EEE240 Signals and Systems

Chapter 1 – Fundamental Concepts

Ayman Khalil, PhD

 Outline

 Course materials and Marking Profile

 Fundamental Concepts
– Signals
– Periodic signals
– Even and Odd Signals
– Transformations of the independent variable of signals
– CT and DT Unit Impulse and Unit Step
– Exponential Signal
– Systems and Basic System Properties

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 Materials

Textbook:
 Signals and Systems, Second Edition by Oppenheim,
Willsky and Nawab, ISBN: [1-292-02590-5], Pearson,
2014

Reference:
 Signals, Systems and Transforms (4th edition) by Philips,
Parr and Riskin, ISBN: [978-0-13- 198923-8], Prentice-
Hall, 2008.

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 Marking Profile

Attendance 05%
Class Participation 05%
2 or 3 Partial Exams 30%
Assignments & Quizzes 15%
Research & papers 10%
Final Exam 35%

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 Signals and Systems
 Signal : A signal describes a time varying physical phenomenon which is
intended to convey information. (or) Signal is a function of time or any other
variable of interest. (or) Signal is a function of one or more independent
variables, which contain some information.
 Example: voice signal, video signal, signals on telephone wires, etc.
 Signals may be of continuous time or discrete time signals.
 System : System is a device or combination of devices, which can operate on
signals and produces corresponding response. Input to a system is called as
excitation and output from it is called as response. (or) System is a
combination of sub units which will interact with each other to achieve a
common interest.
 For one or more inputs, the system can have one or more outputs.
 Example: Communication System

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 Typical Examples of Signals/Systems
Concerned

 Communication Systems

s(t) r(t)
Transmitter Channel Receiver
Message Transmitted Received Estimate of
signal signal signal message
(information) signal
data, text, (information)
audio, video
noise, loss
distortion,
interference
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 Typical Examples of Signals/Systems
Concerned

 Computers

 Signal Processing Systems

– software systems processing the signal by computation/
memory
– examples : audio enhancement systems, picture processing
systems, video compression systems, voice recognition/
synthesis systems, array signal processors, equalizers, etc.

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Audio Enhancement

Picture Processing

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Typical Examples of Signals/Systems

 Networks

user B
user A

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Typical Examples of Signals/Systems
 Information Retrieval Systems
Internet
Search User
Engine

 The Global Internet

 Other Information Systems
– examples : remote sensing systems, biomedical signal
processing systems, etc.
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 The Global Internet

Global Internet

Digital
Libraries, Electronic
Virtual Google, Home,
Intelligent Network
Museums, Facebook, Electronic Offices,
. Electronic Entertainment
. YouTube, Commerce, Distant .
. Amazon Government .
Network Learning, .
. Services, .
. Banking, . .
. . . .
. .
.

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The Global Internet

 Network Technology Connects Everywhere Globally

 Huge Volume of Information Disseminated across the

Globe in Microseconds

 Multi-media, Multi-lingual, Multi-functionality

 Cross-cultures, Cross-domains, Cross-regions

 Integrating All Knowledge Systems and Information

related Activities Globally

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Classification of Signals

Signals are classified into the following categories:

 Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals
 Deterministic and Non-deterministic Signals
 Even and Odd Signals
 Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
 Energy and Power Signals
 Real and Imaginary Signals

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Classification of Signals

Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals

A signal is said to be continuous when it is defined for all instants of time.

A signal is said to be discrete when it is defined at only discrete instants of time

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Classification of Signals
Deterministic and Non-deterministic Signals
A signal is said to be deterministic if there is no uncertainty with respect to its value at any
instant of time. Or, signals which can be defined exactly by a mathematical formula are
known as deterministic signals.

A signal is said to be non-deterministic if there is uncertainty with respect to its value at some
instant of time. Non-deterministic signals are random in nature hence they are called random
signals. Random signals cannot be described by a mathematical equation. They are modeled
in probabilistic terms.

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 Classification of Signals
Even and Odd Signals.

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Classification of Signals

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 Classification of Signals

Periodic and Aperiodic Signals

A signal is said to be periodic if it satisfies the condition x(t) = x(t + T) or x(n) = x(n + N).
Where
T = fundamental time period,
1/T = f = fundamental frequency.

The above signal will repeat for every time interval T0 hence it is periodic with period
T0.
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 Classification of Signals

Energy and Power Signals

A signal is said to be energy signal when it has finite energy.

A signal is said to be power signal when it has finite power.

NOTE:A signal cannot be both, energy and power simultaneously. Also, a signal
may be neither energy nor power signal.
Power of energy signal = 0
Energy of power signal = ∞

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Classification of Signals

Real and Imaginary Signals

A signal is said to be real when it satisfies the condition x(t) = x*(t)
A signal is said to be odd when it satisfies the condition x(t) = -x*(t)
Example:
If x(t)= 3 then x*(t)=3*=3 here x(t) is a real signal.
If x(t)= 3j then x*(t)=3j* = -3j = -x(t) hence x(t) is an imaginary signal.
Note: For a real signal, imaginary part should be zero. Similarly for an
imaginary signal, real part should be zero.

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Transformation of the independent variable

Basic operations on Signals:

There are two variable parameters in general:
1. Amplitude
2. Time

(1) The following operation can be performed with amplitude:

Amplitude Scaling
C x(t) is a amplitude scaled version of x(t) whose amplitude is scaled by a factor C.

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Transformation of the independent variable
Addition
Addition of two signals is nothing but addition of their corresponding amplitudes.
This can be best explained by using the following example:

As seen from the previous diagram,

-10 < t < -3 amplitude of z(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 0 + 2 = 2
-3 < t < 3 amplitude of z(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 1 + 2 = 3
3 < t < 10 amplitude of z(t) = x1(t) + x2(t) = 0 + 2 = 2

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 Transformation of the independent variable
Subtraction
subtraction of two signals is nothing but subtraction of their corresponding
amplitudes. This can be best explained by the following example:

-10 < t < -3 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) - x2(t) = 0 - 2 = -2

-3 < t < 3 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) - x2(t) = 1 - 2 = -1
3 < t < 10 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) - x2(t) = 0 - 2 = -2

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Transformation of the independent variable
Multiplication
Multiplication of two signals is nothing but multiplication of their corresponding
amplitudes. This can be best explained by the following example:

-10 < t < -3 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) ×x2(t) = 0 ×2 = 0

-3 < t < 3 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) - x2(t) = 1 ×2 = 2
3 < t < 10 amplitude of z (t) = x1(t) - x2(t) = 0 × 2 = 0

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Transformation of the independent variable
(2)The following operations can be performed with time:

Time Shifting
x(t ± t0) is time shifted version of the signal x(t).
x (t + t0) →negative shift
x (t - t0) →positive shift

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Transformation of the independent variable

Time Scaling
x(At) is time scaled version of the signal x(t). where A is always positive.
|A| > 1 → Compression of the signal
|A| < 1 → Expansion of the signal

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Transformation of the independent variable

Time Reversal
x(-t) is the time reversal of the signal x(t).

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Elementary Signals or Basic Signals

Unit Step Function

Unit step function is denoted by u(t). It is defined as u(t) = 1 when t ≥ 0 and
0 when t < 0

- It is used as best test signal.

- Area under unit step function is unity.

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Elementary Signals or Basic Signals
Unit Impulse Function

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Elementary Signals or Basic Signals

Ramp Signal

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Elementary Signals or Basic Signals:

Signum Function

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Elementary Signals or Basic Signals

Discrete (DT) Unit Impulse and Unit Step Sequences

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Exponential Signal
The continuous exponential signal is

where a > 0 results in exponential growth ,

and a < 0 results in exponential
decay . This is aperiodic!

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Exponential Signal
The discrete exponential signal is:

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Exponential Signal

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Other Signals

Rectangular Signal
Let it be denoted as x(t) and it is defined as

Triangular Signal
Let it be denoted as x(t)

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Systems and Basic System Properties

Systems are classified into the following categories:

Liner and Non-liner Systems

Time Variant and Time Invariant Systems

Liner Time variant and Liner Time invariant systems

Static and Dynamic Systems

Causal and Non-causal Systems

Invertible and Non-Invertible Systems

Stable and Unstable Systems

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Systems and Basic System Properties
Linear and Non-linear Systems
A system is said to be linear when it satisfies superposition and homogenate principles.
Consider two systems with inputs as x1(t), x2(t), and outputs as y1(t), y2(t) respectively.
Then, according to the superposition and homogenate principles,

From the above expression, is clear that response of overall system is equal to response of
individual system.

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Systems and Basic System Properties
Time Variant and Time Invariant Systems
A system is said to be time variant if its input and output characteristics vary with time.
Otherwise, the system is considered as time invariant.
The condition for time invariant system is:

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Systems and Basic System Properties

Liner Time variant (LTV) and Liner Time Invariant (LTI) Systems
If a system is both liner and time variant, then it is called liner time variant (LTV)
system.
If a system is both liner and time Invariant then that system is called liner time
invariant (LTI) system.

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Systems and Basic System Properties

Static and Dynamic Systems

Static system is memory-less whereas dynamic system is a memory system.
Example 1: y(t) = 2 x(t)
For present value t=0, the system output is y(0) = 2x(0). Here, the output is only
dependent upon present input. Hence the system is memory less or static.
Example 2: y(t) = 2 x(t) + 3 x(t-3)
For present value t=0, the system output is y(0) = 2x(0) + 3x(-3).
Here x(-3) is past value for the present input for which the system requires memory
to get this output. Hence, the system is a dynamic system.

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Systems and Basic System Properties

A system is said to be causal if its output depends upon present and past inputs, and
does not depend upon future input.
For non causal system, the output depends upon future inputs also.
Example 1: y(t) = 2 x(t) + 3 x(t-3)
For present value t=1, the system output is y(1) = 2x(1) + 3x(-2).
Here, the system output only depends upon present and past inputs. Hence, the
system is causal.
Example 2: y(t) = 2 x(t) + 3 x(t-3) + 6x(t + 3)
For present value t=1, the system output is y(1) = 2x(1) + 3x(-2) + 6x(4) Here, the
system output depends upon future input. Hence the system is non-causal system.

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Systems and Basic System Properties
Invertible and Non-Invertible systems
A system is said to invertible if the input of the system appears at the output. .

Hence, the system is invertible.

If y(t) ≠ x(t), then the system is said to be non-invertible.

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Systems and Basic System Properties
Stable and Unstable Systems
The system is said to be stable only when the output is bounded for bounded input.
For a bounded input, if the output is unbounded in the system then it is said to be
unstable.
Note: For a bounded signal, amplitude is finite.
Example 1:

Let the input is u(t) (unit step bounded input) then the output y(t) = u2(t) = u(t) =
bounded output.
Hence, the system is stable.

Example 2:

Let the input is u (t) (unit step bounded input) then the output y(t) = ∫u(t)dt =
ramp signal (unbounded because amplitude of ramp is not finite it goes to infinite
when t → infinite).
Hence, the system is unstable.
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