September 17, 2019

Lecture # 1

ENGINEERING DRAWING
& GRAPHICS

Fundamentals of Engineering Drawing

Course code: 115206
Instructors: Dr. Bilal Ahmad
Mr. Behram Khan
Mr. Farhan Shareef

Institute of
Space Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering
Contents of today’s lecture:

• Course outline.
• Access to the course material.
• Introduction to the Graphics Language.
• Engineering drawing.
• Traditional drawing tools.
• Drawing standards.
• Drawing scales.
• Drawing symbols
Course outline
Aim of the course:

This course is a part of engineering foundation. It is

targeted to help student visualize the basics of engineering
design. Emphasis would be on basic drawing concepts and
the classical techniques of manual drawing. It is intended
for improving students approach toward conceptual design.

Course duration: 16 weeks

Credit hours: 0-2 (6 contact hours per week)

Course outline
Program Learning Outcomes (PLOs):

PLO-02: Problem Analysis

An ability to identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences and engineering sciences.

PLO-03: Design / Development of Solution

An ability to design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
systems, components, or processes that meet specified needs with appropriate
consideration for public health and safety, cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.

PLO-12: Lifelong Learning

An ability to recognize importance of, and pursue lifelong learning in the broader
context of innovation and technological developments.
Course outline
Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs):

Demonstrate the fundamental knowledge of straight line, circle, curves,

orthographic and axonometric projections, projection of points, lines and
planes.

Relate the concept of engineering curves and conics to draw different

machine elements.

Demonstrate an ability of accurately using drawing tools.

Comprehend instrumental drawing, used for making a professional

drawing that conforms to international standards.
Course outline
Major topics to be covered during the semester:

• Fundamentals of engineering drawing.

• Geometric construction techniques
• Dimensioning.
• Projection method.
• Lettering.
• Free hand sketching.
• Engineering curves.
• Geometric tolerances.
• Sectional views.
Course outline
Recommended books:

• Elementary Engineering Drawing, by N. D.

Bhatt.
• Text book of Engineering Drawing, by K.
Venkata Reddy.
• Engineering Drawing for Manufacture, by
Brain Griffith.
• First Year Engineering Drawing, by A. C.
Parkinson.
Course outline
Evaluation criteria:

Assignments 25%
Quizzes 15%
Midterm 20%
Final exam 40%

Total 100%
Access to the course material
• Cloud sharing link:
https://www.dropbox.com/sh/3u5fkeq387uza92/
AACQJJdPNbWgrYurSE_gGyLLa?dl=0
• Email:

• Office:
Room 6, Mechanical Engineering Faculty
hall, 3rd floor, Block 6
Introduction to the Graphics Language
Introduction to the Graphics
Language
Why Graphics Language?
Units: mm
• Try to write a description of
this object.
• Test your written description
by having someone attempt
to make a sketch from your
description.

You can easily understand that;

The word languages are inadequate for describing the
size, shape and features completely as well as
concisely.
Introduction to the Graphics
Language
Why Graphics Language?

Technical graphics is a real and complete language

used in the design process for:
Units: mm
• Visualization

• Communication

• Documentation
Introduction to the Graphics
Language
Why Graphics Language?

Visualization
• Visualization is the ability to mentally picture things that
are not there.
• Ability to visualize problem solutions and communicate
them through sketches is one of the most important skill
of a designer. Tidbit
Introduction to the Graphics
Language
Why Graphics Language?

Communication
• Refinement of your initial
sketches so that your design
solution can be communicated
to others without ambiguity.
• Further analysis (such as Finite
Element) could be performed to
understand the impacts and
consequences of real life
conditions.
• Usually done by creating a three
dimensional (3D) model
Introduction to the Graphics
Language
Why Graphics Language?

Documentation
• Is a process to permanently
record that solution.

• 2D drawing follow strict

standard practices.

• These standards are the

language used to communicate
graphically.
https://www.simscale.com/blog/2017/12/nasa
-mars-climate-orbiter-metric/
Introduction to the Graphics
Language

Graphic language in “engineering application” uses

lines to represent the surfaces, edges and contours
of objects.

• The language is known as “drawing” or “drafting” .

• A drawing can be done using freehand,
instruments or computer methods.
Introduction to the Graphics
Language
Freehand drawing

The lines are sketched without using instruments other

than pencils and erasers.
• Single stroke letters
• General Proportions of letters
• No fix standards
• It should be such that it looks pleasant to
eyes
Introduction to the Graphics
Language
Instrument drawing
Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately. Thus, the drawings are
usually made to scale.
Introduction to the Graphics
Language
Computer drawing

The drawings are usually made by commercial software

such as AutoCAD, Solid Works, Pro-E, CATIA etc.
Introduction to the Graphics
Language
Simple CAD/CAE/CAM Product Lifecycle

Design Analysis Manufacturing

CAD CAE CAM
Engineering drawing
Engineering drawing

Engineering drawing is an universal

language, known as the language of
engineers.
Engineering drawing
Elements of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language
and word language.

Graphics
language
Describe a shape.

Word
language
Describe size, location and
specification of the object.
Engineering drawing
Elements of Engineering Drawing

Graphics Word
language language

Line Projection Geometric

types method construction Lettering
Traditional drawing tools
Traditional drawing tools
In order to create manual engineering
drawings, various instruments are
used.

Technical drawing board

Traditional drawing tools

T-Square
• T-Square is used for drawing
parallel horizontal lines and
also as a base for set
squares, for drawing vertical,
inclined or mutually parallel
lines.
• The stock of the T-square
moves over the working edge
of the drawing board.
• The working edge of the
blade should be perfectly
straight.
Traditional drawing tools

Set square

• A set square or triangle is an

object used in technical
drawing, with the aim of
providing a straight edge at a
particular point to a baseline.

• The most simple

form of set
square is a
triangular piece
of transparent
plastic.
Traditional drawing tools

Pencils

The hard leads are used for

Hard construction lines on technical
drawings.

Thin line The medium grades are used for

general use on technical drawings.
Medium The harder grades are for
instrument drawings and the softer
for sketching.
Thick line

Soft leads are used for technical

Soft sketching and artwork but are too
soft for instrument drawings.
Traditional drawing tools

Compass

The compass is used to draw

circles and arcs of varying
diameters.

Adhesive paper tape

Traditional drawing tools

French Curves

• French curves are used for

drawing curves which cannot be
drawn with a compass.

• The curves should be drawn

with a single stroke, so that no
corners are formed.

• They are used for drawing non-

circular curves on graphic charts
and for plotting motions and
forces on engineering graphs.
Drawing standards
Drawing standards

• Standards are set of rules that govern how technical

drawings are represented.

• Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey

the same meaning to everyone who reads them.
Drawing standards

Standard Code
Country Code Full name

USA ANSI American National Standard Institute

Japan JIS Japanese Industrial Standard
UK BS British Standard
Australia AS Australian Standard
Germany DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung

ISO International Standards Organization

Drawing standards
A4
Drawing Sheet
A3
• Trimmed paper of
a size A0 ~ A4. A2
• Standard sheet
size (JIS)
A1
A4 210 x 297
A3 297 x 420
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0
A0 841 x 1189
(Dimensions in millimeters)
Drawing standards
Orientation of drawing sheet

1. Type X (A0~A3) 2. Type Y (A4 only)

c
d
d c Drawing
Border Drawing space
space Title block
lines Title block
c

Sheet size c (min) d (min)

A4 10 25
A3 10 25
A2 10 25
A1 20 25
A0 20 25
SAMPLE OF DRAWING SHEET
Drawing standards

Title Block

All engineering drawings should feature a title block.

Institute of Space Technology

Drawing standards
Main inclusions in the Title Block
Title: Title of the drawing.
Name: Name of the person who produced the
drawing.
Checked: Before manufacture, drawings are
usually checked.
Version: Many drawings are amended, each
revision must be noted.
Date: The date the drawing was produced or
last amended.
Notes: Any note relevant to the drawing
Scale: The scale of the drawing.
Company name: Name of the company.
Projection: The projection system used to create
the drawing.
Drawing scales
Drawing scales
Length, size
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element
of an object shown in the drawing to the real linear
dimension of the same element of the object.

Size in drawing Actual size

:
Drawing scales

Description of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”

followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow

SCALE 1:1 for full size

SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)
SCALE 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)

Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond

to “true size” of the object and they are independent of
the scale used in creating that drawing.
Drawing symbols
Drawing symbols
Drawing symbols
Drawing symbols
Drawing symbols
Drawing symbols
Drawing symbols
 Any Questions?

Institute of
Department of
Space Technology Mechanical Engineering