops of the Cannabis plant (excluding the
seeds and leaves when not accompanied by the tops) from which the resin has not
been extracted by whatever name they may be designated;

“Cannabis plant" means any plant of the genus Cannabis.

The leaves and flowering tops of the plant are harvested, dried, and sometimes
pressed into "bricks" or twisted into "sticks", Herbal cannabis is similar in appearance to
tobacco, although greenish rather than brown in colour. (lnterpol, Drugs Terminology
1978)

Description

Cannabis plant is the tobacco-like greenish or brownish material consisting of the

dried flowering, fruiting tops and leaves of the plant. Illicit production Air drying of herbal
material.
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Illicit Production
- Air drying of herbal material

Common illicit forms

- Loose herbal material

- Blocks of compressed herbal material
- Corn-cub shaped herbal material wrapped in coarse vegetable fibre
- Herbal material tied using twine around a central bamboo cane
- Herbal material in a small roll wrapped in brown paper

Certain common street names

- Aunt Mary Baby - Indian Boy - Zol

- Bhang - Kif - Red dirt
- Bash - Light stuff - Marie-Jeanne
- Can - Joint-Sticks - Pot
- Dope - Kaya - Buddha – sticks
- Earth - Nail - Hemp
- Esra - Panama Red - Marihuana
- Fry Daddy -Queen-Ann’s lace - Marijuana
- Gash - Salt and pepper - Sensemill
- Herb - Thirteen - Thai-sticks
(US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, "Drugs & Crime
Data”. January 1994)

2. CANNABIS RESIN

Definition

“Cannabis resin” means the separated resin, whether crude or purified, obtained
from the cannabis plant.

This resinous secretion of the following tops of the cannabis plant is collected,
dried and sometimes baked, this is either press into powdery blocks or mixed with wax
to form rigid slabs. In color it varies from light brown to green, dark brown or black.
(Interpol, Drugs Terminology, 1973)

Description

The dried dark brown or black resinous secretion of the flowering tops of the
cannabis plant.

Illicit Production

- Threshing herbal material against the wall

- Rubbing herbal material between the palms of the hand or against
- Nothing dried a between
- Crushing drive herbal materials to a powder which is later kneaded.
- Immersing the plant material in boiling and removing the resin from the
surface

Common illicit Forms

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 - Fine powder
- Fine powder compressed into slabs
- Material placed in cloth bags and compressed
- Material wrapped in cellulose and compressed
- Resin pressed or rolled into slabs, rods balls or other shanapes

Certain common street names

Hash Pot Ganja

Harshish Charas H
Khif Shit
(US Department of Justice. Ofice of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Drugs & Crime Data”
January 1994)

3. CANNABIS OIL

Definition

Concentrate of cannabis obtained by extraction of cannabis cannabis resin and

usually containing vegetable oil.

The end product is a dark, viscous extract produced by the repeated extraction of
cannabis plant or resin. A vegetable oil is usually added to the extract.

Description

The dark viscous liquid produced by repeated extraction of cannabis plant or

resin.

Ilicit production

- Extracting cannabis plant or resin, process similar to that used to percolate

coffee

Common Illicit Forms

- Dark tick oil

Certain common street names

- Honey oil - Red oil

OPIUM

Definition

“Opium” means the coagulated juice of the opium poppy. “Opium Poppy” means
the plant of the species Papaver Somniferum L.

Papaver Somniferum L is an annual plant growing in many countries around the

worlds with moderate climate. It has white to red flowers and round capsules with dark
violet seeds.

OTHER DEFINITTONS FOR "OPIUM POPPY" AND "OPIUM"

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1. Opium Poppy means any part of the genus Papaver which contains morphine
(seeds excluded).

2. Opium Poppy means any part of any plant that contains morphine. Opium means
the coagulated juice obtained from any plant containing morphine, whatever its content
of morphine and in whatever from the coagulated juice exist. Opium means the
coagulated juice of Opium Poppy.

OPIUM PRODUCTS

1. RAW OPIUM

Description

Raw opium is a non-homogeneous material containing poppy capsule fragments

and is produced by air drying of opium, it is sticky, tar-like and dark brown when fresh. It
becomes brittle and hard with age. When unripen seed pod of the opium poppy is
incised it exudes a milky white juice which coagulates (thickens when it comes into
contact with air) and turns brown or almost blackish in colour.
(Interpol, Drug Terminology, 1978)

It is a non-homogeneous material containing poppy capsule fragments.

Common Illicit Forms

- Sticky or hard, dark brown material in any form or shape

- Blocks wrapped in vegetable leaves followed by plastic wrapping.

Certain common street names

BigO Hops Joy plant

Chandoo Easing Powder Toxy
Ah-pen-yen Midnight oil Zero
Aunti Dopium Ope
Gum Noir(e) Pen yan
(US Department of Justice, Ofice of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, "Drugs & Crime
Data". Janmuary 1994

2. PREPARED OPIUM

Description

Prepared opium is a sticky dark product obtained as a result of various treatment

of raw opium, e.g. water extraction, in order t0 make it suitable for smoking.

Raw opium which has undergone relatively simple processes such as cooking
and fermentation or water extraction in order make it suitable for smoking.

Common illicit forms

- Sticky or hard, dark brown material in any form or shape

- Stick in the form of cigarettes

Certain common street names

- Chandu

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3. OPIUM DROSS

Description

Opium dross is the product that remains in the pipe after opium has been
smoked and still contains morphine.

Opium dross is the cindered residue, black in colour, of prepared opium after
smoking, being either a cindered pellet or the scrapings from the opium pipe bowl.

Opium dross still contains morphine.

Common illicit forms

- Cindered pellet
- Scrapings from opium pipe

4. MEDICINAL OPIUM

Definition

“Medicinal Opium" means opium which has undergone the processes

necessary to adapt it for medicinal use.

Description

Medicinal opium is a light yellowish-brown powder consisting of yellowish or

reddish-brown particles.

Common illicit forms

- fine brown powder

- pastilles
- syrup

POPPY STRAW

“Poppy straw” means all parts (except the seeds) of the opium poppy, after
mowing.
(1961 Convention, art I para. 1)

The upper part of the stem and the capsule of the poppy plant.

CONCENTRATE OF POPPY STRAW

The material arising when poppy straw has entered into a process for the
concentration of its alkaloids, when such material made available in trade.
(1961 Convention)
OPIATES

Definition

Strictly, drugs immediately derived from OPIUM such as MORPHINE and

CODEINE, more generally applied to other (including synthetic) compounds with
comparably potent pain-relieving activity.
(A Handbook of Psychoactive Medicines, 1. Duquesae and J. Reeves, 1982)

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 CRUDE MORPHINE

Definition

Crude morphine is an alkaloid extracted from opium or poppy straw.

(Interpol, Drugs Terminology: 1978)

Description

Crude-morphine is found in the. form of compressed blocks or as a powder. In

color, they range from off-white to dark brown and in many cases bear the “999” trade
mark molded onto the surface. In certain parts of South East Asia, it is sometimes called
"Heroin No. 1”

Common illicit forms

- Finely grained powder

- Compressed blocks, in many cases with “999" trade mark
- Tablets

MORPHINE

Definition

The principal alkaloid of opium and of poppy straw. Morphine is an alkaloid

manufactured from raw opium or extracted directly from poppy straw.

HEROIN

Definition

Heroin is a semi-synthetic opiate synthesized from morphine.

Description

Heroin No. 1 Crude morphine is sometimes called Heroin No. 1 in certain parts of
South East Asia.
Heroin No. 2 Heroin base is derived from morphine by acetylation (diacetyl-
morphine) prior to conversion to the hydrochloride salt. In short,
heroin base is partly manufactured heroin. Dry heroin base is a solid
that can be ground to powder between the fingers. In color it varies
from pale grey to dark brown or dark grey. In certain parts of South
East Asia, it is sometimes called "Heroin No. 2”
Heroin No. 3 Generally found in granular lumps but sometimes ground into
powder, it varies in color from light brown to dark grey. Caffeine is
the main dilute although barbital is occasionally added during the
manufacturing stage.
Heroin No. 4 A fine, white or creamy colored powder, with a concentration of up
to 98% heroin hydrochloride. This type of heroin usually contains
very few impurities and is often extensively diluted with lactose by
the time it is retailed to the addict.

Brown Heroin Heroin which is produced through a manufacturing process

Incorporating no purification steps. The material is brown in color,
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 usually consists of hard chunks, and frequently has a strong vinegar
like odor.

Certain common street names

Big bag Dope Junk

Boy Chip Harry
Aunt Hazel Girl Schmeck (smack)
Courage pills Foolish powder Stuff
Dirt Estuff Witch
Ferry dust Horse
Aries Isda
(US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Drugs and Crime
Data”, January 1994)

BLACK TAR HEROIN

Definition

Black tar heroin is crudely processed high-purity heron mainly of Mexican origin.
The average heroin content of black tar at street level is 60-70% in comparison to 2-6%
of powdered heroin).

Description

Black tar heroin is of dark brown or black color. It has repulsive Vinegar-like odor,
which is stronger and longer-lasting than that of powdered heroin. Its consistency may
be sticky roofing tar of hard like coal. Due to its crude, shortcut manufacturing process
black tar heroin contains many contaminants, such as plants by products (from opium),
and residual acetylation reagent (most often acetic anhydride), which is the reason for
the strong odor and make black tar appearing to melt in the presence of heat or
humidity (formation of acetic acid).

Common illicit forms

- Packed in ballons, aluminum foil of plastic bags

- In cellophane “twists” (like candies)
- Wrapped in newspaper or high-temperature plastic wrap

Certain common street names

Gum Gumbail Mexican Tar
Raw heroin Tootsie Roll Bugger
Black Heroin Brown Tar Dogfood
Chiclosa Chiva Pedazo
(DEA, Special Report on Black Tar Heroincin the United States, Washington, 1986)
SYNTHETIC NARCOTICS

Definition

Synthetic narcotics is a group of potent analgesics (“pain-killers”) with actions

similar to those of morphine but chemically not related to it and of synthetic origin.

Common synthetic narcotics

- Dextropropoxyphene - Methadone
- Fentanyls - Pethidine
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 - Etc.

Definition

Fentanyl and its derivatives are synthetic, short-acting narcotic analgesics with
actions similar to those of morphine, but up to hundreds of times more potent.

Common Fentanyls

- Alfentanil (Alfenta)
- Fentanyl (Sublimaze)
- Sufentanil (Sufenta)
- Etc.

Common licit/illicit forms

- Liquid pharmaceutical preparations for injection

DESIGNER FENTANYLS

Definition

Designer fentanyls are synthetic substances closely related to fentanyl and of

similar actions.

Common designer fentanyls

- Alpha-methylfentanyl
- 3-methylfentanyl
- Etc.

Common illicit forms

- White, off-white to brown powder

Certain common street names

China white King ivory TNT

Dance fever Synthetic Heroin Tango & Cash
Goodfellas Poison
Jackpot Murder 8

METHADONE

Definition

Methadone is a synthetic narcotic analgesic also used in the treatment of heroin

addiction as a substitute drug.

Common licit/illicit forms

- White powder
- Tablets
- Liquid preparations for injection or ingestion (syrup)
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Certain common names
Dolophine Polamidone
Heptanon Symoron

PETHIDINE

Definition

Pethidine is a synthetic narcotic analgesic with actions similar to those of

morphine.

Common licit/illicit forms

- White powder
- Tablets
- Liquid pharmaceuticals preparations for injection and
ingestion (syrup)

Certain common names

Meperidine Demerol Dolantin

MPPP

Definition

MPPP is the abbreviation for i-methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypipridine. It is a

clandestinely produced analogue of pethidine ("designer drug”) Clandestine production
of MPPP produces a neurotoxic by-product. MPTP (1-methly-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-
tetrahydrophridine). A number of cases of severe irreversible Parkinsonism, a central
nervous system disorder affecting movement have been reported due to the use of
MPPP/ MPTP.

Common illicit forms

- White crystalline powder to brown granular substance

Certain common street names

Desmethylprodine PPMP Synthetic Heroin

(WHO, Programme on Substance Abuse, Information Manual on Designer Drugs, Geneva 1991)

COCA

Definition

"Coca bush" means the plant of any species of the genus Erythroxylon.
(1961 Convention, art. 1 para. 1)

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 The coca plant (e.g. Erythroxylon coca, Erythroxylon novogranatense)
grows in tropical climates (500-2000 mete above sea level) as a bush or tree. Its leaves
can be harvested IO about 20 years.

COCA LEAF

Definition

The leaf of the coca bush, except a leaf from whi all ecgonine, cocaine and any
other ecgonine alkaloids have removed.

Description

The green to yellow-greenish elliptical leaves of different erythroxylon species

vary in size and appearance. Characteristics are the two lines parallel to the midrib on
the underside of the leaf.

COCA PASTE

Definition

Coca paste is an extract of the leaves of the coca bush. It contains mainly coca
alkaloids and is also referred to as cocaine base. Purification of coca paste yields
cocaine.

Description

Coca paste is an off-white, creamy or beige colored coarse powder which often
contains aggregates and is generally damp. Its odor is characteristic.

COCAINE

Definition

An alkaloid found in coca leaves or prepared by synthesis Iron cegonine.

(ST/NAR/1/Rev. 1, 1993)

Description

Cocaine is an odorless white crystalline powder that 1s prepared from coca

paste. It is usually found in the form of a salt as cocaine hydrochloride. Cocaine
hydrochloride is usually inhaled ("snorted") intranasally or injected.

Certain common street names

Bazooka Candy Gin

Blance C-Dust Koks
Big C Coke Snow
Coco Crack Speedball
Bazucos Flake Rock
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Lady Star Dust
(US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics “Drugs and Crime
Data”, January 1994)

CRACK

Definition

Crack is cocaine base ("freebase) obtained from cocaine hydrochloride through a

specific conversion process to make it suitable for smoking. The name “crack” describes
the sound made by the crystals popping when they are heated. rack is obtained by
dissolving cocaine hydrochloride in water, adding baking soda or ammonia, heating and
cooling the mixture and collecting the precipitated crystals by filtration. The traditional
freebase process involves heating whether or other flammable organic solvents which
creates a high risk of fire and explosion. The following diagram compares the two
processes to convert cocaine hydrochloride to cocaine base:

Freebase Process Crack Process

Remove diluents Remove diluents
Solvents used Does not require solvents
Danger of explosion / fire No danger of explosion / fire
Powder material produced Hard fiakey material produced
End product is cocaine base End product is cocaine base
(Private communication, Special Testing and research Laboratory, US DEA, McLean, Virginia)

Description

Crack is usually found in the form of white chips, hunks or rocks. It is either
smoked in a water pipe or sprinkled on tobacco or marijuana to be smoked as a
cigarette.

Common illicit forms

- White or off-white flakey powder

- Hard white rocks of cocaine base crystals
- Often sold in vials

BARBITURATES

Definition

Barbiturates are the most common example of a class of drugs known as

sedative hypnotics. These drugs act a central nervous system depressants.

Description

Barbiturates are drugs which produce depression of the Central nervous system
ranging from sedation through hypnosis to general anaesthesia. The effects produced
depend on the specific drug used and the dose taken. In small doses barbiturates are
used reduce restlessness, emotional tension and to induce sleep. Some Darbiturates
are valuable in the treatment of certain types of epilepsy.
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Common Barbiturates
Pentobarbital Etc.
Amobarbital Phenobarbital
Barbital Secobarbital

Common licit/illicit forms

- White powders
- Capsules or tables of various colours and sizes
- Liquid pharmaceutical preparations for injection or ingestion.
- Suppositories

Certain common street names

Barbiturates in general:
Barbs Peanuts Sleeping pills
Candy Goofballs Sleepers
Barbitos Downers
Amobarbital sodium:
Double trouble Rainbows Reds and blues

Pentobarbital sodium:
Nimbies Yellow jackets
Secobarbital sodium
Pinks Reds Seggy
Red Birds Red devils

BENZODIAZEPINES

Definition

Benzodiazepines are central nervous system depressant drugs. About 2000

benzodiazepines have been synthesized by the pharmaceutical industry.

Common benzodiazepines

Diazepam (Valium) Medazepam

Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) Oxazepam
Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) Etc.
Common licit/illicit forms

- Tablets and capsules of various colours and sizes

- Liquid pharmaceutical preparations for injection or ingestion

Certain common street names

Blue bomb Cannasson rouge Nerve pills

METHAQUALONE

Definition
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 Methaqualone is a non-barbiturate synthetic sedative drug.

Common illicit forms

- Brown, grey or black tacky powder

- Tablets or capsules

Certain Common Street Names

Mandrax
Qualude

AMFETAMINE AND RELATED SUBSTANCES

Definition

Synthetic, chemically related substances with stimulant effects on the central

nervous system.

Common substances
Metamfetamine Fenetylline
Amfetamine Pemoline Etc.

Common illicit form

- White to light brown powder

- Tablets and capsules in different shapes and colours,

Certain common street names

Amphetamine
Browns Footballs Hearts
Bennie Dexies Wake ups
Amp Oranges Rippers
Glass Marathons Pep pills
(US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, "Drugs and Crime
Data”, January 1994)

Methamphetamine
Crystal meth Downers Meth
Black beauties Crack Fire
meth Ice
(US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, "Drugs and Crime
Data”, January 1994)

DESIGNER AMPHETAMINES

Definition

Designer amphetamines are synthetic substances chemically related to

amphetamine. They produce central stimulant effects similar to those of the
conventional amphetamines, but differing in the speed of onset, duration of action and
potency. In addition, designer amphetamines may act as hallucinogens.

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Common substances

- Tenamfetamine (MDA)
- 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
- N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxymetamfetamine (MDE)
- Brolamfetamine (DOB)

Common illicit forms

- White to light brown powder

- Tablets and capsules in difterent shapes and colours

Certain common street names

34-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
Adam Essence MDMA
Ecstasy MDM XTC
(US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, "Drugs and Crime
Data”, January 1994)

N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxymetamfetamine (MDE)
Eve MDE MDEA
(US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, "Drugs and Crime
Data”, January 1994)

HALLUCINOGENS

Definition

Hallucinogens are group of substances which produce altered States of

consciousness with auditory and/or visual perceptions that are not shared by observers.
Hallucinogens are also referred to as psychodelics (mind-revealing)

D-LYSERGIDE (LSD)

Definition

LSD is a semi-synthetic drug derived from lysergic acid and an alkaloid found in
Claviceps purpureu, a fungus which grows on rye and other grains (ergot). It is also
known as “lysergic acid diethylamine” and "LSD-25”. LSD is a colourless, tasteless,
odorless, crystalline substance which is soluble in water or alcohol

Common illicit forms

- Mini tablets and capsules

- Gelatin sheets or bloting paper

Certain common street names

Acid California Sunshine Dots
Barrels D L
A Fields Hats
Battery Acid Ghost
(US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, "Drugs and Crime
Data”, January 1994)

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 PHENCYCLIDINE (PCP)

Definition

Phencyclidine is a synthetic drug with anaesthetic and hallucinogenic properties.

It is also manufactured in clandestine laboratories and is sometimes sold as "LSD".
"THC" or "Mescaline”.
Common illicit forms

- Liquid preparations for injections

- Tablets or capsules or various sizes and colours.

Certain common street names

Angel Dust Hoy Peace Pills

DOA (Dead on Arrival) Lovely Ozone
Busy bee Magic Dust Rocket fuel
Cadillac New Magic Soma

MESCALINE/PEYOTE CACTUS

Definition

Mescaline is a hallucinogenic substance of the peyote cactus (Lophophora

willianisi), a plant that has been used for centuries in traditional Indian rites and by
certain Central American tribes. It can also be produced synthetically.

Common lllicit Forms

- Pieces of the cactus, dried, sliced and chopped in the form of a button
(mescal button)
- Ground button of the cactus in capsules
- Mescaline powder in capsules or tablets.

Certain common street names

Mescaline:
Big Chief Mesc

Mescal Button:
Peyote Peyod

PSILOCYBINE/PSILOCYBE MUSHROOMS

Definition

Psilocybine is a hallucinogenic substance of the psilocybe mushrooms (Psilocybe

Mexicana and others) which have been used for centuries in traditional Indian rites.
When they are eaten, these “sacred” or "magic” mushrooms affect mood and perception
similar to mescaline and LSD.

Common illicit forms

- Crude mushroom preparations

- Intact dried brown mushrooms
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 - Powdered material in capsules

KHAT

Definition

Khat are the young tender shoots or leaves of Catha Edidis Forsk, which is a
flowering evergreen shrub or small tree. Catha edulis is 10 to 20 feet tall and grows in
Eastern Africa and Southern Arabia – more specifically in Yemen, Ethiopia, Kenya,
Madagascar, Somalia, and Tanzania – at altitudes from 1,500 to 1,800 meters above
sea level. The leaves and twigs can be harvested throughout the year.

Khat is collected daily in the morning and chewed. It has a stimulant effect due to
its ephedrine-like components (cathinone and cathine).

Common illicit forms

- Bundle of khat leaves/twigs wrapped in banana leaves, damp papers or
plastics to preserve freshness

Certain common street names

Abyssinian tree
Madonna
Somali tea
African tea
Miraa
Chat
Musitate
Kat
Qat

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