UNIX/Linux Course
Introduction
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Agenda
01 Introduction to Linux 02 Basics of Shell
03 Basics of Kernel 04 Basic Linux Commands
05 Displaying – using echo 06 Set and Unset a variable
Header file of shell script
07 Using Expr 08 – using Shebang (#!)
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Introduction to Linux
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Introduction to Linux
Linux is a Unix-like OS developed by Linus Torvalds
and thousands of opensource contributors
Linus Torvalds
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Introduction to Linux
Linux is an Operating system. It is reliable and secure than others;
Also it is completely opensource
Launch Date: 17 September 1991
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Introduction to Linux
Linux is everywhere!
Linux is in your smartphones. 85% of Your car uses Linux; Even your refrigerators need
all smartphones are based on Linux. Especially self-driving cars Linux to run
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Introduction to Linux
Top 500 supercomputers
run on Linux!
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Introduction to Linux
Why use Linux?
Windows Linux
• For a Windows server, you need to • With Linux, license is free, installing
purchase the license and the expenditure software's is free and you can install Linux
increases according to the number of users in any number of machines you want
• Not many customization options available • There are a lot of Linux distributions and
you can choose one from it
• Windows is vulnerable to viruses and
malware threats. A powerful anti-virus • More secure than Windows and viruses
software is a need can’t easily break the kernel
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Introduction to Linux
Linux Distributions
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Basics of Shell
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Basics of Shell
Utilities
Linux Architecture
grep ls
User 1
cp pwd
DBMS Hardware mail
User 2
Kernel
Shell
Applications
User 3
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Basics of Shell
A Shell interprets the commands you have entered using a
keyboard and sends it to the OS to perform them
Shell sending the
commands to OS
OS sending it back
to the Shell
Kernel
Keyboard inputs
to the shell
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Basics of Shell
Nowadays, we use a lot of GUI-based Linux distributions like
CentOS. In these you have a terminal to contact the shell
• A terminal which we see in a GUI server
emulates a CLI Linux server
• Terminal emulators are more commonly
Terminals are software’s which
used now due to GUI Operating Systems
emulate a CLI Linux system
like Mac OS or Windows or Ubuntu GUI
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Top Shells in Linux
bash zsh fish tcsh
The Bourne Again It is similar to bash or Friendly and Tenex C shell is an
Shell is the default an extended version Interactive shell is extended version of C
shell in a lot of Linux of it. It has a lot of again an extended shell. The plus of tcsh
distributions. It is the useful features like version of the is its scripting
most portable shell sharing your common shell. It has language, because it
available. Bash is the command history great features like will be similar for
default shell of across multiple autocompletion of users with experience
CentOS 8. terminals commands in C programming
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Top Shells in Linux
A simple command to interact with the shell
This command below provides the present working directory
pwd
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Basics of Kernel
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Basics of Kernel
A Linux Kernel is a UNIX-like OS kernel. It is a Computer Program which is the core
interface which connects the Hardware components to the Software processes
Kernel
Hardware – CPU,
Software application
Memory and Devices
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Basics of Kernel
Top operations performed by a Kernel
1. Resource Management – Decides which process gets a resource for an
operation
2. Memory management – Kernel has complete access to system memory and
must efficiently manage it and allow memory access to processes
3. Device management – If we connect devices such as a printer or a pen drive,
kernel detects it and helps the system establish connection with those
peripherals
4. System calls – This is an interface between a process and the operating system.
When the process does not have permissions to access a resource, a system call
provides it without the process accessing the resource directly
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Basic Linux Commands
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Basic Linux Commands
Command Task
pwd Shows the present working directory
whoami Gives the current username
date Gives the date and current time
history Shows all the commands you have typed in recently
cp Used to copy a file
rm To delete a file
clear Clears the entire terminals content
man It is a guide to the commands
exit Exits and closes the running terminal
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Basic Linux Commands
Command Task
who Shows the logged in users of the system
w Same as who but also shows the current process
mkdir Used to make a directory
cat Displays the contents of a file
mv Used to move a file/folder from source to destination
alias Give a name for a command and execute using it
echo Prints text on the terminal
ls Lists files and folders
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Basic Linux Commands
Few examples of commands
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Hands-on: Executing Linux
Commands
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Displaying – using echo
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Displaying – using echo
The command echo is used to display a line of text/string by passing it as an argument
Syntax
echo [options] [string]
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Displaying – using echo
Options Task
-n Gives the output without a new line
-e This will allow usage of backslash escapes
\b Removes the space between text
\n Prints the text in a new line
\t Does a horizontal tab
\v Does a vertical tab
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Displaying – using echo
Few examples of echo
Arithmetic operations
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Hands-on: Echo command
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Set and Unset a variable
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Set and Unset a variable
The set command is a built-in function in bash and few other cells which you can
use to define the values of system variables. Set is not required to set a variable,
there are various ways to do it
The export command is used to create Environment variables
The unset command is a built-in function in bash which you can use to remove a
variable which is set
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Set and Unset a variable
Options of set command
Options Task
-b Notify of job termination immediately
-e Exit immediately if a command exits with a non-zero status
-m Job control will be enabled
-o option-name
• allexport same as -a
• braceexpand same as -B
• errexit same as -e
• errtrace same as -E
• functrace same as –T
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Set and Unset a variable
Few examples of set and unset
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Using Expr
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Using Expr
The command expr computes a given expression and displays the output
Syntax
$ expr expression
Checking whether expr is available
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Using Expr
Arithmetic and logical operations
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Using Expr
Few examples of expr
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Header file of shell script
– using Shebang (#!)
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Header file of shell script – using Shebang (#!)
#! – This represents which interpreter a script should be interpreted with
#!/bin/bash – This is a header command which represents it is a bash/shell script
#!/bin/bash is this is not provided it often considers #!/bin/sh which would be same in most
cases. When you put #!/bin/bash in your script, even if you run the script in a different shell,
the kernel will know which shell to interpret it with
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Header file of shell script – using Shebang (#!)
A sample script
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Quiz
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Quiz
1. Is Linux the world’s largest open source project?
A. True
B. False
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Quiz
1. Is Linux the world’s largest open source project?
A. True
B. False
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Quiz
2. Which command is used to check which users are logged in to the system?
A. whoami
B. who
C. w
D. why
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Quiz
2. Which command is used to check which users are logged in to the system?
A. whoami
B. who
C. w
D. why
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Quiz
3. Which is the Linux command when provided with the command name as the
argument, gives a document explaining the use of that command?
A. what
B. info
C. man
D. dog
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Quiz
3. Which is the Linux command when provided with the command name as the
argument, gives a document explaining the use of that command?
A. what
B. info
C. man
D. dog
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Quiz
4. What is the shebang symbol?
A. ##
B. !#
C. #!
D. #$
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Quiz
4. What is the shebang symbol?
A. ##
B. !#
C. #!
D. #$
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Quiz
5. What is the default shell of CentOS 8?
A. zsh
B. csh
C. ksh
D. bash
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Quiz
5. What is the default shell of CentOS 8?
A. zsh
B. csh
C. ksh
D. bash
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