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EXAMPLE OF SUPER STRUCTURE DESIGN

Super Structure Design of Bridge

Concrete Deck Design

Design of 11m spans solid slab bridge supper structure.

Material property

Concrete (C_25) Steel reinforcement

High yield steel bar Mild steel bar
25Mpa 430 (Mpa) 300 (Mpa)
165 (Mpa) 140 (Mpa)
√ 200000 (Mpa) 200000 (Mpa)

Modular ratio

Design live loading

The design live loading is HL-93 which consists of the combination of design truck or design tandem as
shown below.

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Longitudinal and transverse direction of design truck and tandem.

Design lane loading

Lane loading is uniformly distributed over 3m strip and dynamic load allowance is not applied to lane
loading.

The Typical cross sectional dimension of Slab Bridge.

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2) Recommended minimum depth (table 2.5.2 6.3-1, AASHTO 1998/04)

Where {

S= 11400mm

Therefore

3) Statically Analysis using longitudinal strip method.

A 4.6.2.1 slab type bridges shall be designed for all vehicular live loading: truck, tandem and lane loading

Span length S=11400 > 4600 (A 4.6.2.3 AASHTO 2004)

Hence longitudinal strip method for slab bridge can be applied.

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3.1) equivalent width of the strip

3.1.1. Interior strip width per lane

Case 1: when one lane loaded

Therefore, some adjustment in the design load is necessary. To account for this effect AASHTO
[A3.6.1.1.2] provides an adjustment factor for the multiple presences. A table for these factors is provided

Number of design lane Multiple presence factor

1 1.2
2 1
3 0.85
More than three 0.65

The equivalent width of longitudinal strips per lane for both shear and moment with one lane, I.e.,
two lines of wheels, loaded may be determined as:

clear with 7320 Mm

clear span 11000 Mm
Abutmt.width 400 Mm

Actual span = clear span + abutment width = 11000+400=11400

Actual width = clear width +side walk (2*800) =7320+1600=8920mm

√ {

Case 2: when more than one lane loaded

The equivalent width of longitudinal strips per lane for both shear and moment with more than one
lane loaded may be determined as:

{ ( ⁄ )

Therefore use E= min (when one lane and more the one lane loaded) = min (4485, 3310) =3310mm

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Live load per width of slab –interior strip (for design of interior strip of slab) we use Axle load for interior
strip.

Design Truck ⁄ ⁄

Design Tandem ⁄ ⁄

3.1.2. Edge strip width per one line of wheel

Longitudinal edge strip width for line wheel load per lane

E=1800mm (governs for one lane loaded with m=1.2)

Live load per linear meter width of slab edge strip.

Design Truck ⁄ ⁄ (governs) m=1.2

Design Tandem ⁄ ⁄ PDT=72.5KN

PTA=55KN

To determine live load effect we use max (Interior and edge live load per strip)

Therefore, the governing value for:

 Design truck
 Design tandem

3.2 select resistance Factor

Strength limit state

Name Resistance factor

Flexure and tension
Shear and torsion

3.3 select load modifiers (Art1.3.2.1)

Strength Service Fatigue

1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
1.05 N/A N/A
1.05 1.00 1.00

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3.4 Select Applicable load combination (table art. 3.4.1-1)

Strength limit state

Serviceability limit state

Fatigue limit state

4. Calculate load effect

4.1 Dead loads

A. dead load for interior strip

Using section method

L=11.4m

X
0 85.76 0.00
0.57 77.18 46.44
1.14 68.61 87.99
1.71 60.03 124.65
2.28 51.45 156.42
2.85 42.88 183.30
3.42 34.30 205.30
3.99 25.73 222.41
4.56 17.15 234.63
5.13 8.58 241.96
5.7 0.00 244.41

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B. Dead loads-edge Strips

x
0 112.98 0.00
0.57 101.69 61.18
1.14 90.39 115.92
1.71 79.09 164.22
2.28 67.79 206.08
2.85 56.49 241.50
3.42 45.19 207.48
3.99 33.90 293.02
4.56 22.60 309.12
5.13 11.30 318.78
5.7 0.00 322.00

4.2. Live Loads

Slab bridge shall be designed for all the vehicular live loading truck, tandem and lane loading

4.2.1. Influence function for shear and moments due to vehicular live loadings.

A. Design truck

i. Influence line for shear forces at „x‟ distance from support “A”

ii) Influence lines bending moment at „x‟ distance from end support.

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B. Design Tandem

i. Influence lines for shear force at „x‟ distance from end support.

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C. design lane loading

Influence line for shear force at „x‟

4.2.2 Dynamic Load allowance (IM)

4.2.3. Shear force due to live load plus impact

I. design truck or design tandem (maximum value will be taken)

IM = 33%
Design Truck: VLL + IM = (1.00+IM )*(Ptruck)* (A+B+C/4) L= 11.40 M

Design Tandem: VLL + IM= (1.00+IM)*(Ptandem)*(A+B) P truck= 48.33 KN

P tandem= 36.67 KN

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Live Load 1: Live Load 2:

Design Truck Design Tandem
x VLL+IM
(m) Coefficients VLL+IM Coefficients VLL+IM (max)

A B C (KN) A B (KN) (KN)

0 1.000 0.623 0.246 108.26 1.000 0.895 92.41 108.26

0.57 0.950 0.573 0.196 101.03 0.950 0.845 87.53 101.03

1.14 0.900 0.523 0.146 93.80 0.900 0.795 82.65 93.80
1.71 0.850 0.473 0.096 86.57 0.850 0.745 77.78 86.57
2.28 0.800 0.423 0.046 79.33 0.800 0.695 72.90 79.33
2.85 0.750 0.373 - 72.17 0.750 0.645 68.02 72.17
3.42 0.700 0.323 - 65.74 0.700 0.595 63.15 65.74
3.99 0.650 0.273 - 59.32 0.650 0.545 58.27 59.32
4.56 0.600 0.223 - 52.89 0.600 0.495 53.39 53.39
5.13 0.550 0.173 - 46.46 0.550 0.445 48.51 48.51
5.7 0.500 0.123 - 40.03 0.500 0.395 43.64 43.64

II. Design lane loading

x(m) L-x (m) VLL

0 11.40 53.01 161.27
0.57 10.83 47.84153 148.87
1.14 10.26 42.9381 136.73
1.71 9.69 38.29973 124.86
2.28 9.12 33.9264 113.26
2.85 8.55 29.81813 101.99
3.42 7.98 25.9749 91.72
3.99 7.41 22.39673 81.71
4.56 6.84 19.0836 72.48
5.13 6.27 16.03553 64.55
5.7 5.70 13.2525 56.89

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4.2.4 Bending moment due to live load plus impact.

I, Design truck or design tandem.

Design Truck MLL + IM = (1.00+IM )*(Ptruck)*Max(Sum Coeff's) IM = 33%

Design Truck MLL + IM = (1.00+IM)*(Ptandem)*(A+B) L= 11.40 M
Design Truck MLL + IM = (lane load)*(0.5*A*L) P truck= 48.33 KN
P tandem= 36.69 KN
When the live load is Design Truck
Loading 1 Loading 2 Maximum
x Coef. ( Loading 1 ) sum Coef. Coeff. ( Loading 2 ) sum Coef. MLL+IM
(m) A B C A+B+C4/4 A/4 B C A/4+B+C (KNm/m)
0 - - - 0.000 - - - - 0.00
0.57 0.54 0.33 0.03 0.896 - 0.54 0.327 0.868 57.59
1.14 1.03 0.60 0.04 1.664 - 1.03 0.596 1.622 106.93
1.71 1.45 0.81 0.04 2.303 - 1.45 0.809 2.262 148.03
2.28 1.82 0.96 0.03 2.814 - 1.82 0.964 2.788 180.88
2.85 2.14 1.06 - 3.200 - 2.14 1.063 3.200 205.69
3.42 2.39 1.10 - 3.498 - 2.39 1.104 3.498 224.85
3.99 2.59 1.09 - 3.682 - 2.59 1.089 3.682 236.67
4.56 2.74 1.02 - 3.752 0.04 2.74 1.016 3.791 243.68
5.13 2.82 0.89 - 3.708 0.11 2.82 0.887 3.822 245.68
5.7 2.85 0.70 - 3.550 0.18 2.85 0.700 3.725 239.44

When the live load is Design Tandem Design lane loading

Sum
Coefficients MLL 0.5*w*x*(L-x)
x coef. MLL+IM
(m) A B ( A+ B ) (KNm/m)
x(m) L-x (m) MLL
0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00
0 11.40 0
0.57 0.542 0.482 1.023 49.92
0.57 10.83 28.7049
1.14 1.026 0.906 1.932 94.28
1.14 10.26 54.3883
1.71 1.454 1.274 2.727 133.07
1.71 9.69 77.05
2.28 1.824 1.584 3.408 166.30
2.28 9.12 96.6902
2.85 2.138 1.838 3.975 193.97 2.85 8.55 113.309
3.42 2.394 2.034 4.428 216.08 3.42 7.98 126.906
3.99 2.594 2.174 4.767 232.62 3.99 7.41 137.481
4.56 2.736 2.256 4.992 243.60 4.56 6.84 145.035
5.13 2.822 2.282 5.103 249.01 5.13 6.27 149.568
5.7 2.850 2.250 5.100 248.87 5.7 5.70 151.079

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4.2.5. Design load at limit state

Load combination: strength I

- is maximum (truck and tandem) shear plus lane shear

Is maximum (truck and tandem) Moment plus lane moment.

A) Shear force B) Bending moment

x(m) VDL VLL+IM VU x(m) MDL MLL+IM MU

0 112.98 161.2692 444.618 0 0 0 0

0.57 101.69 148.8693 407.016 0.57 61.18 86.29077 238.858
1.14 90.39 136.7345 369.887 1.14 115.92 161.3162 448.564
1.71 79.09 124.8648 333.245 1.71 164.22 225.0763 629.116
2.28 67.79 113.2601 297.09 2.28 206.08 277.5711 780.517
2.85 56.49 101.9909 261.551 2.85 241.5 319.0014 903.134
3.42 45.19 91.71981 227.847 3.42 207.48 351.7535 918.665
3.99 33.9 81.71375 194.643 3.99 293.02 374.1563 1072.1
4.56 22.6 72.47512 162.836 4.56 309.12 388.7167 1119.99
5.13 11.3 64.54994 133.442 5.13 318.78 398.5824 1150.79
5.7 0 56.8898 104.535 5.7 322 399.9468 1157.53

5. Investigate strength limit state design for flexure

5.1. Design for flexure

Mu (max) = 1157.24KN.m

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From the above we can have the following equilibrium relationship.

⁄ ⁄

i. Reinforcement required :

Assume a 135 mm Mu 1157.24 KN.m/m

AS=mu/(Ф*fy*(d-a/2) 6,562.66 mm2/m Ф 0.9
a=As*fy/(0.85*fc*b) 135.1136143 mm b 1000 mm
fy 420 N/mm2
Assume a 135.1136143 mm fc' 24 N/mm2
AS=mu/(Ф*fy*(d-a/2) 6,563.46 mm2 D 580 mm
a=As*fy/(0.85*fc*b) 135.1300696 mm2 diam 32.00 mm
cover 30.00 mm
As calculated 6,563 mm2/m d 534.00 mm
spacing calculated s=(b*a)/As 122.472 bar area(a) 803.84

Use Ф32 C/C spacing of 120mm

As provided = 6702 mm2/m

ФMn=ФAs*fy*(d-a/2) = 1267.24 KN/m

From the above alternatively, we can have the following equilibrium relationship.

⁄ ⁄

√ √ ( )

ii) Check for minimum reinforcement requirement (AASHTO 2004, A.8.17.1)

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Minimum reinforcement is required if the Nominal capacity of the cross-section is less than 1.2of
cracking moment and 1.33 of ultimate moment.

Therefore to do so: Parameters:

√ √ ⁄

Therefore ( )

Check also ⁄

ii) Check for maximum steel area (AASHTO 2004, A5.7.3.3.1)

Maximum amount of reinforcement is limited by the ductility requirement such that:

iv) Distribution reinforcement (AASTO 1998, A.5.14.4.1)

For the main reinforcement parallel to traffic, the distribution reinforcement shall be applied as
percentage of main reinforcement steel required for positive moment by the following formula.

⁄ ⁄
√ √

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Using Ф16 distribution reinforcement

Provide Ф16 C/C spacing of 180mm (bottom Reinforcement in transvers direction of Slab Bridge)

v) Temperature and shrinkage reinforcements (AASHTO 1998. A5.10.8)

Reinforcement for temperature and shrinkage stresses shall be provided near surface exposed to daily
temperature and in structural mass concrete.

For structural concrete less than 1200 mm thick the area of reinforcement in each direction are not less
than:

⁄ ( )

Spacing = 745mm (calculated)

Use Ф12 C/C spacing of 450mm

Check this reinforcement against minimum reinforcement criteria (

Compute steel area for minimum moment of:

(

⁄ ⁄

Assume a 22 mm Mu 207.65 KN.m/m

AS=mu/(Ф*fy*(d-a/2) 1,050.36 mm2/m Ф 0.9
a=As*fy/(0.85*fc*b) 21.62507238 mm b 1000 mm
fy 420 N/mm2
Assume a 21.63 mm fc' 24 N/mm2
AS=mu/(Ф*fy*(d-a/2) 1,049.99 mm2 D 580 mm
a=As*fy/(0.85*fc*b) 21.61742568 mm2 diam 16.00 mm
cover 30.00 mm
As calculated 1,050 mm2/m d 534.00 mm
spacing calculated s=(b*a)/As 191.390 bar area(a) 200.96

5.2 Design for shear

A.5.14.4.1 slab bridge design for moment in conformance with AASHTO A.4.6.2.3 may be considered
satisfactory for shear.

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If longitudinal tubes are placed in the slab to void concrete and reduce the cross-section the shear
resistance must be checked.

6. Investigate service limit state

6.1. Control of crack

To control flexural cracking of concrete, tension reinforcement shall be well distributed within a
maximum flexural zone.

Component shall be so proportioned that the tensile stress in the steel reinforcement at service limit state
does not exceed

Check for cracked section

Location of neutral axis „x‟ of extreme fiber in compression

( )

Solving for x: x=201mm

Compute moment of inertia of cracked section

Steel stress

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Check for crack control

dc = distance measured from extreme tension fiber to center of the closest bar = 46mm

Z = crack width parameter, assumed = 30KN/mm2 =30,000N/ mm2

Therefore, for crack control the maximum allowable stress is:

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