IPv4 Addressing and

Subnetting

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 Didn’t we already cover this?

» Why do a session on IPv4 Addressing and

Subnetting?

» Wasn’t this already covered in the CCNA video

series?

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 Agenda
» A Brief History of IPv4
» Communications within a Broadcast Domain
» Identifying classes and types of IPv4 Addresses
» IPv4 Governing Bodies
» Private vs Public Addresses
» IPv4 Subnet Masks
» Same-Length Subnetting
» VLSM
» IPv4 Address Summarization
» Supernetting
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 The Early Internet
» L3 Addressing was developed prior to L2 Addressing
» Early Internet History (1972):
• There were no such things as LANs (Ethernet was in development at Xerox)
• All communications were point-to-point using a variety of methods
 Circuit Switching
 Satellite Uplinks
 Direct Cable connections
• There was a need to develop a protocol so that hosts on these disparate
networks (and networks yet to be invented) could communicate with each
other.
• Very few networks existed.

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 Separate and Unique Networks
NCP Address: XX NCP Address: YY
Telephone Lines
Mainframe IMP IMP Mainframe
Circuit always up, no need to “dial”
NCP Address: ZZ

IMP Mainframe

Telephone Lines
Mainframe Modem Modem Mainframe
Traditional “dial” circuit

Mainframe Satellite P2P Network Mainframe

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 The Birth of TCP/ IP

Telephone Lines Telephone Lines

Mainframe IMP IMP Mainframe Modem Modem
Circuit always up, no need to “dial”
Traditional “dial” circuit

Network# 1 Network# 2 Network# 3

00000001 xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx 00000010 xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx 00000011 xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx

Satellite P2P Network

Network# 4
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00000100 xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
 Addressing and Broadcast Domains
» With the popularity of Ethernet and Token Ring in late
1970s, the concept of multiple hosts all sharing a common
gateway (a single Broadcast domain) was born.
IP Address: 00000010 xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
Telephone Lines Hub
Router Router
Circuit always up, no need to “dial”
NCP Address: ZZ
IP Address: 00000001 xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx Mainframe Mainframe
Hub

Router
Mainframe Mainframe Mainframe IP Address: 00000011 xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx

Mainframe
We all need addresses
starting with 00000001
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 Communications within Broadcast Domains
» Communications within a Broadcast Domain
• Broadcast (needs no address)
• Unicast (requires an address: MAC)
• Multicast (requires an address: MAC with special format)
» Networked Software Applications fall into two categories:
• Those that assume the destination is in same broadcast domain as the
source (example= ARP).
• Those capable of intra, or inter-broadcast domain communications.

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 So an IP Address = Broadcast Domain Address?
» Not quite…IP is used to address “networks”, be they
broadcast-based or Point-to-Point, or anything else.
» IP address = 2-parts
• Network/ Broadcast Domain Address
• Unique Host address within that broadcast domain.
» In this way, when sending to a remote host, we don’t need to
know their L2 address.
• Packet is addressed to remote host’s IP address
• Frame is addressed to gateway’s L2 address

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 Host-ID and Broadcast Domains
LAN-1: 00000001 xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx

00000001 00000000 00000000 00000001 00000001 00000000 00000000 00000010 00000001 00000000 00000000 00000011

LAN-2: 00000010 xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx

00000010 00000000 00000000 00000001 00000010 00000000 00000000 00000010 00000010 00000000 00000000 00000011

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 What do these addresses look like?
MAC Address = 48-bits long
000000101110101001101011000100101010010111111111

IP Address = 32-bits long

Destination 00000010111010100110101100010010
Source

What does a computer see when it looks at incoming data?

1010110101011010101101010101010110101010101010111111111111101010101000000000000010101110101011010101010010000000000

Bits 305-336
= Dest IP Address
So where are these addresses in all of this?
101011010101101010110101010101011010101010101011111111111110101010100000000000001010111010101101010101001000000000011
8-bytes (64-bits) of Bits 65-112 Bits 113-160 12-bytes (96-bits) of
“Ethernet stuff” = Destination MAC = Source MAC “IP stuff”
Bits 273-304
= Source IP Address
2-bytes (16-bits) of
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 IPv4 Addressing – a review of what we’ve learned

» 32-bit addressing system

» Logical address for a network defined by IANA
» IPv4 addresses are comprised of 4 octets
» Dotted decimal notation is used to segment the
octet
This is not readable by us: This is easier:
00000010111010100110101100010010 2. 234. 107. 18

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 IP Bit Patterns
» Multicast
• One-to-many communication
• 1110xxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx
» Broadcast
• One-to-all communication
• Host portion of address all ones…or entire address all ones.
• Any.11111111.11111111.11111111
• 11111111. 11111111. 11111111. 11111111
» Unicast
• One-to-one communication
• All other patterns that do NOT start with 00000000
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 Classes of IPv4
» 1981 - Classes of Addresses Introduced:
• Class A: 0.0.0.0 through 127.255.255.255
• Class B: 128.0.0.0 through 191.255.255.255
• Class C: 192.0.0.0 through 223.255.255.255
• Class D: 224.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255
• Class E: 240.0.0.0 through 255.255.255.255
• Note: 127 ranges are considered as loopbacks
• Note: 169.254 ranges are considered as APIPA

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 Quiz-1
» Identify which of the IP addresses below
belong to a Class-B network?
A 01010111 00101011 11111111 01010000
B 11010111 00101011 11111111 01010000
C 10010111 00101011 11111111 01010000
D 191.7.145.3

E 126.57.135.2
F 194.7.145.3
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 Answer-1
» Identify which of the IP addresses below
belong to a Class-B network?
A 01010111 00101011 11111111 01010000
B 11010111 00101011 11111111 01010000
C 10010111 00101011 11111111 01010000
D 191.7.145.3

E 126.57.135.2
F 194.7.145.3
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 Quiz-2
» Identify which of the IP addresses below
belong to a Class-C network?
A 10010111 00101011 11111111 01010000
B 11010111 00101011 11111111 01010000
C 01010111 00101011 11111111 01010000
D 136.7.145.3

E 223.57.135.2
F 101.7.145.3
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 Answer-2
» Identify which of the IP addresses below
belong to a Class-C network?
A 10010111 00101011 11111111 01010000
B 11010111 00101011 11111111 01010000
C 01010111 00101011 11111111 01010000
D 136.7.145.3

E 223.57.135.2
F 101.7.145.3
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 The need for governing bodies
» As new networks were created and connected to
the Internet, there was a need for someone to
govern the allocation of IP addresses.

I own 2.0.0.0 /8
B
Packet destined to 2.2.2.2
A

I own 2.0.0.0 /8
Who should I C
send this to???

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 IANA and RIRs
» Current IPv4 Addressing Allocation Structure
IANA

AfriNIC APNIC RIPE NCC ARIN LACNIC

ISP
Also called, “RIRs”
End Users End Users

http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv4-address-space/ipv4-address-space.xhtml
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 IPv4 Addresses: Public & Private
» IP addresses “leased” to a corporation (by an ISP or
an RIR) are known as public IP addresses.

» IP addresses that are unregistered and may overlap

from one company to the next, are known as
private IP addresses.

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 IPv4 Addresses: Private
» Private IPv4 address:
• Defined in RFC 1918
• For internal use only
» Range of private address
• Class A : 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255
• Class B : 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255
• Class C : 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255

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 IPv4 Addresses: Public
» Public IPv4 addresses
• Globally unique
• Should be purchased
• Usually used in Internet edge
• Taken from Class-A, Class-B, and Class-C addressing space.
» Range of public addresses
• Beyond the RFC 1918 space, all addresses are public

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 1985: Introduction of Subnets
» Soon became apparent that assigning multiple Classfull networks to each
company would result in network depletion.
» A single Classfull network was assigned to each company with the
expectation of subnetting.

23.0.0.0 20.3.0.0 /16

From 22.0.0.0 To 20.2.0.0 /16

this… this…
21.0.0.0 20.1.0.0 /16

20.0.0.0 20.0.0.0 /16

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 What IS subnetting? (1)
» With a network that has been assigned from an
ISP you have two portions:
• The “network” part
• The “host” part
» ISP doesn’t care what you do with Host bits,
but you are not allowed to modify the
“network” bits.
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 What is Subnetting (2)
ISP leases you the following network: 129.1.0.0

10000001 00000001 xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx

ISP says, “We don’t care what you do

ISP says, “Don’t change these bits!!”
with these bits.”

10000001 00000001 xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx

Assumption is that ALL devices within a single broadcast domain will have this common,
16-bit pattern as their network. But what about OTHER broadcast domains?
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 What is Subnetting (2)
ISP leases you the following network: 129.1.0.0
10000001 00000001 xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
10000001 00000001 10000001 00000001 10000001 00000001 10000001 00000001 10000001 00000001 10000001 00000001
01000000 00000001 01000000 00000010 01000000 00000011 10000000 00000001 10000000 00000010 10000000 00000011

10000001 00000001 01xxxxxxx xxxxxxxx 10000001 00000001 10xxxxxxx xxxxxxxx

This group can all share And we’ll use a

the same 18-bit pattern. different 18-bit pattern
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for this group!
 What is Subnetting (3)
In this example, the “red bits” are the networking bits
(unchangable), and the “green bits” (which used to be host bits)
have been converted into subnet-bits.
10000001 00000001 10000001 00000001 10000001 00000001 10000001 00000001 10000001 00000001 10000001 00000001
01000000 00000001 01000000 00000010 01000000 00000011 10000000 00000001 10000000 00000010 10000000 00000011

10000001 00000001 01xxxxxxx xxxxxxxx 10000001 00000001 10xxxxxxx xxxxxxxx

10000001 00000001 xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx

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 What is Subnetting (4)
• So how do these hosts KNOW how many bits represent the
network?
• Answer – A Subnet Mask!!
10000001 00000001 10000001 00000001 10000001 00000001 10000001 00000001 10000001 00000001 10000001 00000001
01000000 00000001 01000000 00000010 01000000 00000011 10000000 00000001 10000000 00000010 10000000 00000011

10000001 00000001 01xxxxxxx xxxxxxxx 10000001 00000001 10xxxxxxx xxxxxxxx

10000001 00000001 xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx

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 How do computers use Subnet Masks? (1)
Systems with Classfull Addresses (prior to subnet masks)
My first two bits are a one and a zero…that means my
network is 10000001 00000001 (129.1.x.x)

If I need to send a packet to anyone

that does NOT match this pattern, I’ll
need to use my Default Gateway!

My IP Address = 10000001 00000001 00000001 00000001

These are my unique “host-id bits” and no other devices in

this Broadcast Domain can have my same pattern.
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 How do computers use Subnet Masks? (2)
Systems with Classfull Addresses (prior to subnet masks)
The full 32-bit number of my
Broadcast Domain is 129.1.0.0
If I need to send a packet to everyone
within my broadcast domain I’ll send it
to 10000001 00000001 11111111
11111111 (129.1.255.255)

My IP Address = 10000001 00000001 00000001 00000001

These are my unique “host-id bits” and no other devices in

this Broadcast Domain can have my same pattern.
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 How do computers use Subnet Masks? (3)
Systems with Classfull Addresses (with subnet masks)
My subnet mask tells me If I need to send a packet to anyone
the first 24-bits of my IP that does NOT match 10000001
address is my “network”. 00000001 00000001 (129.1.1.x), I’ll
129.1.1.x need to use my Default Gateway!

My IP Address = 10000001 00000001 00000001 00000001

My SN Mask = 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
These are my unique “host-id bits” and no other devices in
this Broadcast Domain can have my same pattern.

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 How do computers use Subnet Masks? (4)
Systems with Classfull Addresses (with subnet masks)
If I need to send a packet to everyone within my
The full 32-bit number of broadcast domain I’ll send it to
my Broadcast Domain is 10000001 00000001 00000001 11111111
129.1.0.0 (129.1.1.255)

My IP Address = 10000001 00000001 00000001 00000001

My SN Mask = 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
These are my unique “host-id bits” and no other devices in
this Broadcast Domain can have my same pattern.

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 Subnet Mask
» Helps identify network and host portion of
network
» Three representations:
• Binary 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
• Dotted Decimal: 255.255.0.0
• Backslash (shorthand): / 16
» Systems that utilize a subnet mask RELY on it
to identify their local network.
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 Quiz-3
» Given the following subnet mask (in binary) what is the
equivalent representation in dotted-decimal and shorthand?
Subnet Mask = 11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
A 255.255.0.0
B 255.255.255.0
C 255.255.192.0
D 255.255.240.0
E /16
F /18
G /20
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 Answer-3
» Given the following subnet mask (in binary) what is the
equivalent representation in dotted-decimal and shorthand?
Subnet Mask = 11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
A 255.255.0.0
B 255.255.255.0
C 255.255.192.0
D 255.255.240.0
E /16
F /18
G /20
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 Quiz-4
» If the following subnet mask were to be applied to a PC’s
NIC, how many bits of the IP address would be interpretted
as “networking bits”?
Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.248

A 16-bits
B 20-bits
C 24-bits
D 27-bits
D 29-bits
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 Answer-4
» If the following subnet mask were to be applied to a PC’s
NIC, how many bits of the IP address would be interpretted
as “networking bits”?
Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.248

A 16-bits
B 20-bits
C 24-bits
D 27-bits
D 29-bits
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 Quiz-5
» What subnet mask would be appropriate (in dotted-
decimal) to indicate to a host that the first 26-bits of its IP
address should be considered as the network?

A 255.254.0.0
B 255.255.255.192
C 255.255.255.0
D 255.255.0.0
D 255.255.255.224
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 Answer-5
» What subnet mask would be appropriate (in dotted-
decimal) to indicate to a host that the first 26-bits of its IP
address should be considered as the network?

A 255.254.0.0
B 255.255.255.192
C 255.255.255.0
D 255.255.0.0
D 255.255.255.224
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 Quiz-6
» Given the following IP address and Subnet Mask identify
the subnetwork address of this host.

IP Address = 137.54.101.77
Subnet Mask = 255.255.224.0

A 137.54.96.0
B 137.54.0.0
C 137.54.101.64
D 137.54.224.0
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 Answer-6
» Given the following IP address and Subnet Mask identify
the subnetwork address of this host.

IP Address = 137.54.101.77
Subnet Mask = 255.255.224.0

A 137.54.96.0
B 137.54.0.0
C 137.54.101.64
D 137.54.224.0
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 Quiz-7
» Given the following IP address and Subnet Mask (in binary)
identify which of the answers below provide for the
broadcast address of this network.
IP Address = 01000011 00000011 01100000 00001101
Subnet Mask = 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000

A 67.3.96.255
B 67.3.96.0
C 67.3.255.255
D 67.255.255.255
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 Answer-7
» Given the following IP address and Subnet Mask (in binary)
identify which of the answers below provide for the
broadcast address of this network.
IP Address = 01000011 00000011 01100000 00001101
Subnet Mask = 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000

A 67.3.96.255
B 67.3.96.0
C 67.3.255.255
D 67.255.255.255
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 Quiz-8
» Given the following IP address and Subnet Mask identify
which of the answers below provide for the broadcast
address of this network.
IP Address = 130.54.6.99
Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0

A 130.255.255.255
B 130.54.255.255
C 130.54.6.255
D 130.0.0.0
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 Answer-8
» Given the following IP address and Subnet Mask identify
which of the answers below provide for the broadcast
address of this network.
IP Address = 130.54.6.99
Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0

A 130.255.255.255
B 130.54.255.255
C 130.54.6.255
D 130.0.0.0
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 Quiz-9
» Given the following IP address and Subnet Mask (in binary)
identify which of the answers below provide for the
broadcast address of this network.
IP Address = 01000011 00000011 01100000 00001101
Subnet Mask = 11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000

A 67.3.96.255
B 67.3.111.255
C 67.3.0.255
D 67.255.255.255
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 Answer-9
» Given the following IP address and Subnet Mask (in binary)
identify which of the answers below provide for the
broadcast address of this network.
IP Address = 01000011 00000011 01100000 00001101
Subnet Mask = 11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000

A 67.3.96.255
B 67.3.111.255
C 67.3.0.255
D 67.255.255.255
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 Quiz-10
» Given the following IP address and Subnet Mask identify
which of the answers below provide for the broadcast
address of this network.
IP Address = 77.42.200.101
Subnet Mask = 255.255.224.0
A 77.0.0.0
B 77.255.255.255
C 77.42.255.255
D 77.42.192.255
E 77.42.223.255
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 Answer-10
» Given the following IP address and Subnet Mask identify
which of the answers below provide for the broadcast
address of this network.
IP Address = 77.42.200.101
Subnet Mask = 255.255.224.0
A 77.0.0.0
B 77.255.255.255
C 77.42.255.255
D 77.42.192.255
E 77.42.223.255
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 Subnet Masks and Byte Boundaries (1)
» Remember that while we (as humans) represent IP
addresses as dotted decimal, computers see it
simply as a long string of 32-bits.
» A subnet mask is another string of 32-bits that is
used as a comparison tool against the IP address.
» The subnet mask can divide the IP address
anywhere…it doesn’t have to fall on an even byte
boundary.
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 Subnet Masks and Byte Boundaries (2)
LAN: 00000001 00000011 hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh /16
Example-1

00000001 00000011 00000000 00000001 00000001 00000011 00000000 00000010 00000001 00000011 00000000 00000011

LAN: 00000001 00000011 11000000 hhhhhhhh /24

Example-2

00000001 00000011 11000000 00000001 00000001 00000011 11000000 00000010 00000001 00000011 11000000 00000011

LAN: 00000001 00000011 11000000 0111hhhh /28

Example-3

00000001 00000011 11000000 01110001 00000001 00000011 11000000 01110010 00000001 00000011 11000000 01110011

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 So why subnet?
» Each IP network that is purchased is only good
for a single broadcast domain (VLAN).
» Often unused/ unallocated host space within a
given network.
» Subnetting = Dividing a single, allocated network
into multiple sub-networks.
» Minor loss of available hosts addresses.
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 Subnetting Practicality
» Imagine if each network you “lease” from your ISP costs
you $100.00/ month.
» The building below requires four, distinct broadcast
domains (i.e. Networks)

23.0.0.0/8 20.3.0.0 /16

Using four, unique Using a single Classfull

Classfull networks 22.0.0.0/8 20.2.0.0 /16 network, but dividing it via
= $400.00/month subnetting = $100.00/month
21.0.0.0/8 20.1.0.0 /16

20.0.0.0/8 20.0.0.0 /16

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 Determining Needed Subnets
Network Obtained from ISP = 180.1.0.0 /16

» Start with your base network (whatever you were given by

ISP).
» Consider the base networking bits as “untouchable”…you
cannot change them.
» How many host bits do you have?
» For every host bit that is “converted” into a subnet bit, you’ve
just gained two additional FREE networks!
How many subnets are obtained by converting two (2) host bits?
180.1.sn sn h h h h h h . h h h h h h h h
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 A Formula to Remember!!

2sn = Quantity of subnets you’ve created.

(where “sn” = subnetting bits)

Sn ≤ the quantity of “host-bits” in original

network.
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 Quiz - 11
» You are leased the following network from
your ISP: 45.0.0.0 / 8
» If you convert the first three host bits into
subnetting bits…how many total subnets will
you have available?

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 Answer - 11
» You are leased the following network from
your ISP: 45.0.0.0 / 8
» If you convert the first three host bits into
subnetting bits…how many total subnets will
you have available?
2SN = Quantity of available subnets
23 = 8

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 Quiz - 12
» You are leased the following network from
your ISP: 160.160.0.0 / 16
» If you convert the first six host bits into
subnetting bits…how many total subnets will
you have available?

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 Answer - 12
» You are leased the following network from
your ISP: 160.160.0.0 / 16
» If you convert the first six host bits into
subnetting bits…how many total subnets will
you have available?
2SN = Quantity of available subnets
26 = 64

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 Quiz - 13
» You are leased the following network from
your ISP: 45.0.0.0 / 8
» If you convert the first three host bits into
subnetting bits…what will be the subnet
address of the fourth subnet?

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 Answer - 13
» You are leased the following network from your
ISP: 45.0.0.0 / 8
» If you convert the first three host bits into
subnetting bits…what will be the subnet address of
the fourth subnet? 45.__ __ __ xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx /11
45.000xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx /11
45.01100000.00000000.00000000 45.001xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx /11
45.010xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx /11
45.011xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx /11
45.96.0.0 /11
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 Quiz - 14
» You are leased the following network from your ISP:
199.0.0.0 / 24
» From this single network you need to create 7-subnets.
» What will be your new subnet mask?
A 255.255.255.240
B 255.255.255.252
C 255.255.255.224
D 255.255.255.192

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 Answer - 14
» You are leased the following network from your ISP:
199.0.0.0 / 24
» From this single network you need to create 7-subnets.
» What will be your new subnet mask?
A 255.255.255.240
B 255.255.255.252
C 255.255.255.224
D 255.255.255.192

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 Quiz - 15
» You are leased the following network from your ISP:
145.10.0.0 / 19
» From this single network you need to create 58-subnets.
» What will be your new subnet mask?
A 255.255.255.128
B 255.255.248.0
C 255.255.252.0
D 255.255.255.192

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 Answer - 15
» You are leased the following network from your ISP:
145.10.0.0 / 19
» From this single network you need to create 58-subnets.
» What will be your new subnet mask?
A 255.255.255.128
B 255.255.248.0
C 255.255.252.0
D 255.255.255.192

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 Another Formula to Remember!!

2sn -2 = Quantity of hosts available per

subnet.
(where “sn” = subnetting bits)
Remember that each subnet requires two, reserved bit-patterns:
• Network Address (host-bits all zeroes)
• Broadcast Address (host-bits all ones)

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 Quiz-16
» Given the following subnet mask, how many
hosts can “fit” in this subnet?
255.255.255.192

A 60-hosts
B 62-hosts
C 64-hosts
D 128-hosts
E 126-hosts
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 Answer-16
» Given the following subnet mask, how many
hosts can “fit” in this subnet?
255.255.255.192

A 60-hosts
B 62-hosts
C 64-hosts
D 128-hosts
E 126-hosts
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 Quiz-17
» An ISP leases you the following network:
140.10.0.0 / 23
You need to create 22-subnetworks from this single network.
What will be your new Subnet Mask…and how many hosts will
be supported in each subnet? A 255.255.255.240
B 255.255.255.0
C 255.255.255.192
D 6-hosts
E 14-hosts

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F 30-hosts
 Answer-17
» An ISP leases you the following network:
140.10.0.0 / 23
You need to create 22-subnetworks from this single network.
What will be your new Subnet Mask…and how many hosts will
be supported in each subnet? A 255.255.255.240
B 255.255.255.0
C 255.255.255.192
D 6-hosts
E 14-hosts

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F 30-hosts
 Quiz-18
» An ISP leases you the following network:
199.10.1.0 / 24
You need to create 22-subnetworks from this single network.

1. What will be your new subnet mask (dotted-decimal)? _____________

2. How many hosts will be supported in each subnet? ___________

3. What is the subnet address of the fourth subnet? ___________

4. What is the broadcast address of the sixth subnet? ___________

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 Answer-18
» An ISP leases you the following network:
199.10.1.0 / 24
You need to create 22-subnetworks from this single network.

1. What will be your new subnet mask (dotted-decimal)? 255.255.255.248

2. How many hosts will be supported in each subnet? 6-hosts
3. What is the subnet address of the fourth subnet? 199.10.1.24

4. What is the broadcast address of the sixth subnet? 199.10.1.47

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 Quiz-19
» An ISP leases you the following network:
139.10.8.0 / 21
You need to create 59-subnetworks from this single network.

1. What will be your new subnet mask (dotted-decimal)? _____________

2. How many hosts will be supported in each subnet? ___________

3. What is the subnet address of the fourth subnet? ___________

4. What is the broadcast address of the sixth subnet? ___________

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 Answer-19
» An ISP leases you the following network:
139.10.8.0 / 21
You need to create 59-subnetworks from this single network.

1. What will be your new subnet mask (dotted-decimal)? 255.255.255.224

2. How many hosts will be supported in each subnet? 30-hosts

3. What is the subnet address of the fourth subnet? 139.10.8.96

4. What is the broadcast address of the sixth subnet? 139.10.8.191

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 Same Length Subnetting – The Problem
Starting network is 199.199.199.0 /24
You need four sub-networks. 2x ≥ 4 therefore “x” = 2 (subnetting bits)
199.199.199.0 /26 (/24 + 2-subnet bits = /26)
Host Bits available: x.x.x.0 through x.x.x.255
.255 .0

Network#1
5-hosts
Network#4 Network#1

Network#2
80-hosts .192 .63
.191 One (1) Network .64

Network#3 Network#3 Network#2

22-hosts

12-hosts Network#4
Copyright © www.ine.com .128 .127
 The Solution - VLSM
Starting network is 199.199.199.0 /24
Create each subnet based on quantity of hosts required…NOT quantity of networks required.

Host Bits available: x.x.x.0 through x.x.x.255

(broadcast) .255 .0 (network address)
Network#1
Requires /29 mask
5-hosts Unused Host
Space for Future
Network#2
Expansion!!
Requires /25 mask
80-hosts Network#2
One (1) Network
Network#3 .184
.183
22-hosts Requires /27 mask .176
.175
Network#3
Network#4 .160
Requires /28 mask .159
12-hosts
Copyright © www.ine.com .128.127 (broadcast)
 VLSM & CIDR
» Same Length Subnet Masking
• Each network utilizes the same mask.
» VLSM
• Variable length subnet masking
• Provides ability to allocate IPv4 as per the host
requirements
• Subnet mask can be variable
• Ex: / 25 , / 26, / 27 from / 24 block

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 VLSM & CIDR
» CIDR
• Classless Interdomain Routing
• Beyond the classful behavior
• Class A address can be treated as Class B & C or vice
versa
• Ex: 199.50.0.0/ 16 [/ 16 is prefix-length from Class B]

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 Quiz-20
» Starting with the base network of 100.100.100.0/ 24, use VLSM to
divide this single network into multiple subnetworks appropriate to fit
the requirements shown below.

Network-1 (software engineering): 12-hosts __________________________________________

Network-2 (technical support): 49-hosts __________________________________________

Network-3 (marketing): 100-hosts __________________________________________

Network-4 (human resources): 19-hosts __________________________________________

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 Answer-20
» Starting with the base network of 100.100.100.0/ 24, use VLSM to
divide this single network into multiple subnetworks appropriate to fit
the requirements shown below.
Network-3 (marketing): 100-hosts /25 (supports up to 126-hosts)
100.100.100.0 /25 (next available network = 100.100.100.128)

Network-2 (technical support): 49-hosts /26 (supports up to 62-hosts)

100.100.100.128 /26 (next available network = 100.100.100.192)

Network-4 (human resources): 19-hosts /27 (supports up to 30-hosts)

100.100.100.192 /27 (next available network = 100.100.100.224)

Network-1 (software engineering): 12-hosts /28 (supports up to 14-hosts)

100.100.100.224 /27 (next available network = 100.100.100.240)
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 Quiz-21
» Starting with the base network of 140.140.0.0/ 22, use VLSM to divide
this single network into multiple subnetworks appropriate to fit the
requirements shown below.

Network-1 (software engineering): 6-hosts __________________________________________

Network-2 (technical support): 2-hosts __________________________________________

Network-3 (marketing): 45-hosts __________________________________________

Network-4 (human resources): 220-hosts __________________________________________

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 Answer-21
» Starting with the base network of 140.140.0.0/ 22, use VLSM to divide
this single network into multiple subnetworks appropriate to fit the
requirements shown below.
Network-4 (human resources): 220-hosts /24 (supports up to 254-hosts)
140.140.0.0 /24 (next available network = 140.140.1.0)

Network-3 (marketing): 45-hosts /26 (supports up to 62-hosts)

140.140.1.0 /26 (next available network = 140.140.1.64)

Network-1 (software engineering): 6-hosts /29 (supports up to 6-hosts)

140.140.1.64 /29 (next available network = 140.140.1.72)

Network-2 (technical support): 2-hosts /30 (supports up to 2-hosts)

140.140.1.72 /26 (next available network = 140.140.1.76)

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 IPv4 Summarization

» Process of combining multiple subnetworks into

a single network advertisement.
» Network ID and subnet mask are referenced
» Usually called aggregation
» Efficient in large networks, provides addressing
hierarchy

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IPv4 Summarization - Example
» Example
• Network : 10.10.32.0 / 20
• Network: 10.10.48.0 / 20
• Subnet mask: 255.255.240.0
» Conversion of network-id into bits
• 10.10.0010hhhh.hhhhhhhh / 20
“h” = Host Bit
• 10.10.0011hhhh.hhhhhhhh / 20
• AND operation result : 10.10.001hhhhh.hhhhhhhh
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10.10.32.0 / 19 (summarized network)
 Quiz-22
» What single, summarized route can be created
by summarizing the following subnets?
135.75.42.100 /30

135.75.42.108 /29

135.75.42.112 /28

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 Answer-22
» What single, summarized route can be created
by summarizing the following subnets?
135.75.42.100 /30
135.75.42.0110xxxx

135.75.42.108 /29 135.75.42.01100000 /27

135.75.42.0110xxxx
135.75.42.96 /27
135.75.42.112 /28
135.75.42.0111xxxx
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 Summarization and Supernetting
» IPv4 Summarization
• Aggregating multiple subnets into a single network
advertisement.
• That advertisement does not break classfull boundaries.
» IPv4 Supernetting
• Aggregating multiple networks (could be subnets or
classfull networks) into a single network advertisement.
• That advertisement breaks classfull boundaries.
Example: 10.0.0.0 / 7 is a Supernet
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 IPv4 Supernetting
» Example
• Network : 192.168.1.0/ 24
• Network: 192.168.2.0/ 24
» Conversion of network-id into bits
• 192.168.00000001.hhhhhhhh
• 192.168.00000010.hhhhhhhh
• AND operation result : 192.168.000000hh.hhhhhhhh
192.168.0.0 / 22 (Supernet)

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 IPv4 Summarization and Supernetting

» Some routers perform summarization by default.

» Supernetting can only be done manually.

» When performing summarization or

supernetting ask yourself, “ what bits…from left-
to-right…do all of these networks have in
common?”
• Answer to the above question will determine new mask.
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 Any Questions?

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