MODULE-4

Multivariable Calculus- I
(Multiple Integration)

Syllabus: Multiple integral: Double integral, Triple integral, Change of order of integration, Change of
variables, Applications: Area, Volume, Centre of Mass & Centre of Gravity (constant and variable
densities).

Course Outcomes
Relate the multiple integral tools for Calculating area, volume, centre of mass and centre of
gravity.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.No. Topic Page No.

4.1 Course Objectives of Module 4 1

4.2 Introduction 2
4.3 Multiple Integration 2
4.3.1 Double Integral 3
4.3.2 Triple Integral 12
4.3.3 Change of order of integration 15
4.3.4 Change of variables 19
4.4 Applications 30
4.4.1 Area 30
4.4.2 Volume 36
4.4.3 Centre of mass & Centre of gravity 41
( Constant and variable densities)
4.5 Related Links 46

1
4.2 INTRODUCTION
Multiple integral is a natural extension of a definite integral to a function of two variables (Double integral) or
three variables (triple integral) or more variables.

4.2.1 APPLICATIONS

➢ Double and triple integrals are useful in finding Area.

➢ Double and triple integrals are useful in finding Volume.
➢ Double and triple integrals are useful in finding Mass.
➢ Double and triple integrals are useful in finding Centroid.
➢ In finding Average value of a function.
➢ In finding Distance, Velocity, Acceleration.
➢ Useful in calculating Kinetic energy and Improper Integrals.
➢ In finding Arc Length of a curve.
➢ The most important application of Multiple Integrals involves finding areas bounded by a curve and
coordinate axes and area between two curves.
➢ It includes finding solutions to various complicated problems of work and energy.
➢ In mechanics, the moment of inertia is calculated as the volume integral (triple integral) of
the density weighed with the square of the distance from the axis.
➢ Multiple integrals are used in many applications in physics. The gravitational potential associated with a mass
distribution given by a mass measure on three-dimensional Euclidean space R3 is calculated by triple
integration.
➢ In electromagnetism, Maxwell's equations can be written using multiple integrals to calculate the total
magnetic and electric fields.
➢ We can determine the probability of an event if we know the probability density function using double
integration.

4.3 MULTIPLE INTEGRAL

4.3.1 Double integral

A double integral is its counterpart in two dimensions. Let a single valued and bounded function f(x, y) of two
independent variables x, y defined in a closed region R.

Then double integral of f(x, y) over the region R is denoted by,

Also we can express as or

2
4.3.1.2 Evaluation of Double Integral in Cartesian Coordinates

The method of evaluating the double integrals depends upon the nature of the curves bounding the region R. Let the region
be bounded by the curves .

(i) When are functions of y and are constants: If we have functional limits of x in terms of dependent
variable y [ and constant limits of variable y then we will first integrate with respect to variable x
in case of double integral, as follows:

(Here we have drawn the strip parallel to x axis, because

variable limits [ are provided.)

(ii) When are functions of x and are constants: If we have functional limits of y in terms of dependent
variable x [ and constant limits of variable x then we will first integrate with respect to variable y
in case of double integral, as follows:

3
(Here we have drawn the strip parallel to y axis, because variable limits [ are provided.)

(iii) When are constants: If we have both the variables x and y with constant limits then we
can first integrate with respect to any variable x or y in case of double integral, as follows:

(Here we can draw the strip parallel to any of the axes, because both x and y are having constant limits.)

From case no. (i) and (ii) discussed above, we observe that integration is to be performed w.r.t. the variable
limits first and then w.r.t. the variable with constant limits.

4.3.1.3 Solved examples

Example1: Evaluate .

Solution: = (Here we have constant limits for both x and y variables,

so we may integrate w.r.t. any variable the first)

4
 =

= = = (Answer)

Example 2: Evaluate over the area bounded by the ellipse

Solution: (Here we have area bounded by the curve , depending on variables x and y so we have to construct

a strip parallel to any one axis to observe variable limits of one variable.)

For the ellipse we may write or

The region of integration R can be expressed as

-a ,

where we have chosen variable limits of y and constant limits of x.

So first we will integrate w.r.t. y,

5
 =

= +0 [using the property of even and odd functions.]

=2

=4 Putting x = a sin

dx = a cos

=4

=4

=4[ = = (Answer)

Example3: Evaluate over the part of the plane bounded by the lines y= x and the parabola y = 4x - .

Solution: The line y =x and the parabola y = 4x - intersect each other at two distinct points O (0,0) and A (3,3). Now
in the intersected area we will construct a strip suitably parallel to x-axis or y-axis to have variable limit of one variable in
terms of other variable.

6
 = dx

= - ] dx

= - ] dx

= = (Answer)

Example 4: Evaluate over the region R bounded by the parabolas .

Solution: Solving , we have

x = 0, 4
When x = 4, y = 4
Co-ordinates of A (intersection point of parabolas) are (4, 4)
The region R can be expressed as
0 x 4,

7
 y dx =

= dx =

= = (Answer)

Example 5: Evaluate , where S is a triangle with vertices (0, 0), (10, 1) and (1, 1).

Solution: Let OAB be the triangle formed by given vertices (0, 0), (10, 1) and (1, 1) as shown in the figure through shaded
area.

The equation of the line joining O (0, 0) and A (1, 1) can be find as follows,

The equation of the line joining O (0, 0) and B (10, 1) can be calculated as follows,

Here we have taken strip intentionally parallel to x-axis, so that the strip bounded by x = y and x = 10 y may cover the
complete shaded area from y = 0 to y = 1.

Hence the region of integration can be expressed as

8
 dxdy = dxdy

= dy =

= 18 = 18 (Answer)

Example 6: Let D be the region in the first quadrant bounded by the curves xy = 16, x = y, y = 0 and x = 8.Sketch the
region of integration of the following integral and evaluate it by expressing it as an appropriate repeated
integral.

Solution: In this question we have to integrate the given function within the region bounded by the straight line x = y,
hyperbola xy = 16, y = 0 and x = 8, so first we will draw the figure for clarity finding all intersection points of curves
provided in question.

9
Here we can see the equations x = y and xy = 16, on solving give intersection point at A (4, 4)

Similarly on solving xy =16 and x = 8, we get the intersection point at B (8, 2)

Drawing the curves we get the intersection area as shown in figure.

Now we are to decide with respect to which variable we should first integrate, we construct strips in such a manner that
the complete area may be covered.

Here we cannot cover the whole shaded area using single strip (Neither parallel to x- axis nor parallel to y- axis).

Because area is changing from dotted lines, if we plot strip parallel to y-axis and also area is changing from lines drawn, if
we plot the strip parallel to x-axis. So in both cases we need to draw two strips.

Here we are splitting the area OABNO in two parts by AM as shown in figure and plotted strips parallel to y- axis from x
= 0 to x = 4 and from x= 4 to x = 8

Then, =

10
 =

= = = 64 +8(64 -16) = 64 +384 = 448 (Answer)

4.3.1.4 Practice problems

2 x dydx
1. Evaluate 1 0 Ans :
2 2
x +y

2. Evaluate . Ans. 8( log8-2)+e

3. Evaluate:

(i) Ans. ½
(ii) Ans. 41/210
(iii) Ans. log a log b

(iv) Ans.3/ 35

4. Evaluate over the first quadrant of the ellipse . Ans.

5. Evaluate over the area between . Ans. 3/56

6. Evaluate , where A is the domain bounded by x-axis, ordinate x = 2a and the curve .

Ans.

4.3.1.5 Evaluation of Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates

In polar coordinates we know that, x = r cos and y = r sin

Sometimes integration can be easier by converting Cartesian form to polar form. In such cases we may evaluate integral
by polar coordinates using variable r and in the same manner as we done earlier. Here we draw radial strip to decide the
limit in order to cover the whole area.

4.3.1.6 Solved Examples

Example 1: Evaluate , over the area bounded between the circles r = 2 cos and r = 4 cos .

11
Solution: The region of integration R is shown shaded. Here r varies from r = 2 cos to r = 4 cos while varies
from .

dr d =

= = 120 = 120 = (Answer)

Reference formula: = =

Example 2: Evaluate .

Solution: I =

12
 = = = (Answer)

4.3.1.7 Practice problems

 a cos 
  r sin  drd
2
1. Evaluate Ans:
0 0

2. Evaluate Ans:

3. Evaluate , over the area bounded between the circles r = 2 sin and r = 4 sin . Ans:

4.3.2 TRIPLE INTEGRALS

Consider a function f(x, y, z) which is continuous at every point of a finite region V of three dimensional space.

The triple integral of f(x, y, z) over the region and is denoted by

For purpose of evaluation, it can be expressed as the repeated integral

……………………….(1)

the order of integration depending upon the limits.

Working rule:

Let

Let .

Then the integral (i) is evaluated as follows

First f(x,y,z) is integrated w.t.r. x (keeping y and x constant)between the limits and .

13
The resulting expression, which is a function of y and z is then integrated w.r.t. y (keeping

z constant) between the limits and .The resulting expression , which of the function of

z only is then integrated w.r.t. z between the limits and . The order of integration is

from the innermost rectangle to the outermost rectangle.

Limits involving two variables are to be kept innermost, then the limits involving

one variable and finally the constant limits.

If are all constants, then the order of integration is immaterial, provided the limits are
changed accordingly. Thus

= =

4.3.2.1 Solved examples

Example 1: Evaluate .

Solution: Let I =

= = = (Answer)

Example 2: Evaluate .

Solution: I=

14
 =

= = =8 (Answer)

Example 3: Evaluate , where R:0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 1 ≤ y ≤ 2, 2 ≤ z ≤ 3.

Solution: Here limits are constant but different for x,y,z. So we may integrate in any order w.r.t. x,y or z, but limits are
fixed for x,y,z [0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 1 ≤ y ≤ 2, 2 ≤ z ≤ 3]

= dx

= = = ½+4 – 0 = 9/2(Answer)

4.3.2.2 Practice Problems

1. Evaluate the integral: Ans.1/48

2. Evaluate , where S is the region bounded by the surfaces

and z = x+3. Ans.837/160

3. Evaluate , where R is the region determined by 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ ,

0 ≤ z ≤ x+y. Ans.8/ 35

4. Evaluate Ans.

15
4.3.3 CHANGE OF ORDER OF INTEGRATION

In double integral, if the limits of integration are constant, then the order of integration does not matter, provided the limits
of integration are changed accordingly. Thus,

But if the limits of integration are variable, then in order to change the order of limits of integration we have to construct
the rough figure of given region of integration and re construct the strip parallel to that axis with respect to which we want
to first integrate.

Mostly we need this process to make our integration simpler if possible.

4.3.3.1 Solved examples

Example 1: Evaluate the following integral by changing the order of integration

Solution: The given limits show that the region of integration is bounded by the curves y = , y = e, x = 0, x = 1.
Plotting these curves we have the shaded region of integration as shown in figure.

In given problem we had variable limits of y in terms of x, so we had to integrate w.r.t. y the first. But we are instructed to
solve this problem changing the order of integration.

16
Now to integrate first w.r.t. x we have to find variable limits of x in terms of y. So we have to construct a strip parallel to
x- axis in order to find variable limits of x.

From the strip we can see lower limit lies on x = 0 and y = in between the constant limits of y from y = 1
to y = e.

Hence =

= = = (e-1) (Answer).

Example 2: Change the order of integration in I = and hence evaluate the same

Solution: From the variable limits of integration, it is clear that we have to integrate first w.r. to y which varies from y
= to y = 2-x and then with respect to x which varies from x = 0
y
to x = 1. The region of integration is divided into vertical strips. B

For changing the order of integration, we divide the region of

X=0
integration into horizontal strips. Y=
Solving y = and y = 2-x, the co-ordinates of A are (1,1).

Draw AM OY. The region of integration is divided into M A(1,1)

y =2-x
two parts, OAM and MAB.

For the region OAM, x varies from 0 to 2-y and y varies from 1 to 2. x

O Y =0

= =

= (Answer)

Example 3: Change the order of integration in the following integral and evaluate:

17
 .

Solution: From the limit of integral, it is clear that we have to first integrate with respect to y, having variable limits of y
in terms of x (y = to y = ). So integration is performed along the strip PQ shown in figure.

In above figure we drawn both the parabolas intersecting at A(4a,4a).

In order to change the order of integration we draw a strip P’Q’, which extend from P’ on parabola x = to Q’ on

parabola x= and varying from y = 0 to y = 4a.

= =

= = = = (Answer)

Example 4: Change the order of integration and hence evaluate

18
 Solution: The given limits shows that the area
of integration lies between , y = a, x =
0, x = a.

We can consider it as lying between y =0, y =

a, x = 0, x =

by changing the order of integration. Hence the

given integral,

= = =

= (Answer)

Example5: Evaluate the following integral by changing the order of integration:

Solution: The given limits shows that the area of

integration lies between y = x, y = ∞, x = 0 and x = ∞.

We can consider it as lying between x = 0, x = y, y = 0

and y = ∞ by changing the order of integration.

Hence the given integral,

19
 =

= 1-0 = 1 (Answer)

4.3.3.2 Practice problems

1. Evaluate the integrals by changing the order of integration:

(i) Ans: 1-

(ii) Ans:

(iii) Ans: 3/8

(iv) Ans: ½(1- cos 1)

(v) Ans:

(vi) Ans:

(vii) Ans:

(viii) Ans:

(ix) Ans: 27

(x) Ans:

4.3.4 CHANGE OF VARIABLES

In simple integration, we use substitution to make our integration simpler than before. Similarly, in double or triple
integration we use suitable change of variables to make the evaluation of integration simple.
In general, there are following four types of transformation:
i. To change Cartesian co-ordinates ( x, y ) to some given co-ordinates (u , v) .

ii. To change Cartesian co-ordinates ( x, y ) to polar co-ordinates ( r ,  ) .

iii. To change Cartesian co-ordinates ( x, y, z ) to spherical polar co-ordinates (r ,  ,  ) .

iv. To change Cartesian co-ordinates ( x, y, z ) to cylindrical co-ordinates ( r ,  , z ) .

4.3.4.1 To change Cartesian co-ordinates ( x, y ) to some given co-ordinates (u, v) :

20
Let there be two variables ( x, y ) in the double integral  R f ( x, y)dxdy .We are to change these variables to some
variables (u , v) under the transformation x =  (u , v), y =  (u , v) . Under this transformation the given integral takes the
x x
(x, y ) u v is called the Jacobian of given transformation from
form  R ' f  (u, v ),  (u, v ) J dudv where J = =
(u, v ) y y
u v
( x, y ) to (u, v) . Also R ' is the region in the uv-plane corresponding to the region R in xy-plane.

4.3.4.2 To change Cartesian co-ordinates ( x, y ) to polar co-ordinates ( r ,  ) :

We know that x = r cos  , y = r sin  and x 2 + y 2 = r 2 ,so

x x
J=
 (x, y ) r 
=
(r , ) y y
=
cos  − r sin 
sin  r cos 
( )
= r cos 2  + sin 2  = r.

r 
  R f (x, y )dxdy =  R ' f (r cos  , r sin  ) r drd .

4.3.4.3 To change Cartesian co-ordinates ( x, y, z ) to spherical polar co-ordinates (r ,  ,  ) :

In spherical coordinates

21
x = r sin  cos  ,
y = r sin  sin  ,
z = r cos 
and x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2 , so

x x x
r   sin  cos  r cos  cos  − r sin  sin 
 (x, y, z ) y y y
J= = = sin  sin  r cos  sin  r sin  cos  = r 2 sin  .
 (r , ,  ) r  
z z z cos  − r sin  0
r  
  f ( x, y, z )dxdydz =  f (r sin  cos  , r sin  sin  , r cos  ) r 2 sin  drdd .
V V

• For full volume of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a 2 ;0  r  a,0     ,0    2 .

• For first (positive) octant of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a 2 ;0  r  a,0     ,0     .

2 2
4.3.4.4 To change Cartesian co-ordinates ( x, y, z ) to cylindrical co-ordinates (r ,  , z ) :
In cylindrical coordinates,

x = r cos  ,
y = r sin  ,
z=z
and x 2 + y 2 = r 2 , so

22
 x x x
r  z cos  − r sin  0
J=
 ( x, y, z ) y
=
 (r ,  , z ) r
y

y
z
= sin  r cos  ( )
0 = r cos 2  + sin 2  = r.
z z z 0 0 1
r  z
  f ( x, y, z ) dx dy dz =  f (r cos  , r sin  , z ) r dr d dz.
V V

• For full volume of the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = a 2 & z = b to z = c;0  r  a, b  z  c,0    2 .

• For first(positive) octant of the cylinder

x 2 + y 2 = a 2 & z = b to z = c;0  r  a, b  z  c,0     / 2.

4.3.4.5 Solved examples

2 2x− x2 xdydx
Example 1: Evaluate   by changing into polar co-ordinates.
2 2
0 0 x +y
Solution: In the given integral,
x varies from 0 to 2

y varies from 0 to 2x − x2

Now, y = 2 x − x 2  y 2 = 2 x − x 2 or x 2 + y 2 = 2 x .

In polar co-ordinates, we have x = r cos  ; y = r sin  ,

23
 Therefore, in polar coordinates x 2 + y 2 = 2 x becomes r 2 = 2r cos  or r = 2 cos  .


For this region of integration r varies from 0 to 2 cos  and  varies from 0 to .
2
So for polar coordinates, put x = r cos  ; y = r sin  and dxdy = rdrd  in the given integral,
 
2 2cos 2cos
r cos  2
I=

 =0 r =0
r
rdrd = 
 =0

r =0
r cos  drd

 2cos 
2
 r2  2
2 4
=  cos    d =  =0 2 cos 3
 d = 2. = ( Answer )
 =0  2 0 3 3

Example 2: Evaluate  z ( x 2 + y 2 )dxdydz over the volume of the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 1 intercepted by the planes z = 2
and z = 3 .
Solution: Here,

(
I =  z x 2 + y 2 dxdydz )
Now using cylindrical polar coordinates,
3 2 1
I=    z.r .rdrd dz
2

z = 2 =0 r =0

2 1
3
 r4 
I =   z   d dz
z =2  =0 
4 0
2 3
1
3
1  z2   5
I =  z ( ) dz = .2   = ( 9 − 4 ) = ( Answer )
4 z =2 0
4  2 2 4 4

24
Example 3: Evaluate the integral:  z 2 dxdydz over the volume of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 by changing into
spherical polar coordinates.
Solution: Using spherical polar coordinates, given integral becomes:
2  1
I=   r cos 2  .r 2 sin  drd d
2

 
=0 =0 r =0

2  1
 r5 
I =     cos 2  sin  d d
 =0  =0  5 0
2 
1
I=    sin  d d
2
  cos
  5
=0 =0
2  /2
2
I=  
5  =0  =0
cos 2  sin  d d

2  /2
I=
2
5 =0  =0
(1 − sin 2  ) sin  d d
2  /2
I =   ( sin  − sin 3  ) d d
2
5  =0  =0
2
2   2
I =  ( − cos  )0 2 − d (using Walli's formula)
5  =0  3
2 1 4
I = . .2 = ( Answer ) .
5 3 15

Example 4: Evaluate  xyzdxdydz over the positive octant of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = b 2 by transforming into
spherical polar coordinates.
Solution: By changing into spherical polar coordinates, given integral becomes
 
2 2 b
I=    (r sin  cos  )(r sin  sin  )(r cos  )r sin  drd d
2

 
=0 =0 r =0
 
b6 2 2 3
6 =0  =0
I= sin  sin  cos  cos  d d

 
b6 2 2 3 b6
( Answer ) .
6 =0  =0
I= sin  sin  cos  cos  d d  =
48

Example 5: Evaluate  (x + y )2 dx dy, where R is the parallelogram in the xy-plane with vertices (1, 0), (3, 1), (2, 2),
R

(0, 1) using the transformation u = x + y and v = x − 2 y.

25
Solution: The region R in xy-plane i.e., parallelogram ABCD with vertices A (1,0), B (3,1), C (2,2), D (0,1) becomes
region R ' in uv-plane i.e., rectangle A' B 'C ' D ' with vertices A ' (1,1), B ' (4,1), C ' (4,-2), D ' (1,-2).

Solving the given equations for x and y , we get x =

1
(2u + v ), y = 1 (u − v ) .
3 3
Here

x x 2 1
(x, y ) u v = 3 3 = − 1.
J= =
(u, v ) y y 1
−
1 3
u v 3 3
1 4 1
1
  ( x + y ) dx dy =  ' u J du dv =   u du dv =  7dv = 21( Answer ) .
2 2 2
R R
−2 1
3 −2

x− y
Example 6: Using the transformation x − y = u, x + y = v, show that  R sin  dx dy = 0, where R is the region
x+ y 
bounded by the co-ordinate axes and x + y = 1 in first quadrant.

Solution: Here, region R is a triangle OAB in xy-plane having sides x = 0, y = 0 and x + y = 1.

Also

u u
(u, v ) x y 1 − 1
J= = = = 2.
(x, y ) v v 1 1
x y

Using given transformation, we get

If x = 0, y = 0 then u = −v, u = v.

If x + y = 1 then v = 1.

Thus corresponding region R ' in uv-plane is a triangle OPQ bounded by u = −v, u = v, v = 1.

26
Therefore, in uv-plane the given integral becomes

u1
1 v
I =   sin   du dv
0 −v v2
v
  u 
1 − cos  
1   v   dv
I = 
2 0  1 
  v  
−v
1
1
I =  v  − cos1 + cos ( −1) dv
20
I = 0 ( Answer ) .

2
x 2− y
Example 7: Using the transformation u = x − y and v = x + y , evaluate the integral  R (x − y )e dx dy where R is
the region bounded by the lines x + y = 1and x + y = 3 and the curves x 2 − y 2 = −1and x 2 − y 2 = 1.

Solution: Region R in xy − plane is shown below:

27
From given transformation,
u = x − y;v = x + y
u+v v−u
x= ;y =
2 2

Using this, x + y = 1; x + y = 3 become v = 1; v = 3. Also the curves x 2 − y 2 = −1; x 2 − y 2 = 1 become

uv = 1; uv = −1.

Thus, under the given transformation region R in xy − plane becomes region R ' in uv − plane .

1 1
 ( x, y ) 2 −
Also J ( x, y ) = = 2 =1
(u, v ) 1 1 2
2 2
Therefore, under the given transformation
3 1/ v
1
( x − y )e x
2− y 2

R
dx dy =  
2 v =1 u =−1/ v
ueuv du dv

2
R ( x − y )e ( Answer ) .
2− y 2
x
dx dy =
3e
2 2
Example 8: Determine the value of the integral  D e x + y dV where D is the region bounded by the planes

y = 0, z = 0, y = x and the paraboloid z = 4 − x 2 − y 2 .

Solution: Changing into cylindrical coordinates,
 /4 2 4 − r 2

    e r r dz dr d
x2 + y 2
dV =
2
e
D
=0 r =0 z =0
 /4 2

   e r ( 4 − r ) dr d
+ y2
dV =
2 2
ex r 2
D
0 0

 /4
 4 e4 1  ( e4 − 5) 
 e x2 + y 2
dV =   2e − 2 − 2e + − d =
4
( Answer ) .
D
0  2 2 8
28
4.3.4.6 Practice problems
1. Evaluate the following by changing into polar coordinates:

2 2
a a −y  a5
  y2 x 2 + y 2 dx dy Ans:
0 0 20

 −  x 2 + y 2  
2. Change into polar coordinates and evaluate   e   dy dx. Ans:
00 4

( )
3. Use cylindrical coordinates to evaluate  x 2 + y 2 dx dy dz taken over the region V bounded by the paraboloid
V
243
z = 9 − x 2 − y 2 and the plane z = 0 . Ans:
2
2 2
1 1− x 2 1− y − x dz dy dx 2
4. Evaluate    , by changing to spherical polar coordinates. Ans:
0 0 0 1 − x2 − y2 − z 2 8

5. Let D be the region in the first quadrant bounded by x = 0, y = 0 and x + y = 1. Change the variables
x, y to u, v where x + y = u, y = uv and evaluate

 D xy(1 − x − y ) 2 dx dy.
1
Ans: 16/945

6. Prove that the area in the positive quadrant bounded by the curves y 2 = 4ax, y 2 = 4bx, xy = c 2 and xy = d 2 is

(
1 2
3
) b
d − c 2 log  ; d  c, b  a.
a

x2 + y2 + z2
7. Determine the value of the integral  D e dV where D is the region bounded by the planes

2 2 2  ( 5e3 − 2 )
y = 0, z = 0, y = x and the sphere x + y + z = 9. Ans:
4
Hint: 0  r  3;0     / 4;0     / 2

4.4 APPLICATIONS
4.4.1 AREA

4.4.1.1 Cartesian Co-ordinates: The area A of the region bounded by two curves y = f1 (x), y = f 2 (x) and the
b f 2 (x )
lines x = a, x = b is given by A =   dy dx .
a f1 ( x )

29
4.4.1.2 Polar Co-ordinates: The area A of the region bounded by two curves r = f1 ( ), r = f 2 ( ) and the lines
 f 2 ( )
 =  , =  is given by A =   rdr d .
 f1 ( )

4.4.1.3 Solved Examples

Example 1: Find the area lying between the parabola y = 4 x − x 2 and the line y = x .

Solution: Solving the equations of given curves, we get x = 0,3.

Selecting the vertical strip, the required area lies between x = 0, x = 3 and y = x, y = 4 x − x 2 .

Therefore, required area

3 4 x − x2
A=  dydx
0 x

3 4 x − x2

A =   y dx
0 x
3
A =  ( 3x − x 2 )dx
0
3
 3x 2 x3  27 9
A= −  = − 9 = ( Answer ) .
 2 3 0 2 2

Example 2: Determine the area of region bounded by the curves xy = 2,4 y = x 2 , y = 4.

Solution: Selecting horizontal strip, the required area lies between

xy = 2,4 y = x 2 , y = 4 alongwith point of intersecti on of curves xy = 2,4 y = x 2 , i.e., x = 2, y = 1.

30
Therefore, required area
4 2 y

A=  
y =1 x = 2/ y
dx dy

( )
4
A =  2 y − 2 / y dy
1
4
2 
A = 2  y 3/2 − log y 
3 1
 16  2  28
A = 2  − 2 log 2  −  = − 4 log 2 ( Answer )
 3  3 3
Example 3: Find, by double integration, the area lying inside the cardioid r = a(1+ cos ) and outside the circle r = a.

Solution: Since the bounded region is symmetric about initial line, we calculate the area lying above the initial line only.

31
Required area

2 r (cardioid)
A=2   rd dr
 = 0 r (circle)

2 a (1+ cos  )
A=2   rd dr
 =0 a
 a (1+ cos  )
2 r2 
A=2    d
 = 0  2  a

A=a 2 2

 =0
 2

 (1 + cos  ) − 1 d


A=a 2 2

 =0

 cos  + 2 cos  d
2

1 
2
 a
A = a2  . + 2 = ( + 8)(using Walli' s formula ) (Answer)
2 2  4

Example 4: Find by the double integration, the area lying inside a cardioid r = (1+ cos ) and outside the parabola
r (1 + cos ) = 1.
Solution: Since bounded region is symmetric about initial line,

Therefore, required area=2area above the initial line

32
  / 2 r = cardioid
A=2   r dr d
 = 0 r = parabola
1+ cos 
 / 2 r2 
A=2    d
 
0  2  1
1+ cos 
 /2 
A =  (1 + cos  )2 −
1
d
0  ( )
1 + cos  
2

 /2  /2
A =  (1 + cos  )2 d − 
1
d
0 (1 + cos  )
2
0
 /2

0
(
A =  1 + cos 2  + 2 cos  d − ) 1 /2 4 
4 0
 sec
2
d

Let
 /2
(
I1 =  1 + cos 2  + 2 cos  d
0
)
1 /2 4 
and I 2 =  sec d , then
4 0 2
 /2
(
I1 =  1 + cos 2  + 2 cos  d
0
)
 1  3
I1 = + . +2= +2
2 2 2 4
1 /2 4 
I2 =  sec d
4 0 2
1 /4 4 
I2 =  sec  . 2d let =
4 0 2
 d = 2d

I2 =
1 /4
2 0
(
 1 + tan  sec  d
2 2
) let t = tan 

 dt = sec 2 d

I2 =
11
(2
 1 + t dt
20
)
1
1  t 3  2
I2 = t + =
2  3  3
0

3 2 3 4
Hence required area= +2− = + ( Answer ) .
4 3 4 3

33
Example 5: Find the area bounded by the lines y = sin x, y = cos x, x = 0.

Solution: Clearly, dotted portion is the required area.

Therefore,
 /4 cos x
A=  
0 sin x
dy dx

 /4
A=  ( cos x − sin x )dx
0

A = ( sin x + cos x )0
 /4

 1
A=
 2
  1
− 0 + 

+ 1 =
  2 
( )
2 − 1 ( Answer )

4.4.1.4 Practice problems

1. Find the area between the curves y = x 2 and y = x 3 . Ans:1/12

16 2
2. Using double integral find the area bounded by the curves y = 1 − x 2 and y = x 2 − 3. Ans:
3

Hint: − 2  x  2; x 2 − 3  y  1 − x 2

x2 y2
3. Find, by double integration, the area enclosed by the ellipse + =1. Ans:  ab
2 2
a b

34
 1
4. Evaluate the area enclosed between the parabola y = x 2 and the straight line y = x. Ans:
6

5. Find, by double integration, the area of the region enclosed by the curves x 2 + y 2 = a 2 ; x + y = a in the first
a 2 ( − 2 )
quadrant. Ans:
4
16 2
6. Show, by double integration, that the area between the parabolas y 2 = 4ax and x 2 = 4ay is a .
3
7. Find the area bounded by the circles r = 2 sin  and r = 4 sin  . Ans: 3

a2
8. Find the area of one loop of the lemniscate r 2 = a 2 cos 2 . Ans:
2
3a 2
9. Find the area of the loop of the curve x 3 + y 3 = 3xy. Ans:
2

4.4.2 VOLUME
4.4.2(a) VOLUME BY DOUBLE INTEGRATION
4.4.2.1 Cartesian Co-ordinates: The volume V in Cartesian co-ordinates over the region R is given by

V =  z dx dy.
R

4.4.2.2 Polar Co-ordinates: Let the equation of the surface be z = f (r,  ). The volume V is given by

V =  z rdr d.
R
4.4.2(b) VOLUME BY TRIPLE INTEGRATION

The volume of a three dimensional region is given by V dx dy dz .

If the region is bounded by z = f1 (x, y ), z = f 2 (x, y ); y = 1 (x), y = 2 (x)and x = a, x = b , then the volume of the
b 2 ( x ) f2 ( x, y )

bounded region is V =   
x = a y = 1 ( x ) z = f1 ( x , y )
dz dy dx .

In cylindrical coordinates: V = V rdr d dz .

In spherical polar coordinates: V = V r 2 sin  dr d d .

4.4.2.3 Solved examples

Example 1: Find the volume bounded by the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 4 and the planes y + z = 4 and z = 0.

Solution: Clearly, z = 4 − y is to be integrated over the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 in xy − plane .

35
Therefore, required volume

2 4− y 2

V= 
y =−2 x =− 4 − y 2
 z dx dy

2 4− y 2

V = 2
−2
 ( 4 − y )dx dy
0
2
V = 2  ( 4 − y ) 4 − y 2 dy
−2

( )
2 2
V = 2  4 4 − y dy − 2  y 4 − y 2 dy 2
using the property of odd function
−2 −2
2 2
V = 8  4 − y 2 dy = 16  4 − y 2 dy
−2 0
2
 y 4 − y2 y
V = 16  + 2sin −1 
 2 2 
0


V = 16  2sin −1 1 = 32  = 16 ( Answer )
2

Example2: A triangular prism is formed by planes whose equations are ay = bx, y = 0 and x = a. Find the volume of the
prism between the planes z = 0 and the surface z = c + xy.

Solution: The volume of the bounded region

bx
a a c + xy
V=   
x =0 y =0 z =0
dz dy dx

bx
a a
V =   ( c + xy ) dy dx
0 0
a bx
V =  ( cx + xy 2 / 2 ) a dx
0
0
a
 cxb b 2 3 
V =  + 2 x dx
0  a 2a 
a a
cb  x 2  b2  x4 
V=   + 2 
a  2  0 2a  4  0
abc a 2b 2
V= + ( Answer ) .
2 8

36
Example 3: Find the volume of the cylindrical column standing on the area common to the parabolas x = y 2 and y = x 2

as base and cut-off by the surface z = 12 + y − x 2 .

Solution: Since the column is standing on xy − plane , therefore at the base of the cylinder z = 0.

So, the volume of the cylindrical column

x z =12 + y − x
2
1
V=  
x =0 y = x2

z =0
dz dy dx

1 x
V =  (12 + y − x )dy dx
2

0 x2
x
1
 y2 
V =  12 y + − yx 2  dx
0  x2
2
1
 x x4 
V =  12 x + − x 5 2 − 12 x 2 − + x 4 dx
0 
2 2
1
 3 x2 2 7 x5 x5 
V =  8 x 2 + − x 2 − 4 x3 − + 
 4 7 10 5 0
1 2 1 1 569
V = 8+ − −4− + = ( Answer ) .
4 7 10 5 140

Example 4: Find, by triple integration, the volume of the region bounded by the paraboloid az = x 2 + y 2 and
the cylinder R 2 = x 2 + y 2 .

Solution: Changing into cylindrical coordinates,

37
 r2
For paraboloid: x = r cos  , y = r sin  so that z = .
a

For cylinder : r 2 = R 2 or r = R.

Now, using the symmetry of the bounded region, the required volume is
 r2
2 R a
V =4   
 =0 r =0 z =0
r dzdr d


2R
V = 4   r. r
2
dr d
a
0 0
 R 
 r4 
2
1 2
 R4
V = 4    d =  R 4 d = ( Answer ) .
0 
4a  0 a 0
2a

Example 5: Find the volume common to the cylinders x 2 + y 2 = a 2 and x 2 + z 2 = a 2 .

Solution: It is clear from given equations that the base of one cylinder is on xy − plane and of other is on
xz − plane . So the volume of the common region of both cylinders is

a a2 − x2 a2 − x2
V=  
x =− a y =− a 2 − x 2 z =− a 2 − x 2
 dz dy dx

a a2 − x2

   z −
a2 − x2
V= a2 − x2
dy dx
− a − a2 − x2

a a2 − x2
V=  
− a − a2 − x2
2 a 2 − x 2 dy dx

a a
16a 3
V = 4  ( a 2 = x 2 )dx = 8 ( a 2 = x 2 )dx = ( Answer ) .
−a 0
3

Example 6: Find the volume bounded above by the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a 2 and below by the cone

x2 + y2 = z 2 .

Solution: The bounded region lies between the cone x 2 + y 2 = z 2 and the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a 2 .

So required volume is
V = V dz dy dx .

Here, z = x 2 + y 2 and z = a 2 − x 2 − y 2 ;

Also the intersection of the given surfaces gives,

38
 a2
x2 + y2 + x2 + y2 = a2  x2 + y2 = .
2
Using polar coordinates,
a
2 2 a2 −r 2
V=

  
=0 r =0 z =r
r dzdr d

2 2

  ( z )r
a2 −r 2
V= rdr d
0 0

  (r )
2 2
V= a 2 − r 2 − r 2 dr d 
0 0

1
2   a2 32 3 
 −   + a 3 − a d
V=
3    2  2 2
0
 
1 
V = a 3 1 −
3 
1 

2
.2 = 2 − 2 
a3
3
(
( Answer ) . )
4.4.2.3 Practice problems
1. Calculate the volume of the solid bounded by the surface x = 0, y = 0, x + y + z = 1and z = 0. Ans: 1/6

2. Find by triple integration, the volume of the paraboloid of revolution x 2 + y 2 = 4 z cut-off by the plane
z = 4. Ans: 32

( 2
) ( )
3. The sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a 2 is pierced by the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = a 2 x 2 − y 2 .Prove that the volume of
8 5 4 2  3
the sphere that lies inside the cylinder is  + − a .
3  4 3 3 


4. Find the volume of the region of the solid which is bounded by the surface 2 z = x 2 + y 2 and z = x. Ans:
4
x y z
5. Compute V x 2 dx dy dz over the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 and + + = 1.
a b c

a 3bc
Ans:
60
x y z
8. Evaluate V x 2 yz dx dy dz over the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 and + + = 1.
a b c

a3b 2c 2
Ans:
2520

9. Find the volume enclosed between the two surfaces z = 8 − x 2 − y 2 and z = x 2 + 3 y 2 . Ans: 8 2

39
10. Find the volume bounded by the elliptic paraboloids z = x 2 + 9 y 2 and z = 18 − x 2 − 9 y 2 . Ans: 27

1
9− x 2
3 3 18 − x 2 − 9 y 2
Hint: V =    dz dy dx
− 3 −1 2 2
9− x 2 x +9 y
3

11. Find, by triple integration, the volume in the positive octant bounded by the coordinate planes and the plane
x + 2 y + 3z = 4. Ans: 16 / 9

2  1 4
12. If the volume of an object in spherical coordinates is given by V =    r 3 sin  dr d d . Evaluate V . Ans:
0 00 3

4.4.3 CALCULATION OF MASS AND CENTRE OF GRAVITY (Constant and variable densities)
4.4.3.1 Calculation of Mass

(a) For a plane lamina: If the area of lamina is A and density at any point is  = f (x, y ) then the total mass
M =  A dx dy =M =  A f (x, y )dx dy

In polar co-ordinates,  = f (r, ) then the total mass

M =  A rdr d =M =  A f (r , )rdr d .

(b) For a solid: If the volume of the solid is V and density at any point is  = f (x, y, z ) then the total mass
M = V  dx dy dz =V f (x, y, z ) dx dy dz.

4.4.3.2 Calculation of Centre of Gravity

( )
If x, y is the required centre of gravity then,

  xdx dy   ydx dy
x= ,y =
  dx dy   dx dy

In polar coordinates,

  .r cos  . r dr d   . r sin  . r dr d
x= , y=
  r dr d   r dr d

where  is the density.

4.4.3.3 Solved examples

Example 1: A triangular thin plate with vertices (0,0), (2,0) and (2,4) has density  = 1 + x + y. Then find:

(i) the mass of the plate

(ii) the position of centre of gravity G .
Solution: (i)

40
Total mass

M =   dx dy
A
2 2x
M =   (1 + x + y )dydx
0 0
2x

2
y2 
M =  (1 + x ) y +  dx
0 
2 0
2
M =  ( 2 x + 4 x 2 ) dx
0
2
 4  44
M =  x 2 + x 3  = ( Answer ) .
 3 0 3

(ii) Centre of gravity

x=
  xdx dy =   xdx dy
  dx dy M
2 2x
3
(1 + x + y )xdx dy
44 0 0
x=

2
x=
3

44 0
( 2 x + 4 x 2 )xdx

2
3 2  16
x =  x3 + x 4  =
44  3 0 11

41
   ydx dy   ydx dy
y= =
  dx dy M
3 22x
y=   (1 + x + y )ydydx
44 0 0
2x
3 2 y 2 y3 
y=  (1 + x ) +  dx
44 0  2 3 
0

3 2 y3 
y=  (1 + x )2 x 2
+  dx
44 0  3 
2
3  2 x 3 14 x 4  18
y= + . =
44  3 3 4  11
0

 16 18 
Therefore, the position of centre of gravity (C.G.)=  ,  (Answer).
 11 11 

Example 2: Find the centroid (centre of gravity) of a loop of the lemniscates r 2 = a 2 cos 2 .
Solution: It is clear that the loop is symmetrical about initial line, therefore its centre of gravity will lie on initial line only.

So in this case y = 0 .

Let the density of the loop be c(constant ) .

For one loop, −  / 4     / 4 and 0  r  a cos 2 .

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  /4 a cos 2

  r cos  . r dr d
x= − /4  0
 /4 a cos 2



− /4

0
 r dr d

 /4 a cos 2

  cr 2 cos  dr d
x= 
− /4 0
 /4 a cos 2

− /4



0
c r dr d

 /4 a cos 2
 r3 

− /4
cos  3
 0
d
x= a cos 2
 /4
 r2 
  2 
− /4 
d
0
 /4 3

2a  cos  1 − sin 2   2 d

x= 0
 /4
3  sin 2 
 2 
0
 /4
cos  (1 − 2sin 2  ) 2 d
4a 3
x=
3 
0

Let 2 sin  = sin t  2 cos  d = cos tdt;

 /2  /2
4a
(1 − sin 2 t ) 2 . 1 2 2a
3
x=  cos tdt =  cos
4
tdt
3 0 2 3 0

2 2a 3 1   2a
x= . . = .  Using Walli's formula 
3 4 22 8

 a 2 
Therefore, the position of centre of gravity (C.G.) =  ,0  (Answer).
 8 

Example 3: A solid is in the form of the positive octant of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a 2 . The density  at any point
(x, y, z ) is given by  = xyz , where  is a constant. Find the co-ordinate of centre of gravity of the solid.
( )
Solution: Let V the volume of the solid in the positive octant. If x, y, z are the coordinates of C.G.

Then

 x dx dy dz  y dx dy dz  z dx dy dz

x= V ,y = V , z == V .
V  dx dy dz V  dx dy dz V  dx dy dz

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Changing into Spherical polar coordinates

x 2 yz dx dy dz V (r sin  cos  ) (r sin  sin  )(r cos  )r sin dr d d

2 2
V
x= =
V xyz dx dy dz V (r sin  cos  )(r sin  sin  )(r cos  )r sin dr d d
2

 r sin  cos  sin  cos dr d d

6 4 2
x= V
V r sin  cos  sin  cos dr d d
5 3 2

Now, for the volume in positive octant

 / 2 / 2 a 6
  r sin 4  cos  sin  cos 2 dr d d
x 2 yz dx dy dz
V
x= = 0 0 0
V xyz dx dy dz  / 2 / 2 a
  r
5
sin 3  cos  sin  cos 2 dr d d
0 0 0
a
 / 2 / 2 r 7 
  sin  cos  sin  cos dr d d
4 2
 
0 0  7  0
x=
a
 / 2 / 2 r 6 
  sin  cos  sin  cos dr d d
3 2
 
0 0  6  0
 / 2 3. 1
 sin  cos 2 d
6a 0 5 .3 . 1 24a 2 16a
x= = . = .
7  / 2 2 35 3 35
 sin  cos d
0 4.2

Using symmetry,

16a 16a 16a  16a 16a 16a 

x= ,y = ,z = . Therefore, the position of centre of gravity (C.G.) =  , ,  (Answer).
35 35 35  35 35 35 

4.4.3.4 Practice problems

1. Find the mass of a lamina in the form of the cardioid r = a(1+ cos ) whose density at any point varies as the square of
21
its distance from the initial line. Ans: a 4
32
2 2
 x  y
2. A plate in the form of a quadrant of the ellipse   +   = 1is of small but of varying thickness, the thickness at
a a
any point being proportional to the product of the distance of that point from the major and the minor axes. Find the
 8a 8b 
coordinates of the centre of gravity of the plane. Ans:  , 
 15 15 

44
 2 2
 x 3  y 3
3. Find the mass of the plate in the form of the curve   +   = 1 , density at any point is given by  = xy .
a a

 a 2b 2
Ans:
20
 4a 4a 
4. Find the centre of gravity of the area of the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 lying in the first quadrant. Ans:  , 
 3 3 

(
5. Find the mass of the area bounded by the curves y 2 = x and y = x 3 , if  =  x 2 + y 2 . ) Ans:
23
105


4.5 RELATED LINKS

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=4rc3w1sGoNU&feature=emb_logo
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=wtY5fx6VMGQ&feature=emb_logo
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ntZ1KQL04A&feature=emb_logo
4. https://www.khanacademy.org/math/multivariable-calculus/integrating-multivariable-functions/double-integrals-
topic/v/double-integral-1
5. https://www.khanacademy.org/math/multivariable-calculus/integrating-multivariable-functions/double-integrals-
topic/v/double-integrals-2
6. https://www.khanacademy.org/math/multivariable-calculus/integrating-multivariable-functions/double-integrals-
topic/v/double-integrals-3
7. https://www.khanacademy.org/math/multivariable-calculus/integrating-multivariable-functions/double-integrals-
topic/v/double-integrals-4
8. https://www.khanacademy.org/math/multivariable-calculus/integrating-multivariable-functions/double-integrals-
topic/v/double-integrals-5
9. https://www.khanacademy.org/math/multivariable-calculus/integrating-multivariable-functions/double-integrals-
topic/v/double-integrals-6
10. https://www.khanacademy.org/math/multivariable-calculus/integrating-multivariable-functions/double-integrals-
a/a/double-integrals
11. https://www.khanacademy.org/math/multivariable-calculus/integrating-multivariable-functions/double-integrals-
a/a/double-integrals-over-non-rectangular-regions
12. https://www.khanacademy.org/math/multivariable-calculus/integrating-multivariable-functions/double-integrals-
a/a/double-integrals-beyond-volume
13. https://www.khanacademy.org/math/multivariable-calculus/integrating-multivariable-functions/double-integrals-
a/v/polar-coordinates-1
14. https://www.khanacademy.org/math/multivariable-calculus/integrating-multivariable-functions/double-integrals-
a/a/double-integrals-in-polar-coordinates

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15. https://www.khanacademy.org/math/multivariable-calculus/integrating-multivariable-functions/triple-integrals-
topic/v/triple-integrals-1
16. https://www.khanacademy.org/math/multivariable-calculus/integrating-multivariable-functions/triple-integrals-
topic/v/triple-integrals-2
17. https://www.khanacademy.org/math/multivariable-calculus/integrating-multivariable-functions/triple-integrals-
topic/v/triple-integrals-3
18. https://www.khanacademy.org/math/multivariable-calculus/integrating-multivariable-functions/triple-integrals-
a/a/triple-integrals
19. https://www.khanacademy.org/math/multivariable-calculus/integrating-multivariable-functions/triple-integrals-
a/a/triple-integrals-in-cylindrical-coordinates
20. https://www.khanacademy.org/math/multivariable-calculus/integrating-multivariable-functions/triple-integrals-
a/a/triple-integrals-in-spherical-coordinates
21. https://activecalculus.org/multi/S-11-4-Double-Integrals-Applications.html
22. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmhMUTmUjhM

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