Chapter 4
Solutions
Chemistry-Borders IPC-Solutions-Borders
Mixtures – A Review
• Mixture: a combination of two or more
substances that do not combine
chemically, but remain the same
individual substances; can be separated
by physical means.
• Two types:
– Heterogeneous
– Homogeneous
Solution
• Solution: a mixture of two or more substances
that is identical throughout (homogeneous)
• can be physically separated Salt water is
• composed of solutes and solvents considered a
solution. How can it
be physically
separated?
the substance being dissolved
the substance that dissolves the solute
Iced Tea Mix Iced Tea Water
(solute) (solution) (solvent)
Solution
• The solvent is the largest part of
the solution and the solute is the
smallest part of the solution
S O L V E N T
S O L U T E
Types of Solution
State of
Component Component Resulting
1 2 Solution Examples
Gas Gas Gas Air
Gas Liquid Liquid Soda water (CO2
in water)
Gas Solid Solid H2 gas in
palladium
Liquid Liquid Liquid Ethanol in water
Solid Liquid Liquid NaCl in water
Solid Solid Solid Brass (Cu/Zn),
solder (Sn/Pb)
Characteristics of Solution
• The distribution of
particles in a solution is
uniform.
• The components of a
solution do not separate on
• A solution cannot be
separated into its
components by filtration.
Characteristics of Solution
• For any given solvent/solute
combination, it is possible to
make solutions of many
different compositions.
• Solutions are almost always
transparent. Solid solutions are
an exception.
• Solutions can be separated into
pure components. The
separation is a physical
change, not a chemical change.
Solubility
• the amount of solute
that dissolves in a
certain amount of a
solvent at a given
temperature and
pressure to produce a
saturated solution
Solubility
• Solubility is a physical
constant.
• Each solid has a different
solubility in every liquid.
Those with low solubility
are said to be insoluble,
those with higher
solubility are said to
be soluble.
Solubility
• Some liquids are
insoluble in each other,
as for example,
gasoline in water.
• Other liquids have
limited solubility in
each other, as for
example, ether in
water (6 g/100 g H2O).
Solubility
• Still other liquids are
completely soluble in
each other, as for
example, ethanol and
water.
• Miscible liquids can easily dissolve in one
another.
• Immiscible liquids are not soluble in each
other.
Concentrations of Solution
• the amount of solute dissolved in a
solvent at a given temperature
•described as dilute if it has
a low concentration of solute
dissolved
•described as concentrated
if it has a high concentration
of solute dissolved
Types of Solution based on
the Concentrations
•Unsaturated - has a less than the
maximum concentration of solute
dissolved
•Saturated - has the maximum
concentration of solute dissolved
(can see solid in bottom of solution)
•Supersaturated -contains more
dissolved solute than normally
possible (usually requires an
increase in temperature followed
by cooling)
n A point on the line is a saturated solution.
n Above the line is supersaturated.
n Below the line is unsaturated.
Factors Affecting Solubility
Temperaturee Shaking
increased temperature causes
solids to dissolve faster
Shaking (agitation) causes
solids to dissolve faster
Particle Sizee
Smaller particles dissolve
Faster because they have
more surface area
Note: Increasing the amount of solute
DOES NOT increase the rate of dissolving
Solubility Curves
Generally, the
solubility of
solid solutes in
liquid solvents
increases with
increasing
temperature.
Electrolytes and Non-
electrolytes
How water dissolves ionic compounds:
• Ionic solids consist of a regular array of
positive and negative ions.
• Water is a polar molecule, with positive
and negative regions.
Electrolytes and Non-
electrolytes
• The negative ions attract the positive
regions of water, and the positive ions
attract the negative regions of water; each
ion attracts 2 to 6 molecules of water
• Ions dissolved in water are said to be
hydrated (surrounded by water molecules).
Water of hydration:
• The attraction between ions and water
is so strong that for many solids,
water molecules are a part of the
crystal structure
How water dissolves molecular
compounds:
• In a few cases, molecular compounds
dissolve in water because they react
with water.
Polarity and
Dissolving
Two substances with similar intermolecular forces are
likely to be soluble in each other.
“Like Dissolves Like”
• non-polar molecules are soluble in non-polar solvents
CCl! in C"H"
• polar molecules are soluble in polar solvents
C#H$OH in H#O
• ionic compounds are more soluble in polar solvents
NaCl in H#O or NH%(l)
Pure water does not conduct
an electric current
A solute that Source of
electric power
dissolves in water
to form ions
conducts an
electric current,
whereas a solute
Pure
that contains only water
neutral molecules
does not.
Electrolytes and Non-
electrolytes
• A substance that
conducts an Source of
electric power
electric current in
water is called
an electrolyte.
• A substance that
does not conduct an
electric current in Pure
water is called water
a nonelectrolyte
Ionic Solutions conduct a Current
Source of
electric power
Free ions
present
in water
Classification of Electrolytes
(a) Nonelectrolyte (b) Weak electrolyte (c) Strong electrolyte
• A strong electrolyte dissociates completely in
water to form ions.
• NaCl is a strong electrolyte because all of the
species present in solution are Na+ cations and
Cl- anions.
Classification of Electrolytes
(a) Nonelectrolyte (b) Weak electrolyte (c) Strong electrolyte
• A weak electrolyte dissociates partially in water to form
some ions, leaving mostly uncharged molecules.
• When ammonia (NH3) dissolves in water, the predominant
species is uncharged NH3 molecules, but some
NH3 molecules react with water to form NH4+ cations and
OH - anions.
Electrolytes
Electrolytes - solutions that carry an electric current
strong electrolyte weak electrolyte nonelectrolyte
NaCl(aq) Na+ + Cl- HF(aq) H+ + F-
How much KNO3
dissolves in 100g
(or 100mL H2O
at 50oC?
1.Find the line (green)
2.Find the temperature
and follow up to the
line.(red arrow)
3. Read across to the y-
axis and this is the
answer. (blue arrow)
4. Since it is more than
½-way between 80 and
90, it is 87.
Concentration
Units
Concentrations
• The concentration of a solution tells
how much solute is dissolved in a given
amount of solution.
Weight by Volume Percent
• One of the most common measures of
concentration is weight/volume
percent concentration, (w/v)
• % - that is, the number of grams of
solute dissolved in 100 mL of solution.
Let’s Practice!
• Chloraseptic sore throat spray
contains 0.35 grams of the antiseptic
phenol dissolved in 25 mL of solution.
What is the weight/volume percent
concentration of phenol?
Let’s Practice!
• The label on a bottle of vinegar says it
contains 5.0% acetic acid, CH3COOH. The
bottle contains 240 mL vinegar. How many
grams of acetic acid are in the bottle?
Let’s Practice!
• The label on a bottle of vinegar says it contains 5.0%
acetic acid, CH3COOH. The bottle contains 240 mL vinegar.
How many grams of acetic acid are in the bottle?
+.- .
Conversion Factor:
/--.- 01
Let’s Practice!
• Chloraseptic sore throat spray
contains 0.35 grams of the antiseptic
phenol dissolved in 25 mL of solution.
What is the weight/volume percent
concentration of phenol?
0.014 g/mL 1.4%
Weight by Weight Percent
• Another way to represent percent
concentration is weight of solute per
weight of solution, that is, the number
of grams of solute per 100 grams of
solution.
Let’s Practice!
• What is the (w/w)% of alcohol in the
solution containing 140.0 grams
isopropyl alcohol and 60.0 grams
water?
Let’s Practice!
• What is the (w/w)% of alcohol in the
solution containing 140.0 grams isopropyl
alcohol and 60.0 grams water?
Let’s Practice!
• A saline solution with a mass of 355 g has
36.5 g of NaCl dissolved in it. What is the
mass/mass percent concentration of the
solution?
10.3 %
Let’s Practice!
• If 10.0 grams of NaCl is dissolved in
90.0 grams of water, what is the
concentration using Percent by Mass?
% by mass = mass solute x 100
mass of solution
% by mass = 10.0g NaCl x 100 = 10.0%NaCl
100.0g solution
Parts per Million (ppm)
• When a solution contains very small
concentration of solute, it is often
expressed as parts per million (ppm).
• It is the number of “parts” in 1,000,000
parts of solution.
• Example:A sample of seawater that
contains 1.3 g of magnesium ions in
106 grams of solution contains 1.3 ppm of
magnesium.
ppm = [ 1.3 g magnesium/106 g seawater] 106 = 1.3 ppm
Parts per Million (ppm)
• The “parts” may be expressed in either
mass or volume units as long as the same
unit are used for both the numerator and
the denominator.
Let’s Practice!
• What is the concentration in parts per
million of DDT in the tissues of a seabird
that contains 50. mg of DDT in 1,900 g of
tissue?
Let’s Practice!
• What is the concentration in parts per million of
DDT in the tissues of a seabird that contains 50.
mg of DDT in 1,900 g of tissue?
Let’s Practice!
• A solution has a concentration of
1.25 g L-1. What is its
concentration in ppm?
1.25x10 -5 g L-1 1.25x10 -5 ppm
Molarity
• Molarity is the concentration of a
solution expressed in moles of solute
per Liter of solution.
Molarity (M) = moles of solute
Liters of solution
Molarity
M = mol (solute)
L (solution)
• Example 1: What is the molarity of a solution
that has 2.3 moles of sodium chloride in 0.45
liters of solution?
2.3 moles NaCl = 5.1M NaCl
0.45 L
Molarity
M = mol (solute)
L (solution)
• Example 2: How many moles of Na2CO3 are there
in 10.0 L of 2.0 M solution?
10.0 L 2.0 mol Na2CO3 = 20.0 moles Na2CO3
1 1L
Molarity
M = mol (solute)
L (solution)
• Example 3: How many moles of KNO3 are needed
to make 450. mL of 1.5 molar solution?
450. mL 1L 1.5 mol KNO3
1 1000mL 1L
= .675 moles KNO3
Molarity
M = mol (solute)
L (solution)
• Example 4: How many grams of NaCl are needed
to make 3.0 L of 1.5 M solution?
3.0 L 1.5 mol NaCl 58.44 g NaCl
1 1L 1 mol NaCl
= 260 g NaCl
Molarity
M = mol (solute)
L (solution)
• Example 5: How many L of 4.0 M solution can be
made with 132g of NaCl ?
132 g NaCl 1 mol NaCl 1L
1 58.44 g NaCl 4.0 mol NaCl
= 0.565 L
