Assignment Report
ON
NEPHLOTURBIDOMETRY
(PRINCIPLE AND INSTRUMENTATION)
Bachelor of Pharmacy
……………………………….
(VII SEMESTER )
Supervised by: Submitted by:
Dr. Renu Solanki Karan Bhojwani
Assistant Professor B.Pharm.
Department of VII Semester 2020-21
Pharmaceutical Chemistry Roll. No. -16.
JANAURY, 2021
Lachoo Memorial College of Science and Technology, Jodhpur
“Pharmacy Wing”
Affiliated to
JAI NARYAN VYAS UNIVERSITY , JODHPUR . (RAJ.)
B.Pharm. VII Sem. 2020-21
Contents
Chapter
Title Page No.
No.
1 NEPHLOTURBIDOMETRY 1-8
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1-2
1.2 PRINCIPLE 3-4
1.3 INSTRUMENTATION 5-7
1.4 REFERENCES 8
Lachoo Memorial College of Science & Technology, Pharmacy Wing, Jodhpur
Chapter-1
NEPHLOTURBIDOMETRY
(PRINCIPLE AND INSTRUMENTATION)
Page numbers: 1 to 8
NEPHLOTURBIDOMETRY
1.1 Introduction :-
When electromagnetic radiation (light)
strikes on a particle in solution, some of the
light will be absorbed by the particle, some
will be transmitted through the solution and
some of the light will be scattered or
reflected. The amount of light scattered is
proportional to the concentration of insoluble
particle.
Red colour of sun at sunset, blue color of sky
during day time, and haziness of solution
are some key manifestations to conclude the
phenomenon of scattering of light (SOL)
occurring irrespective of medium.
In technical sense, an ideal scattering can be
defined as “the phenomenon where beams
of light when impinges with particulate
matter change in its direction of propagation
from one to multiple planes without changing
net radiating power or energy”.
In general aspects, light scattering can be
categories into following two types an elastic
and an inelastic scattering each envelops a
distinct bounce back phenomenon of waves
when it comes in contact with particulate
matter.
Scientifically, elastic scattering involves light
absorption by a particle followed by its
transmission without change in radiant
energy however transmittance of radiation
with change in energy is an inelastic type of
light scattering.
Universally scattering of light is none an
independent phenomenon however depends
upon numerous factors such as number of
particulate matter present in a medium like
their dimensions as well as wavelength of
light that interact with them.
Rayleigh & Tyndall scattering are some
exemplifications of elastic scattering, former
involves interaction between particles smaller
in dimension compared to wavelength of
light while later involves interaction of larger
particle compared to wavelength of light.
Instrumental analytical technique that
measures the extent of elastic scattered of
light when it comes in contact with
particulate matters present in solution is
known as nephelo-turbidimetric analysis.
NEPHLOTURBIDOMETRY
1.2 Principle :-
Nephelometry and turbidimetry are distinct
class of instrumental techniques that rely on
the phenomenon of scattering of light (SOL)
by particulate matter present in the solution.
The principle of nephelometry and
turbidimetry is based on the scattering or
absorption of light by solid or colloidal
particles suspended in solution. When light is
passed through the suspension, part of
incident radiant energy is dissipated by
absorption, reflection, and reaction while
remainder is transmitted.
In fact the measurement of the intensity of
transmitted light is a function of the
concentration of dispersed phase and this
becomes the basis of turbidometric analysis.
This is given in the following diagram –
Nephelometry is somewhat different from
turbidimetry. In nephelometry light is passed
through the sample solution (suspended
particles) directly and the amount of
scattered radiation is measured generally at
90°C. The measurement of intensity of
scattered light as a function of concentration
of dispersed phase is the basis of analysis of
nephelometry. Illustrated by figure given
below -
On the basis of dimension as well as extent
of particulate matter present in the medium
the different angles with respect to incident
and scattered beam is selected for
measurement for example in nephelometric
analysis power of scattered beam of light is
measured at an angle 90 degree to incidence
beam while in case of turbidimetry power of
scattered beam of light is measured at an
angle 180 degree to that of incidence beam.
NEPHLOTURBIDOMETRY
1.3 Instrumentation :-
Any photometer either visual or photoelectric
can be used as a turbidometer without
modification. However for greater sensitivity,
a blue filter can additionally be employed in
the instrumental layout design. The same
instrument as describes above can also be
used nephelometer however in this case the
instruments should have suitable provision
for adjusting source and detector at a right
angle to each other. The basic components of
instrumentation include :-
a) Radiation source : An ideal source for
nephelo-turbidimetric measurement must be
sufficient intense and monochromatic so that
photometric error if any can be substantially
be minimized. Mercury arc lamp or Laser
light are some of the commonest radiation
sources used in nephelo-turbidimetric
analysis however later is advantageous
owing capability of emitting monochromatic
beam compared to tungsten lamp, which
exceptionally emits polychromatic light beam
b) Filters : Filter aid-up in selecting
particular wavelength of light to be worked
upon. Generally as per the feasibility of
analysis colorimeter with blue filter (530nm)
is a turbidimeter while fluorimeter with a
visible secondary filter is nephelometer.
c) Sample cell : Cuvette or sample cells are
used to hold the sample under interest and
are generally made up of transparent
glasses; geometrically may either be
cylindrical or rectangular in shape with a
path length of 1-cm. Sometime special cells
measuring light scattering at different angles
45, 90, 135-degree also employed in
nephelo-turbidimetric analysis.
d) Detectors : On the basis of nature of
study to be done, the position of detector
with respect to source has to be selected for
example in case of turbidimetric analysis the
detector is placed inline arrangement (180-
degree) with respect to source of radiation ,
however in case of nephelometry the
detector is adjusted at an angle 90-degree to
source of light. In general photovoltaic cells
and phototubes are suitable for turbidimetric
analysis while sensitive photomultiplier tubes
are ideal for nephelometric determination.
The instrumentation for nephelometry and
turbidometry is similar , only the difference is
with the detectors, in turbidometry we use
the photovoltaic cell and phototubes .
NEPHLOTURBIDOMETRY
1.4 References :-
1.https://www.slideshare.net/shaisejacob/ne
phlometry-and turbidimetry-ppt-1 .
2.http://courseware.cutm.ac.in/wpcontent/u
ploads/2020/06/Nepheloturbidometry.pdf
3.https://www.pharmatutor.org/articles/a-
note-on-nephelo-turbidimetric-analysis.
4.http://www.authorstream.com/Presentatio
n/srikanthchandra5-2446139-nephelo-
turbidimetry/
5.https://www.kau.edu.sa/Files/0013791/Su
bjects/Turbidimetry and Nephelometry.pdf
