Physical Science – Grade 12

Self-Learning Module (SLM)

Quarter 1 – Module 4: Relationship of Polarity of a Molecules to its Properties
First Edition, 2020

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 12

Physical Science
Quarter 1 – Module 4:
Relationship of Polarity of a
Molecule to its Properties
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind.

It is here to help you master the Relationship of Polarity
of Molecules to its Properties. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes
the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow
the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Solubility and Miscibility

• Lesson 2 – Boiling Point and Melting Point
Have you noticed that oil and water don’t mix together? And why do sugar
melt easily in water compared to black pepper powder? Have you ever tried
boiling the same amount of water and oil in two separate pans at the same
temperature and noticed that the water bubbled and produced steam first?
Why do you think this is so?
You have learned from the previous lesson that the properties of molecules
are related to their polarity. To understand the relationship, you must be
able to learn to identify the polarity of a molecule through their structure
and arrangement of ions and describe the force of attraction between the
molecules. But how do you relate the strength of attraction between the
molecules to their observable properties?
This module will help you describe the relationship of molecular
components and their properties. It will help you understand why different
substances have varying rate to which they boil and melt.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the relationship of polarity of a molecule to its solubility and

miscibility,
2. explain the uses of different materials based on their properties and
structures,
3. relate the solubility and miscibility of a molecule to its polarity,
4. identify the difference between the boiling and melting points of polar
and nonpolar molecules,
5. describe the relationship of polarity of a molecule to its boiling and
melting point; and
6. understand why different substances have different boiling and
melting points.

1
 What I Know

Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. The process of dissolving a solute in a solvent is also called?

a. Solubility c. Dissolution
b. Solution d. Resolution

2. Solubility follows the concept of “Like Dissolves Like”. Which of the

following solution describes this concept?
a. sand and water c. oil and water
b. sugar and water d. milk and water

3. What property of liquid is described when a liquid solute dissolves in

a liquid solvent?
a. Miscibility c. Immiscibility
b. Solubility d. Polarity

4. Oil and water does not mix together despite constant stirring. The oil
floats and makes a layer above the water when mixed together. What
property describes this phenomenon?
a. Miscibility c. Immiscibility
b. Solubility d. Polarity

5. What factor affects the solubility and miscibility of substances?

a. Crystallization of Substances
b. Size of Molecules
c. Charges of Compounds
d. Polarity of Substances

6. Which of the following is a key difference observed between a miscible

and non-miscible liquid?
a. Molecular weight c. meniscus
b. Color of solution d. volume

2
7. Vinegar and water are both polar solvents that when mixed together
form a solution. What is this solution called?
a. Non miscible c. hypertonic
b. Isotonic d. miscible

8. Alcohol has higher boiling point than oil because it is a _______

molecule.
a. nonpolar b. compound c. ionic d. polar

9. Which of the following substances will melt first at room temperature?

a. cream b. ice c. oil d. condensed milk
10. A liquid achieves its boiling point when it converts to what form?
a. solid b. liquid c. gas d. plasma

11. Which of the following substances has a strong force of attraction due
to positively and negatively charged end of atoms in the molecule?
a. solid b. liquid c. gas d. plasma

12. A substance achieves its melting point when it changes to what form?
a. solid b. liquid c. gas d. plasma

13. We compare substances’ boiling and melting point through its

varying
a. Weight b. Size c. Temperature d. Shape

14. What molecule have the lowest boiling and melting point?
a. nonpolar b. compound c. ionic d. polar

15. The following are molecules with high boiling and melting points
EXCEPT,
a. Rum b. Ethanol c. Methane d. Methanol

3
Lesson

1 Solubility and Miscibility

What’s In

In the previous lesson, you have learned that Polarity refers to the
physical properties of compounds and that the polarity of a compound is
determined by the difference in electronegativity value of the bonded atoms
and by the compound’s molecular geometrical shape.

Polar molecules have asymmetrically shape because of uneven

distribution of electrons and have a relatively high difference in its
electronegativity value (0.5 -1.8). On the other hand, non-polar molecules
have lesser difference in their electro negativities value (0 - 0.5) and are
more symmetrical in its molecular arrangement due to even distribution of
electrons. The spatial arrangement of atoms in a polyatomic molecule
based on the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory
determines the shape of a particle and is designed to minimize the
repulsion within a molecule.

Using the two concepts learned, classify the given compound in the
table as polar or non-polar based on their electronegativity values and
molecular shape. Example:

HCl H (EN) = 2.1 ∆EN – 0.9 = HCl = POLAR

Cl (EN)= 3.0
CO2
Linear = CO2 = NON-POLAR

Compound Polar / Non-Polar

HI
EN Value (H=2.1 / I=2.5)

SO2
EN Value (S= 2.5/ O=3.5)

4
What’s New
Write YES or NO whether or not the solution will dissolve when mixed
together.
Solutions Did it dissolve (yes or No)

1. and
Water (100ml ) Oil (100ml)

2. and
Baby Oil Rubbing Alcohol
or Cooking Oil (100ml)
(100ml)

3. and
Bleach(100ml) Water (100ml)

4. and
Soy sauce Vinegar
(100ml) (100ml)

5. and

Sugar(100mg) Water (100ml)

5
 6. and

Powdered Water (100ml)

Pepper (100 mg)

1. For each of the pair, describe what will happen when we mix the
substances together?
2. What is/are the reason/s why some other solutions mix and
do/doesn’t mix together?

In the previous activity, you have learned that certain substances

dissolve easily in water and other substances don’t. What property of
molecules affect its combination?

What is It

WATER MOLECULE

Water is a chemical compound and polar molecule, which is liquid at

standard temperature and pressure. It has the chemical formula H2O,
meaning that one molecule of water is composed of two hydrogen atoms
and one oxygen atom.

One important feature of the water molecule is its polar nature. The
water molecule forms an angle, with hydrogen atoms at the tips and oxygen
at the vertex. Since oxygen has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen,
the side of the molecule with the oxygen atom has a partial negative charge.

Hydrogen Bond between Two Water Molecules

SOLUBILITY is a property referring to the ability for a given substance, the

solute, to dissolve in a solvent. It ranges widely, from infinitely soluble such
as sugar in water, to poorly soluble, such as silver chloride in water.

6
INSOLUBILITY is often applied to poorly soluble compounds. Solubility
often applies in solid solutes and liquid solvents.

Image 1. Solubility of Solute in the Solvent

Picture taken from:

The process of dissolving called DISSOLUTION is relatively straightforward

for covalent substances (polar & non-polar substances).

But what factors affects the solubility of substances?

Solubility is greatly affected by the molecules’ polarity. Since polar

molecules have partially positive and partially negative portions, it will
interact with another molecule following the law of electrostatic
attraction/repulsion. For example, in preparing a solution of water (polar
molecule) and salt (ionic substance with + & - ions, the molecules and ions
will interact with each other. Meaning, the sodium ion will be attracted to
the partially negative portion of the water molecule (Oxygen), in the same
manner that the negative Chlorine ions are attracted to the partially
positive portion of the water (Hydrogen).

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 Due to this attraction, the positive ions (sodium) will be surrounded
by the partially negative oxygen ion in water and in the same manner; the
negative ion (chlorine) will be surrounded by the partially positive hydrogen
ion in water.

To be able for solubility to occur, the substances should have the

same polarity following the concept of “LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE”. Thus, polar
substances will dissolve in polar solvents and non-polar substances will
dissolve in non-polar solvents. This is due to the similarity of their
structure and distribution of ions in the molecules.

If you know the polarity of molecules, you can predict whether or not
they will mix together to form chemical solution. It’s helpful to know which
compounds are intermediate between polar and non-polar because you can
use them as an intermediate to dissolve a chemical into one.

MISCIBILITY refers to the ability of a liquid to completely dissolve in

another liquid solution. A distinct layer between two liquids will not form
when you have a solution that is labeled miscible. When a distinct layer
does form in a mixed solution, this is called IMMISCIBILITY. For example,
a type of immiscible liquid is oil and water. When mixed together, oil will
essentially 'sit on top' of water, resulting in the formation of a very
noticeable layer.

In chemistry, you can exploit this concept of forming a layer when

you would like to tell the difference between miscible and immiscible
liquids. A water curve, called a MENISCUS, will form when two liquids are
immiscible. Thus, miscible liquids will NOT have a meniscus. This diagram
provides an illustration of this difference highlighting the presence (and
absence) of a meniscus.

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 HOMOGENOUS is a great term that should come to mind whenever
you encounter the word ‘miscible.’ A solution that is homogenous only
contains a single phase. In other words, when you look at a homogenous
solution, you will see a uniform composition of two (or more) liquids mixed
together. Thus, think of the term homogenous as a way to define miscibility.
If you happen to not be in a chemical laboratory when identifying the
meniscus in a solution, there is another way to qualitatively analyze
whether or not your solution is miscible. Simply observe the liquids being
mixed. If you see the liquids separate from one another after mixing, you
can strongly conclude that the solution is immiscible.

Now, there is a great chemical explanation behind why two liquids

can be miscible. This explanation refers to the polarity of a liquid. Liquid
solutions can be described as either non-polar or polar substances. If two
liquids possess similar polarities, they will form a homogenous solution
that will be miscible. For example, let’s say you have two liquids both
considered to be polar. Because they are both polar, the desire to mingle
and unite to form one solution will occur.

When both liquid molecules are polar, then

they can attract one another – which leads to
mixing
(miscibility).
When the molecular liquid is nonpolar, then
the water molecules attract only one another
while ignoring the nonpolar liquid. The result
is that the two liquids are immiscible.

For liquids we come to the conclusion that polar and polar liquids
are miscible, polar and nonpolar liquids are immiscible and, as an obvious
extension, nonpolar and nonpolar liquids are miscible. This observation
leads to the often-said statement “like dissolves like”.

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 Nonpolar “tails” adhere to dirt
on the skin. Polar groups are
soluble in water and help lift
the dirt away from the skin.

What’s More

Perform Activity 1 and complete the Activity Sheet attached. (Note: Attached
at least two pictures of you performing the activity.)

Activity 1: EFFECT OF POLARITY TO SOLUBILITY AND MISCIBILITY

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the activity, the students will be able to:

a. identify the polarity of substances,

b. determine the substances either miscible or immiscible, and
c. understand how the polarity of molecules affect its miscibility.

MATERIALS NEEDED:
6 transparent cups Baby oil Vinegar
Water Spoon/Stirrer Soy Sauce
Marker Sugar Bleach
Black Pepper Powder Rubbing Alcohol Periodic Table

PROCEDURES:
1. Label the plastic cups using a marker. Write RUBBING ALCOHOL,
VINEGAR, SOY SAUCE, OIL, SUGAR, PEPPER and BLEACH.
2. Pour about 200ml of water or about half the size of the cup.
3. Add about 1 tablespoon of the 6 solutes in its designated cup.
4. Stir the solutions for about 30 seconds.
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 5. Observe what happens to the solute when mixed in water.
Q1. What happen to the solution if you mix them together?
Q2. Can you describe the solutions that are being mix?

In previous lesson, you have learned how to identify the polarity of

molecules. Using that concept, complete the table below. Refer to the
chemical formula given.

Substances Chemical Formula

Water H2O

Vinegar CH3COOH

Rubbing alcohol C3H8O

Bleach NaClO

Oil C16H32O2

Sugar C12H22O11

Black Pepper C17H19NO3

(Note: For miscible or immiscible both solutions are liquids, for soluble or
insoluble solution, one should be liquid and the other is solid.)

Substance Polar Substance Polar Soluble Miscible

A or Non- B or Non-
or or
Polar Polar
Insoluble Immiscible
1. Water Oil

2. Vinegar Soy Sauce

3. Oil Alcohol

4. Water Bleach

5. Bleach Vinegar

6. Sugar Water

7. Water Black
Pepper
Powder

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 Table 1. Polarity of Substances and to its properties to
Solubility and Miscibility

CONCLUSION:

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________

Rubrics /Criteria

Preparation 15%
Achievements of objectives 35%
Creativity and imagination 30%
Presentation 20%
TOTAL 100%

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 What I Have Learned
Let’s apply what you have learned so far. Complete the
paragraph by filling in the correct terms in the sentences.
Select from the choices enclosed in the parenthesis.

I. Complete the paragraph by filling in the correct terms in the

sentences. Select from the choices enclosed in the parenthesis.
Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

Solubility is greatly affected by the (1)______________________

(polarity/dissolution) of the substances in the solution. The combined

compounds should have (2)___________________ (different/the same)

characteristics following the rule of (3)____________________ (opposite

attracts/like dissolves like) for solubility to occur. Therefore, a polar

solute will most likely to dissolve in a (4) _____________ (polar/non-polar)

solvent and a (5)______________ (polar/non-polar) solute will dissolve in

non-polar solvent.

(6) ______________ (Solubility/Miscibility) refers to the ability of a liquid

to completely dissolve in another liquid solution. A distinct layer between

two liquids will not form when you have a solution that is labeled

miscible. When a distinct layer does form in a mixed solution, this is

called (7) ______________(meniscus/hibiscus).

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 What I Can Do

I. Identify whether the pair of substances are soluble, insoluble, miscible

or immiscible.

1. Oil and Water - ___________________________

2. Ethyl Alcohol and Water - ___________________________
3. Vinegar and Soy Sauce - ___________________________
4. Zonrox and Water - ___________________________
5. Oil and Rubbing Alcohol - ___________________________
6. Efficascent Oil and Water - ___________________________
7. Fabric conditioner and Water - ___________________________
8. Powdered juice and Water - ___________________________
9. Shredded Candle Wax and Water - ___________________________
10. Water and Coffee Powder - ___________________________

II. Provide two examples of the following solution.

Miscible Immiscible Soluble Insoluble

Solution Solution
1. 1. 1. 1.

2. 2. 2. 2.

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Lesson
Boiling Point and
2 Melting Point

What’s In

In the previous activity, you have learned that the polarity of

molecules greatly affects their solubility and miscibility when mixed
together. Following the concept of “LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE”, polar solutes
dissolve in polar solvents better than in nonpolar solvents, and vice versa.
This is due to the similarities in their molecular structure and distribution
of ions in the molecules.

Identify which of the following substances is soluble or miscible in water,

a polar molecule, based on their polarity. Group the substances in the box
provided.

C12H22O11 (Sugar) C8H18 (Oil

C8H10O2 (Coffee) CH3COOH (Vinegar)
Mg3Si4O10 (Talc (CH3)2CHCH2CH(NH2)CO2H (Soy Sauce)

SOLUBLE/MISCIBLE INSOLUBLE/IMMISCIBLE

In this module, we are going to relate the properties of molecules to its

polarity and provide real-life applications of this relationship.

15
 What’s New

Compare the pictures below. What do you see?

(a) Boiling Water vs. Boiling Oil (b) Melting Ice vs. Melting Butter

Q1. In image a, which substance do you think will evaporate first? Will
it be the water or the oil? Why do you think so?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Q2. In image b, which substance do you think will melt first? Will it
be the ice or the butter? Why do you think so?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

What affects the rate to which molecules reach its boiling point
and melting point?

What is It

Polar molecules have higher polarity compared to non-polar

molecules because of its molecular geometrical structure and distribution
of electrons in the molecule. Polar molecules have partially positive and
negative ends. When two polar molecules are near each other, the negative
end of one molecule is attracted to the positive end of the other. The
separation of charges results in a strong force of attraction between the
molecules.
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 Since a higher polarity means that the atom/molecule has a stronger
negatively charged end and a stronger positively charged end, this leads to
greater interaction with other molecules. Thus, it’s harder to pull apart the
atoms or molecules and requires a higher boiling point and melting point.
On the other hand, non-polar molecules do not have positive or negative
ends. Between two neighboring nonpolar molecules, the attraction is very
minimal.

Based on the interaction of molecules, water is expected to have

higher melting and boiling points than carbon dioxide as reflected in the
data presented in table 1.

Compound Melting Point (oC) Boiling Point (oC)

Water 0 100
Carbon Dioxide -56.5 -78.5

Table 1. Boiling Point and Melting Point of Water and Carbon Dioxide

Boiling point is the temperature at which liquids turn from a liquid to a

gas. Boiling points can be used to identify unknown liquids. Greater
amount of head is needed to break the forces of attraction of polar
molecules compared to nonpolar ones. Generally, polar molecules have
higher boiling points than nonpolar molecules as observed in the
example illustrated in table 2.

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 Molecule Polarity Boiling Point

CH3 (Methanol) Polar 64.6 OC

CH4 (Methane) Non-Polar -161.5 OC

Table 2. Boiling Point for Substances with Different

Polarity

Polar and Nonpolar region in water is packed in a small molecule. The

small water molecules easily orient themselves with one another so as to
maximize the effect of the hydrogen bond. This leads to requiring higher
energy to disrupt the IMF (H-bonding) thus leading to higher boiling point.

Melting point is the temperature at which a material changes from a solid

to a liquid form (melts). Keep in mind that a material’s melting point is the
same as its freezing point. These are just different terms for the same thing;
it just depends on whether energy is being removed from a substance
(freezing) or if energy is being added to a substance (melting).

A nonpolar molecule such as BF3 is symmetrical

about the center of the molecule, so the molecule
has no positive or negative end. Each charge
around the central atom is balanced, and there
is no overall polarity to one side of the molecule.
The molecule is nonpolar.
Nonpolar molecules have only weak attractive
forces for each other, so nonpolar substances
tend to have low melting points and boiling points.

In the presence of hydrogen bonding, it usually leads to a higher melting

point. The melting point of polar substances is higher than the melting
point of non-polar substances with similar size because they have relatively
stronger force of attraction compared to nonpolar ones. Greater amount of
heat must be applied to break these forces. Therefore, in general, polar
molecules have higher melting points than nonpolar molecules as seen
in table 3.

18
 Molecule Polarity Melting Point

HF (Hydrogen
Polar -83.6 OC
Fluoride)

F2 (Fluorine) Non-Polar -219.6 OC

Table 3. Melting Point for Substances with Different Polarity

What’s More

To have a better understanding of the relationship of molecular

polarity to its properties, perform and complete the following activity.

Activity 1. EFFECT OF POLARITY TO BOILING POINT AND MELTING

POINT

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the activity, the students will be able to:

a. identify the polarity of substances,

b. compare the boiling point and melting point of substances, and
c. understand how the polarity of a substance affects its boiling point
and melting point.

MATERIALS NEEDED:

Small Pan 50 ml Water 50 ml Oil

1 small cube Ice Thermometer Timer

1 small cube Butter/Margarine Marker

PROCEDURES:
Note: Please be careful when handling hot objects! Seek for guidance
and supervision from adults.

1. Boil the water in a small pan at low temperature.

19
2. Using the timer, note the time to which the liquid started to evaporate
and check the temperature using the thermometer.
3. Spill the water in the pan. Repeat procedure 1 and 2 using the oil.
Q1. What substance boiled first?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Q2. What substance evaporated first? How so?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. In a small pan, place the ice cube and set the fire in low temperature.
5. Observe the ice cube and record the time and temperature to which it
started melting.
6. Spill the remaining ice in the pan. Wipe it with a clean cloth then do
procedure 4 and 5 using butter/margarine.
Q3. Which substance melted first? Why do you think so?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
7. Fill out the table below with your data.
BOILING POINT MELTING POINT

Substances Time Temperature Substances Time Temperature

Water (polar) Ice (polar)

Oil Butter/
(non-polar) Margarine
(non-polar)

Q4. Based on your results in the data table, how does the polarity of
substances affect its boiling and melting point?
____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

20
CONCLUSION:

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Let’s test your understanding of the lesson. Complete the

paragraph below. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.

Water (H2O) has higher boiling point and melting point than

Methane (CH4) because it is a 1) _____________ (polar/nonpolar)

molecule and this compound has stronger force of attraction than

nonpolar molecule because of the different arrangement of ions for

both molecules. Polar substances have 2)_______________

(higher/lower) polarity than nonpolar substances which leads to

greater interactions with other molecules making it harder to pull

apart and thus requires a 3)________________ (higher/lower) boiling

and melting point.

Non-Polar molecules have 4)____________ (higher/lower) boiling and

melting point compared to polar substances because they don’t have

a positive or negative end therefore, they will have 5)_______________

(strong/weak) force of attraction with other molecules.

21
 What I Can Do

Let’s apply what you have learned so far. Arrange the

following molecules according to highest to lowest boiling
point and melting point and identify its polarity. Write
your answers on the separate answer sheets provided.

Ammonia (NH3) – BP: -33.3 MP: -77.7

Ethane (C2H6) – BP: -89 MP: -182.8
Methanol (CH3OH) – BP: 64.7 MP: -97.6
Methane (CH4) – BP: -161.5 MP: -182
Water (H2O) – BP: 100 MP: 0.0
Butane (C4H10) – BP: -1.0 MP: -140

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Oil and water don’t mix together despite constant stirring. The oil floats
and makes a layer above the water when mixed together.” What process
explains this phenomenon?
a. Miscibility b. Solubility c. Immiscibility d. Polarity

2. The solution is said to be __________, when two polar liquid substances

are combined.
a. miscible b. immiscible c. soluble d. insoluble

3. What substance will most likely dissolve in a polar solvent at room

temperature?
a. CuCl2 b. H2Mg3O12Si4 c. CH4 d. O2

4. Does a non-polar substance dissolves in water?

a. Oftentimes b. Yes c. Sometimes d. No

22
5. Two compounds in a solution should have _______________ polarity for
solubility to occur.
a. unique b. different c. unequal d. similar

6. Solubility and miscibility substances can affect the_______________?

a. change of compound c. size of molecules
b. polarity of substance d. crystallization of substance

7. Which of the following describe the concept of ‘’like dissolves like’’.

a. oil and water c. milk and oil
b. sand and water d. sugar and water

8. At room temperature, what substance can dissolve in water?

a. candle wax c. powdered juice
b. sand d. coffee powder

9. Ice water melts faster than butter when exposed in heat because water
is a ___________ molecule.
a. ionic polar c. covalent polar
b. ionic nonpolar d. covalent nonpolar

10. When a solid reach its _______________ it becomes liquid.

a. boiling point c. miscibility point
b. melting point d. solubility point

11. When a liquid reaches it boiling point, it becomes ________.

a. Solid b. liquid c. gas d. plasma

12. What is the freezing point of water in Celsius?

a. 100 b. 200 c. 0 d. 300
13. A beaker with 500 ml of water (room temperature) is placed in a hot
plate. If the temperature continues to increase, the water in the beaker
will most likely_______________________.
a. turn into solid c. turn into gas
b. becomes denser d. show no change in
temperature

14. Each of the following scenarios demonstrates melting point EXCEPT,

a. A liquid changing into solid c. liquid precipitation
b. Temperature reaching to 100OC d. Temperature reaching
to 0OC

23
15. Ammonia, a polar molecule, has a lower melting and boiling point
compared to Oleic Acid (oil).
a. TRUE b. FALSE

24