Determine whether the given is a logarithmic function, a log 2 5 = log5(x–1)

logarithmic equation, a logarithmic inequality or neither. 4. log 2 ( 5−2 ) ≠ =–log5x

log 2 2
1. g ( x )=log 5 x (Answer: Logarithmic Function)
5. log 2 (5² • 2) ≠ 2log 2 (5 •2) d. 2 – log 5
2. y=2 log 4 x (Answer: Logarithmic Function)
EXAMPLE 1: Use the properties of logarithms to expand each Solution: = 2 = 2(1) = 2(log10) = log102 = log100
3. log (4x) = - log (3x + 5) (Answer: Logarithmic Equation)
expression in terms of the logarithms of the factors. Assume 2 – log5 = log100 – log5
4. x log 2 ( x )−1>0 (Answer: Logarithmic Inequality) each factor is positive. = log(100/5)
5. log x(x – 3) = log 4 (Answer: Logarithmic Equation) = log20
a. log(ab2) Change the Base Formula
Lesson 19: BASIC PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHM Solution : = log(ab2) Any logarithmic expression can be expressed as a quotient of
Let b and x be real numbers such that b > 0 and b ≠ 1, the basic = log a + log b2 two logarithmic expressions with a common base. Let a, b, and
properties of logarithms are as follows: = log a + 2 log b x be positive real numbers, with a ≠ 1, b ≠ 1:
1. log b1 = 0 log a x
log b x=
2. log bbx = x b. log3(3/x) 3
log a b
3. If x > 0, then b logb x =x Solution: = log3(3/x)3 EXAMPLE 3:
= 3 log 3 (3/x) Use the change-of-base formula to rewrite the following
Use the basic properties of logarithms to find the value of the = 3(log33 – log3x) logarithmic expressions to the indicated base.
following logarithmic expressions. = 3(1 – log3x) a. log64 (change to base 2)
a. log 10 d. log 5(1/125) = 3 – 3log3x
Solution : a . log 6 4 (change to base 2)
b. ln e3
e. 5log 5 2
c. ln[x(x – 5)]
c. log 464 f. log 1 Solution: = ln[x(x – 5)]
Solution:
a. log 10 = log 10101 = 1 (Property 2) = ln x + ln(x – 5) log2 4
log 6 4=
b. ln e3 = log ee3 = 3 (Property 2) log 2 6
c. log 464= log 443 = 3 (Property 2) EXAMPLE 2: 2
d. log 5(1/125) = log 55–3 = –3 (Property 2) Use the properties of logarithm to condense the expressions as =
log 2 6
e. 5log 5 2=2( Property 3) a single logarithm.
f. log 1= 0 (Property 1) a. log 2 + log 3
b. log1/22 (change to base e)
Solution: = log 2 + log 3

Lesson 20: LAWS OF LOGARITHMS = log(2·3) QUIZ…

Let b > 0, b ≠ 1 and let n∈ R . For u > 0, v > 0, then = log 6 Test I. Use the properties of logarithms to expand the
1. logb(uv) = logbu + logbv expressions as a sum, difference or multiple of logarithms.
2
(Example: log 2(3x) = log23 + log2x) b. 2 ln x – ln y a. log b (u √ v)❑
2.  logb(u/v) = logbu – logbv Solution: = 2lnx – lny
x3
(Example: log3(4/5) = log34 – log35)
3. logbun = n· logbu = lnx2 – lny
b. ln
( )
y2
(Example: log536 = log562 = 2log56) = ln(x2/y) c. ln ⁡[x ( x+ 2 ) ]
COMMON MISTAKES:
Common mistakes in applying laws of Logarithms: c. log5(x2) – 3log5x Test II. Use the properties of logarithms to condense the
1. log 2 ( 5+2 ) ≠ log 2 5+ log 2 2 Solution: = log5(x2) – 3log5x expressions as a single logarithm.
2. log 2 ( 5+2 ) ≠¿ ¿
= log5(x2) – log5(x3) 2 1
3. log 2 ( 5−2 ) ≠ log 2 5−log2 2 = log5(x2/x3) d. lnx − ln y
= log5(1/x) 3 2
e. 3 log b x+ log b ( 2 x +1 ) Check: 5 is a solution since log4(2·5) = log4(10) is defined.  Check: Both are solutions since log(–10)2 and log(10)2 are
f. log 3 ( 9 ) +2 defined.
b. log3(2x – 1) = 2
 2x – 1 = 32 (changing into exponential form) f. (logx)2 + 2logx – 3 = 0
Test III. Use the change of base formula to rewrite the  2x – 1 = 9 Let logx = A
following logarithmic expressions to the indicated and then  2x = 10  A2 + 2A – 3 = 0
compute the approximate value using a calculator.  x = 5  (A + 3)(A – 1) = 0
Check: 5 is a solution since log3(2·(5) – 1) = log3(9) is  A = –3 or A = 1
a. log 4 17 (change to base 10) defined.  logx = –3 or logx = 1
1  x = 10–3 = 1/1000 or x = 10
b. log 9 (change to base 3)  Check: Both are solutions since log(1/1000) and log10 are
27 c. logx16 = 2
 x2 = 16 (changing into exponential form) defined.
Lesson 21: SOLVING LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS AND  x2 – 16 = 0
INEQUALITIES  (x + 4)(x – 4) = 0 (factorization using a2 – b2 = (a + EXAMPLE 2:
PROPERTY OF LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS b)(a – b)) Use logarithms to solve for the value of x in the
 If b > 1, then the logarithmic function y = logbx is  x = –4, 4 exponential equation 2x = 3.
increasing for all x. If 0 < b < 1, then the  Check: 4 is a solution since log4(16) is defined. However, 2x = 3
logarithmic function y = logbx is decreasing for all –4 is not a solution since log–4(16) is not defined (the base  log2x = log 3 (applying the one-to-one property)
x. This means that log bu = logbv if and only if u = cannot be negative). xlog2 = log3 (applying logbun = n·logbu since 2 is
v. positive)
 TECHNIQUES: log2 [(x + 1)(x – 1)] = 3 (using the property logbu+ logbv = logb(uv))
x = log3 / log2 ≈ 1.58496
Some strategies for solving logarithmic (x + 1)(x – 1) = 2 3
(note: Zero Factor Property cannot be used yet)
equations: 2 PROPERTY OF LOGARITHMIC INEQUALITIES
x –1=8  
 Rewriting to exponential form;  If 0 < b < 1, then x1< x2 if and only if logbx1> logbx2.
x2 – 9 = 0 (multiplication of two binomials)  If b > 1, then x1< x2 if and only if logbx1< logbx2.
 Using logarithmic properties;
Applying the one-to-one property of logarithmic (x + 3)(x – 3) = 0 (factorization using a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b))

functions; x = –3 and x= 3   EXAMPLE 3:

 The Zero Factor Property: If ab = 0, then a = 0 or • Solution Solve the following logarithmic inequalities.
b = 0. Check: 3 is a solution since log2(3+1) and log2(3–1) a. log3(2x – 1) > log3(x + 2)
EXAMPLE 1: are defined. b. log0.2x > 0
Find the value of x in the following equations. c. -2 < log x < 2
a. log4(2x) = log410 However, –3 is not a solution since log2(–3+1) = • Solution
b. log3(2x – 1) = 2 log2(–2) is not defined. Step 1: Ensure that the logarithms are defined.
c. logx16 = 2 Then 2x -1 > 0 and x + 2 > 0 must be satisfied.
d. log2(x + 1) + log2(x – 1) = 3 e. logx2 = 2 2x – 1 > 0 implies x > ½ and x + 2 > 0 implies x > -2.
e. logx2 = 2  x2 = 102 (changing into exponential form) To make both logarithms defined, then x > 1/2 . (If x > ½,
f. (logx)2 + 2logx – 3 = 0  x2 = 100 then x is surely greater than -2.
• Solution  x2 – 100 = 0
a. log4(2x) = log410  (x + 10)(x – 10) = 0 Step 2: Ensure that the inequality is satisfied. The base 3
2x = 10 (one-to-one property)  x = –10, 10 is greater than 1.
x=5 Thus, since log 3 ( 2 x −1 )> log 3 ( x +2 ) , then :
2x – 1 > x + 2
x>3 (subtract x from both sides; add 1
to both sides)
Hence, the solution is ( 3 , + ∞).