MHF4U Course Notes Name: ____________________
Unit 4: Trigonometric Equations Date: _____________________
Unit 4: Trigonometric Equations
7.1 Equivalent Trigonometric Expressions
Evaluate the following trigonometric expressions by using the radian mode of your calculator.
Set 1:
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋/6) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋/9) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋/18) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋/9) =
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋/3) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(5𝜋/18) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝜋/9) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(7𝜋/18) =
Set 2:
−𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋/6) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋/3) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛(5𝜋/18) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋/9) =
𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋/3) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(5𝜋/6) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(7𝜋/9) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(11𝜋/18) =
What do you notice about the answers of each pair of angles?
What do you notice about each pair of angles? Can you make an equation for the second angle in
terms of the first?
Can you come up with a defining relationship for each set, for a general angle 𝜃 ?
MHF4U Course Notes Name: ____________________
Unit 4: Trigonometric Equations Date: _____________________
These are called the co-function identities:
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝜋/2 − 𝜃]
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛[𝜋/2 − 𝜃]
3. −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝜋/2 + 𝜃]
Ex. use the co-function identities to determine an equivalent expression for each of the following:
:; ; @;
a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛( ) b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠( ) c) −𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
<= >? A
We can also determine equivalent trig expressions from using the graphs by using transformations.
Using the graph of each function shown, graph 𝑓(−𝑥) and −𝑓(𝑥). Use the following properties to
determine if an equivalent trig expression exists for each.
Even: 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) Odd: 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) or 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑓(−𝑥)
a) Sine
MHF4U Course Notes Name: ____________________
Unit 4: Trigonometric Equations Date: _____________________
b) Cosine
c) Tangent
A list of equivalent expressions is available on page 392 (the co-function ones depend on which
quadrant the angle lies in)
Additional Practice: Page 392 #1, 3, 5, 7.
MHF4U Course Notes Name: ____________________
Unit 4: Trigonometric Equations Date: _____________________
7.2/7.3 Compound & Double Angle Formulas
There are many instances in which we are required to work with angles that are a combination of two
or more angles. To determine the exact value of the trig ratios for these angles, we want to break
down the compound angle into angles from our special triangles.
ie. 105° = 60° + ___
75°=
The addition and subtraction identities are:
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
HIJK L HIJM HIJK N HIJM
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵) =
< N HIJK HIJM < L HIJK HIJM
Before we use these identities, let’s prove a few.
Ex 1. Show that 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 @ 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛@ 𝜃 using the addition identities. This means showing LS = RS
Ex 2. Show that 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋/2 − 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)
MHF4U Course Notes Name: ____________________
Unit 4: Trigonometric Equations Date: _____________________
Now let’s use some of these. We will try first in degrees.
Ex 3. Find and simplify the exact value of the following expressions using the compound angle
formulas.
;
a) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(75°) b) 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
<@
:;
c) 𝑡𝑎𝑛( )
<@
MHF4U Course Notes Name: ____________________
Unit 4: Trigonometric Equations Date: _____________________
Double Angle Formulas
Sine: Cosine: Tangent:
𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜃) = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 @ 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛@ 𝜃 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
@
𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜃) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛(2𝜃) =
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛@ 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜃) = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛@ 𝜃
Ex 1. Use the double angle formula to write the following expression as a single trigonometric ratio:
< <
a) 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝑥) b) 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑥)
@ @
Ex 2. Given 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 3/5and 0 ≤ 𝜃 < 2𝜋, determine the exact values of the following:
a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜃) b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝜃) c) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (2𝜃)
Additional Practice: Page 400 #1-4, 8.
Additional Practice: Page 407 # 1-3 (every other letter), 6, 7, 9, 10.
MHF4U Course Notes Name: ____________________
Unit 4: Trigonometric Equations Date: _____________________
7.4 Proving Trigonometric Identities
Review: Factoring Trig expressions.
a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛@ 𝜃 − 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 4 b) 36𝑡𝑎𝑛@ 𝜃 − 49𝑠𝑖𝑛@ 𝜃
c) 6𝑐𝑜𝑠 @ 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 1 d) 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 − 3𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
Strategies for proving trig identities:
● We are trying to show LS=RS
● Use algebra and known identities to transform one side to another
● Write the entire equation in terms of one trig function
● Express everything in terms of 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
● Come up with a game plan: start with a tougher side, see what might be your last step, and
then decide how to get there.
A full list of the identities you will need is provided on Page 416, and on the next page of this booklet.
The same identities will be provided on the unit test.
MHF4U Course Notes Name: ____________________
Unit 4: Trigonometric Equations Date: _____________________
Trigonometric Identities
Reciprocal: Quotient: Pythagorean
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 Identities: 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛@ 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 @ 𝜃
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛@ 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 @ 𝜃 = 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛@ 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 @ 𝜃 − 1
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛@ 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 @ 𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 @ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 @ 𝜃
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 @ 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛@ 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡 @ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 @ 𝜃 − 1
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
Complementary Angle:
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝜋/2 − 𝜃] 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛[𝜋/2 − 𝜃] −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝜋/2 + 𝜃]
Addition/Subtraction:
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
HIJK L HIJM HIJK N HIJM
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵) =
< N HIJK HIJM < L HIJK HIJM
Double Angle:
@ HIJT
𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜃) = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 @ 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛@ 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛(2𝜃) =
< N HIJU T
𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜃) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 @ 𝜃 − 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜃) = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛@ 𝜃
MHF4U Course Notes Name: ____________________
Unit 4: Trigonometric Equations Date: _____________________
Examples: Prove the following identities.
A. 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
B. (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 @ 𝜃)(𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
C.2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 + 𝛽) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽)
MHF4U Course Notes Name: ____________________
Unit 4: Trigonometric Equations Date: _____________________
1+𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃
D.𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 LXYJT
Additional Proofs to try:
XYJU T
1. = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
<NZ[XT
<
2. (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) =
X\Z U T
3. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 @ 𝜃
4. 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
<NZ[X U T
5. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
Z[XT
6. 𝑠𝑖𝑛@ 𝜃 (𝑐𝑠𝑐 @ 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 @ 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 @ 𝜃
7. 𝑡𝑎𝑛@ 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 @ 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 @ 𝜃
8. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 @ 𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛@ 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 @ 𝜃 = 1
9. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 @ 𝜃
Additional Practice: Page 417 #9-11
MHF4U Course Notes Name: ____________________
Unit 4: Trigonometric Equations Date: _____________________
7.5 Solving Linear Trig Equations
To solve degree one trig equations, use the following steps:
1. Get the equation so that it is in the for 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃= …
2. Use special triangles, or 𝑠𝑖𝑛N< to find an angle.
3. Find all other possible answers (CAST)
Ex 1. Solve 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 3 = 0 for 0 < 𝜃 < 2𝜋
When solving equations with double angles, or a number inside the trig ratio, we must use a
substitution to solve, then add the period of that function to determine all solutions.
Ex 2. Solve the following. 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜃) = 1 for 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
MHF4U Course Notes Name: ____________________
Unit 4: Trigonometric Equations Date: _____________________
<
Ex 3. Solve the following. 𝑐𝑜𝑠(3𝜃) = for 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
@
Ex 4. Solve the following equation in the interval 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜃)
Additional Practice: Page 426 # 10.
MHF4U Course Notes Name: ____________________
Unit 4: Trigonometric Equations Date: _____________________
7.6 Solving Quadratic Trig Functions
To solve quadratic trig functions:
1. Bring everything to one side, then factor
2. Solve for the roots/x-intercepts (with special triangles or using your calculator)
3. Sketch the solutions, and determine if any more solutions exist over the interval
Ex 1. Solve 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 @ 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0on the interval 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
Ex 2. Solve 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛@ 𝜃 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 on the interval 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
MHF4U Course Notes Name: ____________________
Unit 4: Trigonometric Equations Date: _____________________
Ex 3. Solve 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0on the interval 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
Additional Practice: Page 436 #4ad, 5, 6, 8 (every other)
MHF4U Course Notes Name: ____________________
Unit 4: Trigonometric Equations Date: _____________________
Unit 4 Test Review: Trigonometric Equations
- Equivalent ratios
- Compound angles: sin(A+B)
- 2 proofs
- Solving
- Substitutions: 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜃)
- Factoring: 𝑠𝑖𝑛@ 𝜃+. ..
Practice Questions
1. State a trigonometric ratio that is equivalent to each of the following:
a. 𝑠𝑖𝑛(7𝜋/18) b. −𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝜋/8)
2. Solve the following equation over the interval 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋:
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜃) − 1 = 0
3. Prove the following trigonometric identities:
@ Z[XT
a. = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
Z[X(@T) L <
b.
𝑠𝑖𝑛UT N Z[XUT = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 + 1
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 XYJT L XYJUT
1
c. 𝑐𝑠𝑐(2𝜃) = (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃)(𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃)
2
4. Use a compound angle formula to determine and simplify a trigonometric expression that is
;
equivalent to 𝑐𝑜𝑠( + 𝜃)
>
5. Simplify (using exact values) :
^;
a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(285) b) 𝑡𝑎𝑛( )
<@
6. Solve the following over the interval 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋:
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 @ 𝜃 − 1 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
