TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
Mayank Kumar Singh, Kartiki Pataskar
Mtech UPL
II Semester
TRAFFIC ISLANDS:
A s ma ll ra i sed are a i n th e mid d le o f a r oad w h ich
pr o vid es a sa fe p lace for pe destri a ns to s tan d an d m arks
a d i vi s i o n b e tw e e n tw o o p p o s i ng s tr e am s o f tr a ffi c .
They are mainly fourtypes-
• D i vi s io n a l is la n d s
• C h a n n elin g is la n d s
• Pedestrian loading is l a n d s
• Rotary is la n d s
DIVISIONAL ISLANDS
They are intended to separate opposing flow of traffic on a
highway w ith four or more l a nes . by th us dividing the highway
into two o n e way roadways , the he ad-o n collisions are
eliminated.
CHANNELIZING ISLANDS
They are used to gu ide the traffic into proper channel through the
intersection area. They are very useful as traffic control devices for
intersection a t grades , when area is large.
PEDESTRIAN LOADING ISLANDS
They are provided a t regular bus stop a nd s im i l ar places for the
protection o f passengers.
ROTARY ISLANDS
• A r o u n d a b o u t , a l s o c a l l e d a t r a ff i c ci r c l e , r o a d
c i r c l e , r o t a r y, r o t u n d a o r i s l a n d , i s a t y p e o f
c i r c u l a r i n t e r s e c t i o n o r j u n c t i o n i n w h i c h r o a d t r a ff i c
flows almost continuously in one direction around a
central island.
• It is the large central island o f rotary intersection this island is much
largerthan the central island o f channelized intersection.
ROTARY ISLANDS
ROAD JUNCTIONS OR INTERSECTIONS:
• Intersection is an area shared by two or more roads. This area is
designated for the vehicles to turn to different directions to reach their
desired destinations.
• Its main function is to guide vehicles to their respective directions.
• The intersection includes the areas needed for all modes of travel:
pedestrian, bicycle, motor vehicle, and transit.
• Thus, the intersection includes not only the pavement area, but
typically the adjacent sidewalks and pedestrian curb cut ramps.
• The intersection is defined as encompassing all alterations (for
example, turning lanes) to the otherwise typical cross-sections of the
intersecting streets.
Conflicting movements : Pedestrian crossings and motor vehicle and
bicycle turning and crossing movements are typically concentrated at
intersections.
ROAD JUNCTIONS OR INTERSECTIONS:
❑ Types of Road junctions-
1. T – Junction
2. Y – Junction
3. Acute – angled Junction
4. Staggered Junction
5. Right – angled Junction
6. Multiple Junction
7. Grade Separators.
T – Junction:
❑ It is formed when a local road meets
with the other local road or
main road at right angle.
❑ Simplest form of junction and provides
adequate sight distance.
ROAD JUNCTIONS OR INTERSECTIONS:
Y– Junction:
• It is formed when one road meets the other
at some acute angle.
• If there is no traffic control, these may prove to be
very dangerous especially when both the roads
are main roads.
Cross– Junction or Right – Angled Junction:
• It is formed when two roads cross each other at right
angle.
Acute angled– Junction:
• It is formed when two roads cross each
other at acute angles.
• These junctions do not provide sufficient
sight distance and therefore should be
avoided as they prove to be hazards to the
traffic.
ROAD JUNCTIONS OR INTERSECTIONS:
Segregated Junction:
• This type of junction is formed when two roads cross each other at right
angles at different places.
• It is necessary that the segregated roads should be apart with the
sufficient distance so as to admit the crossing traffic to weave freely
across the path of the opposite traffic flow.
GRADE SEPARATOR:
• When two roads cross each other at different grades they can be separated
by allowing one pass over or under the other by means of a bridge or fly
over.
• This is called as Grade Separator where the two traffic cross each other at
different levels.
• When the two through roads are interconnected by link roads to help the
traffic to pass through one intersecting road to the other, Such grade
separator are called Interchanges.
CLASSIFICATION OF GRADE SEPARATOR:
• One of the distinctions made in MAJOR INTERCHANGES:
type of interchange is between the
directional and the non directional. • Underpass
• Directional interchanges are those • Overpass
having ramps that tend to follow • Diamond Interchange/ Crossing
the natural direction of movement. • Y- type Interchange
• Non directional interchange • Trumpet Type Interchange
require a change in the natural • Cloverleaf Interchange.
path of traffic flow.
Underpass:
• An underpass or a tunnel is an underground passageway, completely
enclosed expect for openings for ingress and egress, commonly at each
end.
• A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic.
Overpass:
• An overpass also known as a flyover, is a bridge, road, railway or
similar structure that crosses over another road or railway.
• A pedestrian overpass allows pedestrians safe crossing over busy
without impacting traffic.
Diamond Interchanges:
A diamond interchange is a common type of
road junction, used where a freeway crosses
a minor road.
• The diamond interchange uses less
space than most types of freeway
interchange, and avoids the interweaving
traffic flows that occur in interchanges
such as the cloverleaf.
• Diamond interchanges are most effective
in areas where traffic is light.
• The arterial road used for fast moving
traffic is taken over bridge at the centre
whereas the local road carrying the slow
traffic goes underneath through the
bridge.
• Local road and arterial roads are
interconnected by a link roads.
• It helps a large volume of traffic to move
smoothly without reducing the speeds.
ROAD JUNCTIONS OR INTERSECTIONS:
Y-type Interchange/ Crossing
• According to the shape resemblance i.e. Y- junction is named.
• It reduces the travel distance from one place to another.
Trumpet Interchanges:
• Resembles trumpet in plan and hence the name.
• This is 3- leg interchange.
• Trumpet interchanges are used where one highway terminates at another
highway.
• These involve at least one loop ramp connecting traffic either entering or
leaving the terminating expressway with the far lanes of the continuous
highway.
• The principal advantages are low construction cost and are useful for
highways as well as toll roads.
Cloverleaf Interchanges:
• It is improved type of diamond
crossing.
• It comes under 4 leg
interchange.
• It requires large area of land , so
it is very costly.
• But it is most effective means of
traffic control.
• It is best suited for intersections
carrying an equal amount of
traffic in all four directions , with
a little turning to left or right.
• The two through traffic flows are
separated by a fly over or bridge.
• The trough traffic roads are
interconnected by link roads
