Ma

nuel T. Tabada Jr.

1. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

The term Information and Communication Technology (ICT) includes various forms
of technologies that are used to create, display, store, process, transmit, share, or
change information by electronic means (UNESCO, 2007).
With the advent of new technologies, the modes and methods of communication
are changing very fast. Radio, television, computers, telephones, smartphones, digital
cameras, laptops, and interactive boards have revolutionized the ways of
communication. These are very fast and can link distant locations within no time.
 One can easily send messages across the globe and learn about events all over
the world in the blink of an eye. Numerous technological tools have come up which
helps not only to communicate but to create, store and manage information.
ICT facilitates communication anywhere, anytime, and by anyone. It has become
easier to communicate worldwide through the use of ICTs, for example, social media
sites and apps, blogs, etc. The use of ICT is time-saving and cost-effective in various
ways.

Applications of ICT

∙ In Day-to-Day Routine
ICTs have become a way of life in the present-day world. We are using various
ICTs in our day-to-day life for reading e-newspapers, e-magazines, and e-books,
online shopping, paying bills for food, using mobile apps, or getting online
appointments from doctors, and so on.

∙ In Education
ICT finds presence and expression in almost all the functions of the schools,
such as admission, timetable, classroom instruction, evaluation, laboratory
management, learning resources management, examination, and academic
researches. It is also being used for office automation. E-resources like websites,
e-books, e-newsletters, etc., are used by most of the schools.

∙ In Science and Technology

Telecommunication
The area of telecommunications has seen a lot of advancement with the help
of ICT. Satellite communication has advanced a lot and reached many people
belonging to different setups. Mobile devices directed by cellular network
coverage made communications a quick access service. Low-cost smartphones
and very cost-effective services have made the availability of these to almost
everybody in society. App-based services available in different areas have made
people’s life easy.

Transportation
ICT is used very effectively in the area of transportation. The GPS is installed
in vehicles provides a lot of security and easy navigation to the commuters.
Airplanes and trains use RADAR systems for their control and pathfinding.
Application-based services have modernized the experience of the transport
system by their users. Online reservations of flights, trains, buses, and other
services have further made our lives easier.

Health
The use of ICT in the health sector allows medical practitioners to become
more effective in performing highly precise medical findings. ICT is now utilized
in surgeries, medical research, and real-time communications for medical
 emergency responses.

Environment and Agriculture

Frequent and almost accurate weather updates have revolutionized the
agriculture sector. Early prediction of rains or other weather conditions by the
Metrological Department has equipped the farmers in getting better yields. The
sustainable use of natural resources has become possible due to ICT
integration; now it is possible to locate the oil wells, coal mines, etc., with the
help of satellite technology.

∙ In Engineering and Architecture

Engineering and architectural works benefit most from ICT. Design accuracy
and simulations can now be tested before implementation. Automated systems
brought assistance to engineering works for a quicker and accurate
implementation of the designed system.

∙ In Business
Banking
ICT plays a vital role in business sectors through reliable and safety of money
deposits. Large amounts of money are monitored, accounted for, dispense
through the use of ICT. Today’s cashless money transactions such as online
payments, online money transfers, online banking have provided businesses
and individuals easiness in cash dealings.

Marketing
Online marketing through various websites and mobile applications is very
popular in today’s world. People find them useful and hassle-free. They are
cost-effective and save a lot of time and effort for the people. Online sales and
services have generated a new type of employment, which requires very less
investment at the source.

Tourism
Various online hotel booking systems have provided a great experience to the
users. With the advancement of ICT even checking the overall scenario of a
place before planning a visit has become feasible. Also, online payment facilities
have simplified the travel experience.

∙ Public Service
Public Safety
Deployment of ICT makes it possible for the authority to collect, store and
rapidly disseminate the information to enhance public safety. Nowadays, real
time monitoring systems and safety devices are installed for continuous
monitoring of the traffic, the streets, and offices.
 Governance and Public Administration
e-Governance is generally understood as the use of Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) at all the levels of the Government to provide
services to the citizens, interaction with business enterprises, and
communication and exchange of information between different agencies of the
Government in a speedy, convenient efficient and transparent manner.

∙ In Art
Creative construction and connection are being done in various domains with
the advent of ICT. Creative composition, compilation, and communication can be
done quickly by compatible ICTs. The role of ICT is vital in disseminating
various art forms in showcasing creative works to a larger audience.

ICT Composition

Hardware

Hardware is the tangible entity of ICT that does the physical operation in
every system. Most hardware is plug-and-play devices that are fitted to function
as the input and output human interface. In a communication system,
hardware comprises the facilities and devices used in the transmitter side, the
receiver side, and the transmission medium. On large ICT systems, data center
facilities and computer servers are found. On the client-side, mobile gadgets
such as smartphones, laptops, and other network-capable gadgets are used.

Software

Software is codes of computer programs that are converted to become

executable through its corresponding hardware. It is the one responsible for the
logical operation of a system. Software is used as internal machine support in
the form of low-level machine language. The most common human-recognizable
software is high-level languages that are used to produce system software for a
specific or wide variety of client applications.
Assignment #1 (5 items, 15 points total)

General Instructions:

∙ Write the questions and the corresponding answers in a separate paper with your
name, course, year level, and DATE answered. If your answer required multiple
sheets, write your name on the top-most side of each paper. ∙ Your submission
must be your handwriting;
∙ Follow the deadline of submission stated in the course outline given to you, and;
∙ Either if you are the source of your classmate’s answer or you copied from your
classmates, your paper will be marked zero (0).

1. Fill the table with the ICT systems that you observed that you or other people
 are using based on your day-to-day experience. (1 point for the 1st column and 2
points for the 2nd column)
Location Device/Gadget used Observed specific purpose of gadget/device

In your
residence
or your
neighbor
’s house

Market

School
premises

Classroom

Restaurant

2. HARDWARE FOR ICT

The most known ICT hardware is the computer. Probably these days, most are
aware or have seen a computer. Computer courses are now served even in secondary
education. To refresh your concept, check out the figure below:

Fig. 2.1. The basic building blocks of a computer system

The block diagram in Figure 2.1 corresponds not only to computers but all
intelligent machines as well.

INPUT DEVICES

An intelligent machine gets information through its input device. Such a

device can be operated physically or remotely to send data to the device’s CPU.
Most data coming from the input device are either initiated by the user/client or
 automatically recorded into the system through automated detection. Known
contact-type input devices are the computer mouse, joystick, camera,
microphone, and others.

Fig. 2.2. A wireless keyboard and mouse still needs physical contact from the user to
operate
Non-contact input devices are usually wireless sensors embedded in electronic
modules, one example is the ultrasonic sensor shown in Figure 2.3.

Fig. 2.3. The ultrasonic sensor is one of the input devices used for mobile robots

Business-type machines such as Automated Teller Machine (ATM) uses a card

as the input for money transactions. Such a machine is connected via a
wired/wireless network link to the establishment’s server and contains a display
monitor and keypads. Other similar devices are designed to be mobile or handy
and are palm-sized. Similarly, transactions are made using debit cards, credit
cards, or other cash cards as the input peripherals.
 Fig.

2.4. Coded cards are used for cash transactions using card-reading machines
OUTPUT DEVICES
Output devices are the hardware that relays information to users either
through audio, video, or motion. They are the hardware that presents the
information to the user/client. The most common hardware is the computer
monitor for video display and the audio speaker for sound output. The latest
technology employs touchscreen display on television (TV), laptops, and mobile
phones.

Fig. 2.5. The touchscreen technology was adopted by

 smartphones

Fig. 2.6. Wireless headphones enable users to go mobile while listening to

audio

Fig. 2.7. 7-Segment Display is one of the basic displays in the digital era

Motors and actuators are also considered output devices wherein their
movement relies on the electrical power supplied. They are commonly used for
the industrial robotic arm.

Fig. 2.8. Servo motors and actuators enable a robotic arm to move
 A biometric machine on the other hand is used to create a personal profile
through the physical characteristic of a person. Existing machines are capable of
profiling a person either through its fingerprint, eye retina, or the whole person’s
face. The main component of this machine includes a scanner, a processor, and
a display screen. The scanner may depend on what type of biometric machine.
There are fingerprint scanner, eye retinal scanner, and a camera for facial
recognition.

PROCESSOR

A processor is considered the brain of computers, microcomputers, or

microcontrollers. A machine cannot function without this primary hardware.
Processors are single chips composed of electronic components (millions of
transistors, diodes, resistors, etc.), which logically operate via pulses of Direct
Current (DC) voltages.

Known computer processor manufacturers are the Intel Corporation and the
Advanced Micro Devices (AMD). Both these processors implement the single-core,
dual-core, quad-core, and octa-core technologies to perform much faster. The
latest processor speed, which defines how fast it processes data, can reach up to
3.8 GHz (Gigahertz). Table 2.1 shows the known computer processor
manufacturers.

Table 2.1. Intel and AMD processor releases for laptops, desktop, and server
computers.
Processor Manufacturer Processor
Generation (Old ones
not included)

Intel Dual-Core, i3, i5, i7, i9

AMD A4, A6, A8, A10

Fig. 2.9. Intel and AMD processor chips

Smartphones, on the other hand, have their processor manufacturers.
Processor speed for smartphones ranges up to 1GHz up to 2.2 GHz. Table 2.2
shows the available processors for smartphones.

Table 2.2. List of smartphone processors

 Processor Name Processor Series/Generation

Qualcomm Snapdragon Processor 2 – 7 Series

8 Series (latest)

Apple Processors A4 – A10 Series

A11 – A12 Bionic Series

A13 Bionic Series (Latest)

MediaTek Processors MediaTek Helio A, P, X, and G

MediaTek Density 5G (Latest)

Exynos Processors Exynos 7 Dual & Exynos 7 Quad

Exynos 7 Octa & Exynos 8 Octa

Exynos 5 & 7 Series

Exynos 9 Series (Latest)

Kirin Processors Kirin 600, 700, and 800 Series

Kirin 900 Series (Latest)

Fig.

2.10. Different brands of Smartphone processors

MEMORY UNIT

The memory system is categorized into two types, which are the Read-Only
Memory (ROM) and Random Access Memory (RAM). An intelligent machine cannot
operate without the software. A device is in its idle state without the logical
process that makes it execute a command. ROM is software that is usually
embedded in the processor chips themselves. The already deployed machine
language in the chips is designed to make the internal logical process in
the electronic board make the device ready to accept high-language programming
to work as a device. If one asks why a computer continuously takes note of the
time even when it is turned off, that is because of the non-volatile ROM internally
working. ROM is permanent, meaning it cannot be rewritten or erased by other
programming languages.
 RAM on the other hand is a memory that allows the CPU to read and write
data and instructions. It is temporary storage for data, whether input, output, or
intermediate results. An example of a RAM working on the computer is through
retention of the text in word processing software such as Microsoft Word.
Imagine how one can complete a whole sentence when each word after typing will
be automatically deleted without the memory system. The modern RAM size
extends from 4 GB up to 32 GB. Gaming computers need more RAM size due to
the high graphical requirement of the gaming software. Similarly, higher RAM in
smartphones also means more capability in operating mobile apps.

PERIPHERAL DEVICES

Peripheral devices are the auxiliary hardware that is not considered the main
part of the machine. In other words, the machine can still function without the
peripherals. In a computer system for example, although considered important, a
printer is not included as the main component. Moreover, input devices in the
form of a keyboard and mouse, and output hardware in the form of the computer
monitor are still considered peripheral devices. Memory system technologies such
as hard disk drives, flash drives, external hard drives are peripheral devices that
are capable of storing a large amount of data. Plug-and-play expansion cards
installed in a computer’s motherboard are also considered peripheral hardware.
Cash cards are also peripheral materials.

Some devices, however, are considered peripheral to other systems while being
the main component to another. An example for this case is the speakers and
microphones wherein it is just miscellaneous hardware for computer systems but
considered a primary component in a Voice Over IP (VoIP) system.
Quiz #1 (25 items, 25 points total)

General Instructions:

∙ Write the questions and the corresponding answers in a separate paper with your
name, course, year level, and DATE answered. If your answer required multiple
sheets, write your name on the top-most side of each paper. ∙ Your submission
must be your handwriting;
∙ Follow the deadline of submission stated in the course outline given to you, and;
∙ Either if you are the source of your classmate’s answer or you copied from your
classmates, your paper will be marked zero (0).

1. Fill the table with 5 items that can either be found in the given machine or
as a miscellaneous peripheral for the machine. (1 point each)
Machine Peripheral Devices

Desktop Computer 1.
 2.

3.

4.

5.

ATM 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Smartphone 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

In this section, identify the device denoted by the statements. (1 point

each) 3. Makes the realization of an object to be printed
4. It produces very large printouts from designs made of lines, polygons, and
graphs
5. Produces stationery and multi-part printouts
6. It is a fully portable version of a small computer with touchscreen features
7. It is the mobile version of desktop computers
8. A multi-featured handy machine that is capable of connecting to the internet,
operating apps, and creates communication either through text messaging or
call
9. It is a machine peripheral that is commonly needed when upgrading a machine
to a higher memory capacity
10.It is the main hardware of the computer in the form of a circuit board
connecting all hardware parts.
11.It is the peripheral computer card needed when a desktop needs to connect to
the internet through WiFi.
12. It is a plug-and-play peripheral device that assists the user to comfortably
make a hand-drawn figure.
3. SOFTWARE FOR ICT
 All programs and instructions obeyed by the machine are called software.
Software The of software used in digital technology are the system software,
programming software, application software, and device drivers.

System Software
System software is the one that is primarily installed on a machine to make it
operable by the user. Generally, this software is termed Operating System (OS)
software. The OS contains a system menu wherein a user can configure the
machine according to its preference. All other software rides along once the OS
had been completely installed in the machine. Computer OS was created by
developers from Microsoft, Apple Company, and open-source Linux.

Table 3.1. The list of the common computer OS with their version releases
OS Developer Versions Year Released

Microsoft MS-DOS 1981

Windows 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.1 1985 – 1994

Windows 95, 98, ME 1995 – 2000

Windows XP 2001

Windows Vista 2006

Windows 7 2009

Windows 8 2012

Windows 10 2015

Windows 11

Windows NT 1993

Windows 2000 2000

Windows Server 2003, 2003 R2 2003 – 2005

Windows Server 2008, 2008 R2 2008 – 2009

Windows Server 2012, 2012 R2 2012 – 2013

Windows Server 2016, 2019 2016 – 2018

Apple Mac OS X Server 1.0 2000

Mac OS X 10.0 – 10.7 2001 – 2012

OS X 10.8 – 10.11 2015 – 2018

 macOS 10.12 – 11 2019 - 2021

Catalina TBA

Linux Ubuntu

Red Hat

Debian

Gentoo

Linux Mint

CentOS

Fedora

Kali Linux

Arch Linux

OpenSUSE

Table 3.2. Timeline of the smartphone OS

Year OS Device

1993 PenPoint OS by GO Corporation AT&T EO Personal Communicator

Newton OS by Apple Newton Portable Computers

1994 Magic Cap by General Magic Sony Magic Link PDA

IBM Simon OS IBM Simon, the first smartphone

1996 Palm OS Palm Pilot 1000 PDA

PEN/GEOS 3.0 Nokia 9000 Communicator

1997 EPOC32 Psion Series 5 PDA

1998 Symbian OS Devices from Psion, Ericsson, Motorola

1999 Palm OS pdQ by Qualcomm

Nokia S40 Nokia 7110

2000 EPOC32 Release 5 Ericsson R380

2001 Symbian Release 80 by Nokia Nokia 9210 Communicator

 REX Real-time OS by Qualcomm Kyocera QCP-3035

2002 Java 2 Micro Edition Blackberry

Windows CE by Microsoft Pocket PC

Sybuna Series 60 (S60) by Nokia Nokia 7650

2003 Linux MontaVista Motorola A760

2005 Maemo OS by Nokia N770 tablet

2007 iOS by Apple iPhone

2008 LiMo mobile Linux Distribution Motorola, NEC, Panasonic, Samsung

2009 Moblin 2 by Intel Netbooks having Atom processors

iPhone OS 3 by Apple iPhone 3GS

2010 Bada OS bySamsung Samsung S8500

iPhone OS 3.2 iPad

iOS 4 by Apple iPhone 4

Symbian 3 Nokia N8

Windows Phone OS HYC, LG, Samsung, Dell

2011 Android 3.0 Honeycomb Motorola Xoom

Blackberry Tablet OS Blackberry Playbook

webOS 3.0 HP TouchPad

MeeGo Nokia N9

iOS 5 (w/ Siri) by Apple iPhone 4S

Fire OS Kindle Fire Tablet

2012 Last Symbian OS (unspecified) Nokia 808 PureView

iOS 6 by Apple iPhone 5

2013 BlackBerry 10 Q10 and Z10 smartphones

iOS 7 iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C

Android KitKat 4.4 by Google

 2014 Nokia X Platform Nokia X smartphone family

Tizen v2.2.1 Samsung SM-Z9005 Z

iOS 8 iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus

Android 5.0 Lollipop by Google

2015 Android 5.1 Lollipop by Google

LG Wearable Platform OS LG Watch Urbane LTE smartwatch

WatchOS by Apple Apple Watch

iOS 9 by Apple iPhone 6S+, iPad Pro, iPad Mini 4

Android 6.0 Marshmallow

2016 Windows 10 Mobile by Microsoft Microsoft Lumia 650

Android 7.0 Nougat by Google

iOS 10 by Apple iPhone 7, Apple Watch Series 1 & 2

2017 Android adoption by Samsung Samsung Galaxy S8

Android 8.0 Oreo by Google

iOS 11 by Apple iPhone 8, iPhone X, Apple Watch Series 3

2018 Android Oreo by Google Samsung Galaxy S8 and S8+

LiteOS version 2.1 by Huawei Huawei smartphone

Android 9.0 Pie by Google

iOS 12 iPhone XS, XS Max, Apple Watch Series

4

2019 iOS 13 watchOS 6 and iPadOS

iPhone 11, Apple Watch Series 5

(Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_system )

Programming Software

Programming software is a set of programs that focuses on developing a

process, resulting in another software for a certain application. Compilers,
assemblers, debuggers, and other programming software help software
developers create user-friendly and client interface-driven software. A
programming software however cannot work on its own without the OS. Different
OS developers have their respective compatible programming software. The
programming software is a software development tool.

There are more or less 700 programming languages that are available today.
The list below shows some of the popular ones.

Python Java JavaScript C# C

C++ PHP R Pascal Swift
TypeScript MATLAB Kotlin FORTRAN) VBA
COBOL SQL Visual Basic BASIC Perl

Application Software

The application software is either intended for a general application or a

specific task. There is a wide variety of application software today, starting from
internet utilization up to personal use. Early application software is designed for
office use such as word processor, spreadsheet, slide presentation. Most are
familiar with these applications using the Microsoft Office product. All software
that deals with creating and editing text, audio, graphics, and video are
application software. When we talk about the software that is dealt with by
common computer-knowledged individuals, it points out to application software.
Application software has so many types based on applications, to name a few,
consider the list below:
Application Software Type Basic Purpose

Word Processing Software For creating, formatting, editing text

and basic figures in a file

Spreadsheet Software Similar to the word processing

software but focuses on listing words
in a table format through cells. It is
also capable of doing calculations

Presentation Software For presenting ideas, information in

the form of slide presentations. It can
contain text, graphics with a variety of
background designs

Multimedia Software For creating, recording, and

manipulating audio, video, and
animated files
 Graphics Software For creating, recording, and
manipulating image files and
geographical files.

Database Software For creating and managing database

systems

Web Browsers For locating and displaying internet

based pages

Educational Software For linking technologies that are

associated with education for bringing
academic knowledge to individuals.

Simulation Software For translating the physical technical

works into a computer-based
simulation. Also for creating a real-life
application of algorithms and models.

Gaming Software Provides gaming experiences to users

Security Software Provides safety and security to the

device through either breach security
from anti-virus software or self
troubleshooting software

Device-based Software Enable users to operate and control

specific devices

The latest application software is internet-based, mostly utilized for

videoconferences. Mobile apps are also considered application software.

Device Drivers

Device drivers are the supporting software to make the internal components of
the machine works. The OS alone cannot make the computer and its peripherals
work. Some drivers have their software developed by their manufacturers.
Compatible device drivers bring enhanced performance to the parts that they
support. Examples are the device drivers for the video adapter, sound adapter,
network adapter, etc.
Assignment #2 (30 items, 30 points total)

General Instructions:

∙ Write the questions and the corresponding answers in a separate paper with your
name, course, year level, and DATE answered. If your answer required multiple
sheets, write your name on the top-most side of each paper. ∙ Your submission
must be your handwriting;
∙ Follow the deadline of submission stated in the course outline given to you, and;
∙ Either if you are the source of your classmate’s answer or you copied from your
classmates, your paper will be marked zero (0).

Fill the table with 3 software names that correspond to the given software. (1
point each)

Example:
Word Processing
1. Microsoft Word
2. Office Libre
3. Notepad
Software Type Software Name

Graphics software

Smartphone app

Videoconference software

Security software

Mobile phone OS

Microsoft OS

Programming software

Web browser

Google OS for smartphone

Apple OS for Macbook