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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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TITLE PAGE i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ii

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background of the Study 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem 3

1.3 General Objective 3

1.4 Conceptual Framework 4

1.5 Significance of the Study 5

1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study 6

1.7 Definition of Terms 6

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 8

2.1 Historical Aspect 8

2.2 Piezoelectric ceramics characterization and structure 9

2.3 Seasonal climate outlook 10

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 2.4 Related Studies of Raindrops Energy Harvesting 12

3. METHODOLOGY 13

3.1 Site Scouting 13

3.2 Initial Measurement 13

3.3 Initial Design 14

3.4 Flow Chart 14

3.5 System Component 15

3.6 Computation 16

3.7 System Design 17

3.8 Budgetary and Allocation 19

3.9 Return of Investment (ROI) 20

3.10 Gantt Chart 21

REFERENCES 22

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 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Since the discovery of electricity, people have been dependent to its substantial

benefits in everyday living. No one can hide the fact that the bulging demand for

electricity is vividly observed. Undoubtedly, people cannot seem to live without

electricity at hand especially in today’s generation in which technology is not just a tool

for such tasks but also for entertainment purposes. As fuels generate more energy, it also

produces negative impacts. Thus, it becomes the dominant source of local air pollution

and emitter of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses. Since the energy demand in

the Philippines is increasing, the sources of energy are not enough to satisfy the

electricity demand needed by the society.

Typically renewable sources of energy are truly inexpensive and ecological

compared to the sources which are non-renewable that are carried by transmission lines.

Most of the renewable sources of energy that are widely used in the present time are

hydroelectricity and solar energy. Thus, the researcher would like to construct and design

an energy system that uses natural and economical materials as well.

On the other hand, rain is a natural phenomenon that possesses potential energy that

eventually becomes kinetic energy. Thus, raindrop is a feasible source of for renewable

energy and could be converted to electrical energy. Among all the other renewable

sources of energy, the researcher chose raindrop as a major variable in the study

considering that the Philippines is a tropical country experiences rainfall all throughout
the year. The basic problem in harnessing electricity from the raindrops is the structure

and type of piezoelectric transducer that can affect in generating electricity.

Piezoelectricity was derived from a Greek word “piezo” which means pressure, thus

piezoelectricity means electricity by pressure. The piezoelectric effect is usually observed

in quart and crystals when these material where subjected to mechanical pressure.

Electric potential will appear in faces of the crystals. When the crystals are compressed it

forces negative ions within each unit cell of the crystal to rearrange itself.

Since piezoelectric effect involves that potent of mechanical stress to be translated to

electrical energy and raindrop as a means of kinetic energy, using both of these variables

may lead to the production electrical energy. Through the information gathered the

researcher will conduct a study that aims to highlight the essentiality of raindrop kinetic

energy as a means of mechanical pressure that will be converted to electrical energy

through piezoelectric effect.

The umbrella-inspired output of the research may serve as an electricity-producing

generator that will greatly contribute to the society. By using piezoelectric transducers as

a source of energy, we could lessen arising environmental issues and help to improve our

environment’s situation nowadays. Also, it will also benefit the people living in tropical

countries like Philippines where rainfall is expected and typhoons are present every

month or is expected all around the year. It will also give advantage in rural areas that are

not reached by electric transmission lines in the country.

1.2 Statement of the problem

This study aims to determine the efficiency of using piezoelectric transducers in

harvesting raindrop kinetic energy. Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following

questions:

1.2.a. Does the type and structure of piezoelectric transducer affect the electricity

generated?

1.2.b. Is the amount of energy harvested using piezoelectric transducer enough to

generate electricity?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The general objective of this study is to design and implement an improvised

raindrop energy harvesting to harness electricity from raindrops through piezoelectric

transducer to power electronic devices basically in home application. Moreover, it aims

to design an umbrella type structure raindrop harvester and utilize PZT piezoelectric

transducers that are connected in series connection.

1.4 Conceptual Paradigm

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Kinetic energy Kinetic Energy
Direct current (DC)
from the raindrops to Electrical energy
Mechanical Energy
to
Electrical Energy

Figure 1-1. Conceptual Framework

The figure shows that the input represents the kinetic energy from raindrops. The kinetic

energy of raindrops be harvested as renewable energy and method to convert mechanical

energy from raindrop to electrical energy. Using piezoelectric in series connection and

the output from the piezoelectric produced alternating current (AC), then using rectifier

circuit for convert to direct current (DC).

1.5 Significance of the Study

The study can offer electrical energy to power small electronic devices basically in

home application from raindrops through piezoelectric energy harvester that harness

energy without harmful effects towards the environment.

This study will also benefit to the:

Present researchers. It gives the researchers a better understanding on how to

harness kinetic energy from the raindrops through piezoelectric tranducers.

 Student. This study opens up their minds on how importance the role of electricity.

So, it serves as their guidelines and inspiration to conduct more research about renewable

energy to make the best outcome.

Community. This study will contribute greatly to our society as an electricity-

producing generator and helps the residents, particularly in remote areas.

Future Researchers. The result of this study serve as a driving force to the future

researchers who continually discovering possible ways to harness energy from raindrops

that will be used to cater electricity needs of consumers living in remote areas.

1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study focuses only on the harvesting of kinetic energy in raindrops for electricity

production. This improvised energy harvesting system can only be utilized with a

piezoelectric device that is capable of producing energy by means of mechanical stress or

kinetic energy. In this study, the researcher will use the kinetic energy stored in raindrops

and convert it to electrical energy.

The study will not use any other means of mechanical stress other than raindrops.

However, the said system is only limited to and will only be used during rainy seasons or

at least a series of raindrop is visible.

1.7 Definition of Terms

 Electrical energy – energy produces by the movement of electrons.

 Energy harvesting – scavenging of renewable energy.

 Kinetic energy – energy associated by motion or mechanical stress.

 Piezoelectricity - means electricity by pressure.

 Piezoelectric effect – potent of mechanical stress to be translated to electrical

energy and raindrop as a means of kinetic energy

 Piezoelectric transducer – materials that composed quartz and crystals.

 Rectifier – convert AC to DC.

 Umbrella – material output that serve as an electricity-producing generator.

 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter includes all the related literature and studies that will be used for future

analysis and interpretation of the study. This will also strengthen the proposed study and

will be a building clock to the present research work.

2.1 Historical Aspects

The Greek word piezoelectricity literally means “electricity by pressure” in which

name was proposed by Hankel in 1881. According to the French physicists Pierre and

Jacques Curie (who discovered piezoelectricity in 1880), the positive and negative

charges were found on several parts of the crystal surface when comprised in several

directions according to its symmetry. Piezoelectricity is the electric charge found in a

variation of certain solid materials that are formed because of mechanical stress applied

to it. Piezoelectric effect is characterized as the interaction between the electrical and

mechanical state of crystals and is also defined as a reversible process.

2.2 Energy Harvesting

Energy harvesting is the process of electronically capturing and accumulating energy

from a variety of energy sources deemed wasted or otherwise said to be unusable for any

practical purpose. Energy harvesting or energy scavenging technologies refer to

applications that capture and exploit the unused and depleted energy so as to convert it to

a more usable form. The push factor for energy harvesting is the depletion of oil and gas

that generated the conventional electricity. Oil and gas are non-renewable energy and it

will decrease from years to years (A. Kansal,2005).

Energy harvesting is very important because unused energy will not be wasted. The

unused energy will give people some goodness rather than be depleted. It is also will
eliminates the need of batteries for small devices. Thus, this will improve the

environment and keep it from contaminating by chemicals in dried cells. It is also

maintenance free and enables circuit to operate without periodic battery replacement.

Energy harvesting also will save up electrical monthly billings (Merhaeen,2010).

Research regarding renewable energy as an alternate energy has tremendously done

worldwide in order to replace conventional energy supplement with an alternative and

renewable energy such as solar, raindrops, wind, biomass and other natural source that

can be manipulated (Sarjiya,2014).

2.3 Rain energy harvesting

Energy from the rain fall also can be converted into electrical energy. This is happen

when the raindrops impact the piezoelectric sheet and it will start to vibrate. The

electrode will convert vibration energy to electrical energy (R. Miceli,2013).

The size and velocity of the raindrop will be affecting the output voltage. When the

rain drop falling with bigger size at high velocity, it will crash the surface of the

piezoelectric material and it will deflect. The deflection of piezoelectric sensor will

produce electricity. This will produce a higher output voltage. If the rains are falling

slowly, the output voltage from the piezoelectric sensor maybe becomes smaller due to

the low impact from the rain (F. Viola,2013).

Rain drops possesses kinetic energy as they descend gradually from the clouds. This

kinetic energy can be utilized to generate electricity by use of piezoelectric materials.

This paper illustrates the behavior and the procurable energy of the raindrops. A
prototype to harness energy theoretical and experimentally study is also made. The

material used is PZT.(Waykar 2015).

2.3 Power generation by piezoelectric material

Piezoelectric materials can be used as a means of transforming ambient vibrations

into electrical energy that can then be stored and used to power other devices. With the

recent surge of micro scale devices, piezoelectric power generation can provide a

convenient alternative to traditional power sources used to operate certain types of

sensors/actuators, telemetry, and MEMS devices. However, the energy produced by these

materials is in many cases far too small to directly power an electrical device. Therefore,

much of the research into power harvesting has focused on methods of accumulating the

energy until a sufficient amount is present, allowing the intended electronics to be

powered. (Sodano et al. 2004a)

The amount of energy generated by a piezoelectric plate and investigates two

methods of accumulating the energy thus produced. The first method uses a capacitor,

which in early research has been the most common method of storing the energy

generated and the second utilizes rechargeable nickel metal hydride batteries. The

advantages of each method are discussed and the rechargeable battery is found to have

more desirable qualities for power harvesting than the capacitor. Additionally, this

manuscript represents, for the first time, the fact that the power output by a piezoelectric

material is capable of recharging a discharged battery. Through the excitation of a

piezoelectric plate, it is demonstrated that a 40 mAh battery can be charged in less than
half an hour at resonance and in only a few hours with a random signal similar to that of a

typical vibrating piece of machinery ( Inman et al. 2005).

Mechanical strain is converted into electric current or voltage through the

piezoelectric effect. Motion from human vibration in low frequency, acoustic noise is the

example of the mechanical strain. But this will be excepted if the piezoelectric effect is

happening in AC requiring time varying inputs where mechanical to be more efficient.

Most of the sources that using piezoelectric electricity only produce a small power which

in mill watts and not very suitable for applying in the system. However, it is suitable for

small device. One proposal is that they are used for micro-scale devices, such as in a

device harvesting micro-hydraulic energy. In this device, the flow of hydraulic fluid

drives a piston supported by three piezoelectric elements which convert the pressure into

an alternating current (P. Romano,2013)

2.4 Piezoelectric ceramics characterization and structure

During World War II, research in piezoelectric materials expanded to the U.S., the

Soviet Union and Japan. Up until then, limited performance by these materials inhibited

commercialization but that changed when a major breakthrough came with the discovery

of barium titanate and lead zirconate titanate (PZT) in the 1940s and 1950s respectively.

These families of materials exhibited very high dielectric and piezoelectric properties.

Furthermore, they offered the possibility of tailoring their behavior to specific responses

and applications by the use of dopants. To date, PZT is one of the most widely used

piezoelectric materials.
 The output voltages and the generated electrical energy of PZT piezoelectric ceramic

body are increased with the increasing of the applied mechanical energy. Under the same

impact mechanical energy, the output voltages and the generated electrical energy of the

PZT piezoelectric ceramic body are depending on both the dimensional size and

properties of the samples. The PZT piezoelectric ceramic body with greater (t/D2) can

produce a higher output voltage and higher generated electrical energy. With the same

piezoelectric ceramic body size, under the same impact mechanical energy, the output

voltage and the generated energy of soft type piezoelectric ceramic body is higher than

that of hard type piezoelectric ceramic body, which is because the g33 and ε33T value of

soft type piezoelectric ceramic body is higher than that of hard type piezoelectric ceramic

body (Lung Wu & Jui-Sheng Lin, 2014).

As the fossil resources are at risk of extinction, many efforts are being introduced to

produce electrical energy. Micro-electrification by utilizing the energy from vibration has

become an alternative way to generate electricity. It is through a device with sub-micron-

scale dimension sub-micron-scale dimension. This work focus to generate electricity with

the utilization of the off-the-shelf piezoelectric transducers; Polyvinylidene Fluoride

(PVDF) and Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) under different rain shower density. With the

three different flow rate of an artificial rain shower, it is able to generate maximum power

of 2.4 x10-6Watt and 27x10-6Watt for PVDF and PZT, respectively. However, the

energy is significantly influenced by the rectifier circuit (Ai-Bao Chai,2015).

2.5 Seasonal Climate Outlook

A transition to ENSO-neutral condition will be likey (80% chance) in May-June-July

2021 season. Subsurface temperature anomalies decreased from March-May 2020, before

weakening in June. Starting in mid-July 2020, negative temperature anomalies

strengthened and persisted through early February 2021, when negative anomalies

weakened. Beginning in mid-March 2021, subsurface temperature anomalies were above

average.

Onset of the rainy season associated with the southwest monsoon for the month of

May 2021 rainfall condition is about 81 – 120% generally near to above conditions; June

2021 generally near normal rainfall conditions; July 2021 generally near to above normal

in Luzon, while near normal in Visayas and Mindanao with some patches of below

normal in Davao Occ., South Cotabato and Saranggani; August 2021 generally near

normal with above normal rainfall conditions in Easter Samar and below normal in

Dinagat Island; September 2021 generally near normal rainfall conditions except for

Catanduanes, Siquijor, Biliran, Leyte, and Dinagat Island where below normal is likely

on October 2021 generally near normal rainfall conditions (PAGASA 2021).

Synthesis of related literature

The discovery of piezoelectric effect and its application discusses about the literal

meaning and the mechanism of the piezoelectric effect. According to Pierre and Jacques

Curie, piezoelectric effect is the reversible process and interaction between the electrical
and mechanical state of crystals. The said literature is relevant to present study since the

researcher became knowledgeable about the discovery of piezoelectric effect.

The literature about Energy harvesting is relevant to present study since the

researcher became well-informed regarding to renewable energy as alternate source of

electricity. The said article on rain energy harvesting supports the present study as it

tackles about the kinetic energy from raindrops to convert from usable electricity and also

the characteristics of rain needed to generate electricity.

In a literature entitled piezoelectric effect of lead zicronate titanate and application, it

is said the discovery of this particular phenomenon, known as piezoelectric effect lead to

the acquisition of a number of permanently polarized materials which are now

distinctively used for industrial purposes, especially in electricity generation. The

information provided is relevant with the present study since it highlights the reasonable

discovery and application of lead zicronate titanate (PZT), which will be utilized

constructing the actual piezoelectric transducer on the present study rather than PVDF

because of its higher output generation.

Seasonal climate outlook discusses about the climate condition of the Philippines

during the month May to October. It specifies the difference of the rain conditions in the

months of May to October. The literature will give ideas to the researcher on what to

expect the said months. The intensity of the expected rainfall during those months will be

easily determined due to the climate outlook presented by the Philippine Atmospheric,

Geophysical, Astronomical, Services Administration.

2.4 Related Studies of Raindrops Energy Harvesting

In the study conducted by Azuwa Ali (2015), investigated the possibility of kinetic

energy of raindrops can be harvested as renewable energy and a method to convert

mechanical energy from raindrop to electrical energy. Each piezoelectric transducer can

be generated in average of 1 volt for each pressure at that surface. Using more

piezoelectric in series connection will supply more power to the load.

Swingler et al (2015) conducted a study presenting the EH (energy harvesting) is a

process whereby energy is captured from external sources such as solar, wind or other

means. The challenge is to provide efficient and “clean” power for micro to Macro level

applications. EH techniques at the micro-level can mainly be categorized into three

forms: piezoelectric, thermoelectric and photovoltaic. The present study examines

harvesting energy from raindrop impact using a PEH (piezoelectric energy Harvesting)

device. A piezoelectric material is capable of producing an electric charge when the

material undergoes mechanical stress. There are many materials such as quartz and

tourmaline crystals that exhibit this piezoelectric effect. Such materials have in the past

been actively used as electromechanical transducers. The ferroelectric groups of materials

which exhibit the piezoelectric effect are also known as piezoelectric materials.

Ferroelectric ceramics such as PZT (lead zirconate titanate) are widely used in EH due to

their favorable properties. PZT devices have been considered to be a prospective

replacement for batteries in some applications due to their high piezoelectric character

and energy output.

 A study by Ilyas (2015), EH from the impact of raindrops has been gaining

significant research interest over recent years by a handful of groups, and the potential

still has not been fully unlocked. It is this REH (raindrop energy harvesting). Many

geographical locations receive a moderate to heavy rainfall which can then be utilized to

generate electricity as an alternative method to conventional and other mainstream

renewable techniques. Energy output using such a system is very low in comparison to

other forms of renewable power generation, but may be sufficient to power electronic

devices in specialist low power applications where replacing batteries is not a feasible

option. Additionally, the battery-less application is becoming more frequent because of

the limitations due to size, weight, environmental impact and life of the battery.

Applications like wireless micro-sensor networks and MEMS (micro electromechanical

systems) are examples of such emerging technologies that have integrated energy

harvesting methods. The energy output in REH devices depends on the mass of the

droplet, the velocity and the mechanism of impact at which it strikes the harvesting

device. The radius of rain droplet can vary between 1 mm and 5 mm depending on

geographical location and type of rain . The maximum output reached experimentally

using these techniques is 12 mW.

Through gathering related information from different researchers above, those

studies helped the researcher to choose piezoelectric transducer that was efficient in

generating electricity. Otherwise the energy output in raindrop energy harvester depends

on the mass, velocity and mechanism of droplet at which it strikes the harvesting device.
 3. METHODOLOGY

This chapter shows the materials and processes to be utilized and undergone by the

researcher in order to perform and create a raindrop-kinetic energy harvesting umbrella.

Also this includes the block diagram of the system, conceptual design and the system

componenents.

3.1 Site Scouting

The researcher selects a suitable place where the system can be effectively use. With

this, specific site scouting method on raindrop energy harvester will be evaluated through

the criteria which contain (1) Having accessibility/ safety of the to-be-installed project,

(2) a place where the rain is abundant and (3) the type and amount of rain that can be

harness . These must be present in the target location in which this criterion is base from

the major design consideration of the related projects.

3.2 Initial Measurements

Initial measurement were conducted by the researchers to determine the velocity of

the water by throwing Styrofoam and getting the time using phone timer. we repeated

several times until we got the raw velocity of the flowing water. Then data gathered was
then used to determine if the water velocity is sufficient to the target power output of the

generator.

3.3 Flow Chart

PIEZOELECTRIC
TRANSDUCER
RAINDROPS RECTIFIER
(PZT) CIRCUIT

VOLTAGE BATTERY
REGULATOR BANK
DC LOADS
(12V/5V) (3000mAh)

Figure 3.1. Block Diagram

Figure 3.1 shows the block diagram and the process of the Rain Energy Harvester.

The raindrops will strike the piezoelectric transducers utilizing PZT ceramic connected in

series that was placed on the top of the umbrella as an energy output. From the

mechanical vibration of the rain it will convert it into electrical energy or pulse. The

electrical energy that was produced react as an AC input source. From that input source

the full wave bridge rectifier is utilize to convert AC voltage input signal to DC voltage

output. Output power from piezoelectric transducer stored at battery bank 3000mAh and
it will charge the battery until full. When load is used, the power from battery bank will

discharge through the voltage regulator based on 5V or 12V load.

3.4 System Component

1. Battery -it serve as the storage bank of voltage and it provide backup power during

power outage.

2. Piezoelectric transducer – is a ceramic type material that harness mechanical

vibration and convert into electrical energy or pulse

3. Rectifier circuit- it will convert AC voltage signal to DC voltage output.

4. Voltage regulator – discharge the power from battery bank when load is used base on

voltage capacity.

3.5Computations

This is a formula for kinetic energy from falling raindrops.

KE =1/2( m x v2),where

 KE is A kinetic energy measured in joules (J)

 m is a mass of raindrops (kg)

 v is velocity of the rain fall (m/s)

The researcher needs to consider how much rain is falling and how fast it is, to figure out

the amount of energy that can be harvested from falling raindrops.

Power output computation:

Velocity of the water - 1.203 m/s

Area of the propeller - 0.130m2

Po = 1/2( (1000kg/m3 )(0.130m2)(1.203m/s)3)

Po = 113.16W

The researchers considered the loads needed to be supplied. The loads are identified

5- lightning loads ( 20 watts rating). Expected maximum load will be 5(20)= 100 Watts.

The generator that will be used in RUN-of-RIVER hydro power generator is a DC

generator. A DC generator’s field voltage is equal to the load voltage, considering these

parameters to choose the type of generator. The DC generator will charge the battery to

be used to supply the loads. The rating of the generator is 12 V and 9.2 amperes.

Using 75-Ah, 12 volts lead - acid battery. Solving for charging in hours.

batteryrating( Ah)
Charging time of battery = ch arg ingcurrent ( Amperes )
75 Ah
Charging time of battery(in hours) = 9.2 Amps .
 Charging time of battery(in hours) = 8.15 hours

3.6 Research Design

Piezoelectric transducers

Battery inside

Figure 3.2 Designed System

In order to actualize the study, the researcher came up with the following procedures:

PHASE I: Preparation of materials

  The researcher will be using 15 pieces of PZT (lead zicronate titanate) ceramics,

connecting wires, rectifier, voltage regulator, battery and the soldering iron will

be purchased in a local hardware shop.

 Gather all the materials needed.

PHASE II: Piezoelectric transducer

 The PZT will be attached together in series connection using the soldering iron.

 A connecting wire be linked in the one end of PZT and another connecting wire

are connected to the rectifier circuit going to the battery then to the loads with the

aid of voltage regulator.

PHASE III: Installation and finishing touches

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APPENDICES
 APPENDIX A

Cost of Materials

Appendix Table 1. Summary of Material Cost

PRICE PER PIECE TOTAL PRICE

NO. MATERIALS QUANTITY
(Php) (Php)

1 12V, DC Motor 1 pc 950 950

2 LED Bulb 9 pcs 56 504

3 Propeller 1 pc 250 250

4 Wire no. 16 20 m 25 500

5 Shaft 3 feet 90 270

6 Charge Controller 1 pc 276 276

7 Floater Expenses - 500 500

8 Bulb receptacle 9 pcs 20 180

9 Switch 4 pcs 35 140

10 12V Battery 1 pc 950 950

TOTAL 4520
 APPENDIX B

Documentation

Appendix Figure 1. Sealing the motor

Appendix Figure 2. Installation of elbow

Appendix Figure 3. Installing the floater and the motor seal in the barrel

Appendix Figure 4. Floater sealing