Q1.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of The Internet

1.0 Introduction

Modern life has become easier and the people of the world have to thanks to the immense
contribution of the internet technology to communication and information sharing. There is no
doubt that internet has made our life become easier and more convenient. We can use internet to
communicate with people around the world, doing business by using internet, make new friend and
know different cultures, searching information, studying and etc.

The internet not only allows for communication through email but also ensures easy availability of
information, images, and products amongst other things. Every day the internet continues to
provide a new facility, something new that is immensely convenient and that makes life more easier
for web users. However, the internet also contains some unwanted elements or disadvantages. The
following are the advantages and disadvantages of the internet.

2.0 Advantages of the Internet

Firstly, the internet can let a person to communicate with people in virtually any parts of the world
through the internet or e-mail, without having to leave his room. E-mail allowed peoples to
communicate with minimum of times. It is now possible to send a message to any parts of the world
through a simple e-mail address and the message is delivered in matter of seconds. Every company is
using e-mail in business. The convenience of e-mail has allowed businesses to expand and
communicates with their vendors and customers located all over the world in records times.
Personal communication has also become more easier thanks to e-mail. Chat rooms, video
conferencing is some of the latest additions in this technology and these have allowed peoples to
chat in real time. Besides, there are a lot of messenger’s services in offering. With the help of such
services, it has become very easy to establish a kind of global friendship where you can share your
thoughts and explore other cultures. The internet also allows people within an organization to easily
communicate and share information.

Second, information is probably the biggest advantages that internet offers. Internet is a virtual
treasures trove of information. Any kinds of information on any topic under the sun is available on
the internet. The search engines like Google, Yahoo are at your service through the internet. There is
a huge amount of information available on the internet for just about every subject known to man,
ranging from government law and services, trade fairs and conferences, market information, new
ideas and technical support, the lists are simply endless. We can use these search engines, websites
dedicated to different subjects and large number of articles and papers are available for perusal in a
matter of a few seconds.

Forums on a number of sites allow peoples to discuss and share their thoughts and information with
others located at different places all over the world. Whether this information is the latest news
happenings in the world or information about your favourite celebrity, everything is available at your
fingertips. A huge cache of data is available on the internet on every single subjects. With this
storehouse of information people can not only increases their knowledge bank but can do so
without wasting their time through traditional means such as visiting libraries and conducting
exhaustive research. With internet, students can save their times to search for information and using
their time to do other works.

This is particularly relevant for students who can use this wealth of information for their school
projects and also learn new things about the subjects they are interested in. In fact, this internet is
for many schools and universities that are now able to assigns projects and work to the students and
follows their progress which can be easily posted on the school or university internal websites.
Online education has grown at a very fast pace since internet allow the development and uses of
innovative tools for imparting education. University students and lecturers can communicate
through internet. Besides, some universities are also offerings far distances courses to make study
become more inefficient and convenience. Internet become a gateway for those who wants to learn
but cannot afford the living fees at foreign countries.

Thirdly, entertainments are another popular reason why many people prefer to surf the internet. In
fact, the internet has become quite successful in trapping the multifaceted entertainment industry.
Downloading games or just surfing the celebrity websites are some of the uses people have
discovered. Even celebrities are using the internet effectively for promotional campaigns. Besides
that, there are numerous games that can be downloaded for free. The industry of online gaming has
tasted dramatic and phenomenal attentions by game lovers. The internet has also revolutionized the
entertainments industry. People nowadays no need to go to a cinema hall to watch your favourite
movie. Instead of watching movies at cinema now have companies offering their services where you
just can download or order your favourite movie and watch it with a fast internet connection.
Besides that, you also can download other important software or your favourite music in a matter of
few minutes. There are a number of shareware programs that allow you to share and download your
favourite music and videos. The internet also allows people from different cultures and background
to connect with each other. Internet gaming is a huge business and allow enthusiastic gamers to
compete against each other in games even when they are located far apart. Likewise dating has also
allowed people to find their prospective soul mates.

Through the internet, shopping has also got a complete makeover thanks to the contributions of the
internet. You have many websites selling a variety of products online and one just need to select or
bid for the desired product and entire financial transactions can be conducts through the internet. E
commerce has got a facility because of the internet and entire global business deals can be
conducted over the internet. Transfer of money is also no longer a times consuming job and with
just a click of a button you can easily transfers funds to any place you wish. Some of these services of
courses come at a price. The internet has made life very convenient. With numerous online services
you can now performs all your transaction online. You can book tickets for a movie, transfer funds,
pay utility bills, taxes etc, and right from your home. Some travel websites even plan an itinerary as
per your preferences and take care of airline tickets, hotel reservation etc. by using internet,
consumers can compare the prices of product before making decisions to purchase.

People who believe that impacts of internet on students is positives said that internet help students
by providing them the handy material and resources for their studies. It is a big reality that now
students take a lot of help from internet. Students have any problem regarding their studies or their
daily life they can finds lots of solutions of that problem from internet. There they can find out
articles of scholar and other professional people which would be helpful for them. They can take
lectures from different academics on different topics.

One of the most important benefits of internet is that students can earn from internet through
bloggers. Students can take interest on earning through internet. It would be a great source of
income for them and also it would provide them a big experience of writing. The students who are
interested in media and wanted to be a writer in the future must do this work. This would increase
their professional skills which would lead them towards great future.
Students can also use internet for the social connectivity and there are lots of social media websites
which mostly students use for social networking. Such as Facebook, Twitter, Weibo etc are the
famous social networking site. Students can contact themselves with the foreign students and
discuss them on different issue to enhance their skills and knowledge. By using internet wisely,
students can get many information to enrich their knowledge.

3.0 Disadvantages of the Internet

However, for all its advantages and positive aspects, the internet has its dark and ugly side too. The
recent rumours that mongering about racial riots in Kuala Lumpur which in created a furore, just
goes to show how this tool, with its unrivalled reputation as an information assassinations and
company reputations can suffer if internet facilities are abused, especially by those with an axe to
grind.

Besides that, some students will spend too much of time through the internet. Students are likely to
neglect their studies. If the movie has too strong a hold even elderly people are likely to neglect
some their important work. Students might lose concentrate on their studies because they spent too
much time on internet. Some of them cannot even divide their time to do homework but they spent
their time on watching movie or chatting with their friends through internet.

While the internet has made life easier for people in many ways it is also reflecting an uglier side to
its existence through a number of problems that it has thrown up for its users. With a large amount
of information freely available on the internet theft and misuse of this information is a likely
possibility. Time and again you see cases of people using someone else’s information and research
and passing it off as their own. Children nowadays seem losing their ability to communicate with
others. They are used to communicate with others via internet but they cannot communicate with
others face by face fluent. It was a strange sight that internet had make people losing their ability to
communicate. It is because people now are over depending on internet.

Another problem or disadvantage of the internet is that it has allowed a great deal of anonymity to a
large number of people who may access the different websites, forums and chat rooms available.
This has allowed perverted individuals to at times take advantage of innocent people and abuse
their trust. We can always hear from news that cheaters used internet to make crimes. The cheaters
will make friends with single ladies and cheat them by using sweet words. Lonely single ladies are
very easy get in trap of these cheaters. These cheaters normally will cheat these ladies to bank-in
money to them. Some of the cheaters try to borrow money from these ladies.

There are a host of games that are available on the internet and this has made most children to shun
all outdoor activity. In the absence of physical activity, children can easily fall prey to a lot of lifestyle
related diseases such as obesity, apart from failing to develop interpersonal skills. Apart from these
factors, sitting continuously in front of a computer screen can seriously damage our eyes, and put a
strain on our neck and shoulders. Children are in their developing years and these factors can create
life-long problems for them. Children will become more violence because affected by internet
games. There are too many internet games that contain violence content and it may affect negative
influence to children.

Another disadvantage of internet is harmful to little children. Children nowadays are explored to
internet and they are used to maintain internet as their daily life. This is one of the greatest threats
internet poses to children. Internet has provided an easy medium to children to gain access to
pornography and this can cause them to either become sexually-deviant or sexually-addictive. This
phenomenon has also caused another problem, and that is the increase in prevalence of sexually
transmitted diseases (STD) in children. According to reports, one out of every four teenagers get
infected with a STD every year. The adult content that is present on the internet promotes
irresponsible sex and creates false notions in the minds of students.

If you have been following news lately then you must know what we are referring to. Children have
been lured by paedophiles posing as good Samaritans and have been physically abused and
molested. Internet has also made it easy for unscrupulous elements to get in touch with children and
this has led to an increase in the cases of kidnapping and identity thefts. About 60% young teens in
the United States have admitted to responding to messages from strangers. This kind of behaviour is
extremely risky and has made children extremely vulnerable to become victims of cyber-crime.

4.0 Conclusion

The points mentioned above have posed new challenges to teachers and parents. There are
demands from various quarters that there should be some sort of regulation to check this issue.
However, we believe that instead of making internet a taboo, we should educate children to use it
for their benefit. It is advisable for parents to monitor how much time their children spend on the
internet, and if possible, set a time-limit till which they would be allowed to use the internet. Having
the computer in the living-room instead of a child’s bedroom can also ensure censorship on what
they are accessing on the internet. It is also important that you talk to them about ‘the birds and the
bees’ because if you do not talk to them, they will turn to their friends and internet for answers
which may not provide authentic information. Parents play important role in this content and they
have to pay attention on their children despite them get affected by internet.

Although studies on this disorder are in preliminary stages, it has been established that children who
spend most of their time on the internet, show a peculiar kind of behaviour which is marked by an
urge to be on the internet all the time, so much that the child may show all activities and become
immersed in the virtual world. Surveys conducted over the years have found that most people who
suffer from Internet addiction disorder are young adults, who easily fall into the lure of exploring
everything that is available on the internet. In America alone, it has been estimated that around 10-
15 million people are suffering from internet addiction disorder, and this is increasing at the rate of
25% every year. Internet had controlled some of them who are depending internet in their life
activities. Most of them will get mad if they cannot connect to internet. It becomes a kind of
physiology sickness around us.

The internet focused on the negative effects, it in no way means that we are undermining the
importance of internet in our lives. We have written this article for the internet audience, and you
are reading it through the internet, which itself explains the positive side of internet usage. It is for
us to decide whether we use technology for the betterment of our lives or put it to unabated abuse.
Children may not be mature enough to understand this, but us as parents, teachers and guardians
need to ensure that we inculcate the right behaviour in our children. Lastly, we have to take the
responsibilities to guide out children to use internet wisely and ensure them to get right information
from internet.
Q2. Positive and negative impact on agricultural field using wireless applications.
The modern agricultural system has both positive and negative impacts on our environment and
ecosystem.
These are as follow:
A. Positive Impacts:
(I) Significantly increased yield per acre, per person and per dollar relative to extensive farming and
therefore,

(ii) Food becomes more affordable to the consumer as it costs less to produce.

(iii) The preservation of existing areas of woodland and rain forest habitats (and the ecosystems and
other sustainable economies that these may harbour), which would need to be felled for extensive
farming methods in the same geographical location. This also leads to a reduction in
anthropomorphic CO2 generation (resulting from removal of the sequestration afforded by
woodlands and rain forests)

(iv) In case of intensive line stock farming, an opportunity to capture methane emissions which
would otherwise contribute to global warming. Once captured, these emissions can be used to
generate heat and electrical energy, thereby reducing local demand for fossil and fuels.

B. Negative Impacts:
(I) Limits or destroys the natural habitat of most wild creatures, and leads to soil erosion.

(ii) Use of fertilizers can alter the biology of rivers and lakes. Some environmentalists attribute the
hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico as being encouraged by nitrogen fertilization of the algae bloom.

(iii) Pesticides generally kill useful insects as well as those destroy crops.

(iii) The same area of land is able to supply food and fibre for a larger population reducing the risk of
starvation.

(iv) Is often not sustainable if not properly managed-may result in desertification, or land that is 20
poisonous and eroded that nothing else will grow there.

(v) Requires large amounts of energy input to produce, transport and apply chemical
fertilizers/pesticides,

(vi) The chemicals used may leave the field as run off eventually ending up in rivers and lakes or may
drain into groundwater aquifers.

(vii) Use of pesticides have numerous negative health effects in workers who apply them, people
that line nearby the area of application or downstream/downwind from it, and consumers who eat
the pesticides which remain on their food.
Q3. Elaborate the application of computers in online learning, advantages, disadvantages and
suggestions to overcome the drawbacks.

This is the era of information and technology (IT). Nowadays, every aspect of our life is connected to
IT. Huge usage of IT is emerging in all over the world. Although, use of information and technology is
spreading its impact in every field of life. But it impacts significantly in the field of education to make
the learning process interesting as well as successfully. According to J. T. Foots, the first use of the
computer in 1970 into the education field. But now computer and its technology almost use in every
educational institution across the world. According to Sachin and Thompson, there is frequent use of
the technology in the various fields such as research, marketing, business, banking, administration
etc. but the frequency of IT use is not much in an education system. But, today, use of IT in an
education system has been received more attention for improving the standard of learning as well as
teaching. Various resources such as computer, internet, broadcasting technologies are being used to
improve the education system. In earlier days, teachers were not much aware of the need of
bringing IT as an essential part of their day-to-day activities. Moreover, it was impossible to do study
in foreign universities without going over there. But today’s scenario is completely changed. IT
makes it possible by using various technologies such as online education, distance education,
Computer Aided Courses etc.in the field of education. No doubt, computers have become essential
for everyone in every field. Teachers now started using technology like smart classes, LCD projectors,
EDUCOM, Laptops, memory sticks in their classroom to make effective learning process. Haddad
et.al. identify the five levels of technologies which are used in education such as presentation,
demonstration, drill and practice, interaction and collaboration. Expansion of the use of information
technology gives us many favourable circumstances in tutoring-teaching and educational
management abilities. The effective use of IT resources such as virtual classroom has the great
potential to allow for participate the audience from all over the world. Moreover, IT allows making
the students as well as their parents to participate in the modern educational process. Education
system can be effective by using the various technologies such as e-mail, multimedia, internet etc.
Some educational documents like NCTM 1989, 2000 encourages the teacher to use the IT in their
daily activities. There is a huge gap between the way of using the computer today or in earlier days
in education system. In earlier days, computer and related technology were used to improve the
basic skills of the students. Evaluation of the students was also based on standardized test scores or
other traditional measures. Traditional computer education was based on the only traditional
curriculum. But, nowadays, computer and its related technology have dramatically changed the
education system.Fig.1 shows the relationship between the use of computer and student
achievement: -

Traditional use of computers Standardized Tests

Part of classroom Traditional Measures of
Traditional curriculum achievement
Traditional Teaching Basic skills and knowledge

Fig.1 Relationship between computer and traditional education

Today, the use of computer and its related technologies has expanded in education system to fulfil
the following purposes: -
• Used as traditionally to teach, practice writing
• Used to provide simulation and real- world environment to improve cognitive thinking
• Used to enhance the communication through Internet and communication media
• Used as productivity tool such as spreadsheet, databases, word processor etc.

Computer and related New learning environment New Student outcomes

new technologies Student centric education and Assessment
Computer as a tool standards
Standard test
Project based learning
Fig.2 Relationship between the new use of computer, new learning environment and new student
outcomes

There is other more benefits of using computer in education are as following: -

• Computer can improve the student learning and basic skill area.
• Computers not only improve the learning process; it also increases retention of the students.
• Effective and adequate teacher learning is an integral element of the successful learning program.

(Answer source- Role of Computer and Information Technology in Education System by Droned
Dabs, International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 4 Issue 1, Jan – Feb 2018)

Advantages of Online Learning/Classes

1. Less in cost: The best part of this online learning is it is much more affordable compared to old-
fashioned learning. In digital classes, parents are free to buy uniforms or spend travelling
expenses and can save extra money. Due to this advantage of online education, economically
weaker students can fulfil their dreams. You should pay for university credits and save a lot of
money with digital classes.
2. Time-Saving: In online classes, there is no commute included as a student can learn and get a
degree while sitting at the comfort of their home.
3. Tech-savvy: As you are using technology for learning so you can become tech-savvy by digital
learnings. Yet, this is a good thing as in today’s age of technology most of the jobs require tech-
savvy employees.
4. Easy attendance: Students can give their attendance right from the comfort of their homes. So,
they can attend all online classes without any absence.
6. Self-paced: Digital learning is often self-paced where you can do your work in your own time,
unlike traditional classes. If there are no teachers, so you can easily take your own leisure time in
finishing your work.
7. Less competition & Less intensity: As you see there can be less intense and less competition in
online learning compared to traditional classes. You have to memorize that the low level of
competition makes students less stressed and more relaxed.
8. Improves time management: A student has to learn how to manage their time efficiently. Digital
classes make this possible as there are no teachers to guide the students physically in doing their
work. This independence allows students to grow and improve their time management abilities.
9. More accessible: Location-wise digital education is much more accessible. If a student wants to
study at a particular university from another country or region but cannot travel due to financial
issues or some restrictions, then through digital education a student can get a degree from that
particular university without having to travel.
(Answer source- https://www.aplustopper.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-online-classes/)

Disadvantages of Online Classes/e-learning

1. Lose Concentration: Without having proper care for students while online classes by teachers
they can easily lose focus on studies. Also, virtual classes can be done through phone or laptop
gadgets where students can easily move to games or videos or YouTube for entertainment. This
completely makes them go off track from subject studies.
2. Health Issues: Many parents are worried about their child’s health as it is unhealthy to sit for
hours in front of a computer screen. Looking at the screen for too long can also damage their
eyesight. Not only that, back problems due to incorrect sitting positions may arise.
3. Expensive: We know that you have been confused after seeing this disadvantage. As we have
said earlier that it is less in cost but it is also expensive for economically weaker students. Parents
who are jobless due to covid cannot afford smartphones or computers for students’ online
learnings. In such cases, digital learning may be accessible but it’s not readily affordable.
4. Lack of socializing skills: As there is no socializing included in digital learning several students
who study through digital mode cannot acquire socializing skills. Also, it may lead to a decrease in
the cooperative skills of a student.
5. Isolation: While digital education has its perks many students feel a sense of isolation and
become depressed. This is due too little to no human contact and socializing with peers. Both
students and teachers alike are prone to loneliness in virtual learning.
6. Limited: Digital learning does not apply to all disciplines and subjects. Areas that require
practicals like engineering, medical science, and other STEM subjects cannot be implemented fully
with digital classes. Moreover, some practicals cannot be learned virtually.
7. Lack of Good Internet connection: As we all know that online classes/learning are more flexible
and accessible from anywhere conveniently with the help of a good internet connection. If you are
failed to connect your phone or computer with good internet connectivity then you may miss a lot
of important stuff because of buffering. Also, for a good internet connection parents need to spend
money on a monthly or yearly basis which is a disadvantage for poor and middle-class families.
8. Prevention of cheating is difficult: Unlike traditional learning where teachers can personally
monitor students. Digital Online Classes make it quite difficult for teachers to assess their students
during exams. The teachers will have no idea if students cheat on the test or not as they are not
physically there to assess them.

Although there are benefits or advantages, just like other online learning platforms, there
disadvantages as well. Here are the usual drawbacks that you might experience in taking online
courses or online learning and ways how you can overcome them.

1. Time management
The main advantage of online learning is flexibility. However, one of the biggest disadvantages of
online learning or the online learners are facing is poor time management. Taking online courses is
the same as taking regular face-to-face courses—it requires much of your time and rigorous work.
Effective management is the first step towards achieving any goal. Thus, online courses require
good time management skills and self-discipline for you to complete your course.
Here are some strategies to help you manage your time for online study:

 Set aside a schedule for online learning and stick to it.

 Make online learning a professional priority.
 Get rid of distractions during study time.
  Set goals and rewards.

2. Lack of motivation

Another reason why students fail to complete an online course is because of the lack of motivation.
There are numerous external, internal, and personal factors that affect a student’s motivation. For
example, the challenge for most adult learners is managing their time for studies, work, and family
demands. Also, most online students tend to experience cognitive overload. This happens when a
student is unable to process information because he/she receives too much information or too many
tasks to learn simultaneously. Here are some tips to keep the level of your motivation high.

 Have an ultimate goal in mind, whether your reason is to obtain a certificate, boost your self-
esteem, or to aim for a higher position in your organization.
 Keep a record of your progress to see your improvement.
 Don’t hesitate to ask for help if you need it. It could be from a mentor, your instructor, or a study
buddy.
 Create a study calendar to keep you on the right track and so that you can focus on completing
goals.
 Get familiar with the course. Read the curriculum so that you can have an idea of what to expect
and help you prepare for the upcoming assignments.

3. A sense of loneliness and isolation

Sometimes, online studies make students feel isolated, especially when you are a social person. This
is because some online students feel alone in their virtual classroom, studying independently, and
without any support. Taking online classes can cause discomfort for some and may take some
getting used to because of the different learning atmosphere, but there are different ways on how
you can combat the feeling of isolation and loneliness.

 You can connect with other online learners by organizing a virtual study group or just reach out
and offer help. Remember that you are not alone in this kind of situation, and other online
learners feel a sense of isolation.
 Maintain a balance between online studies and a personal social life of some kind.
 Don’t miss the opportunity to interact with your instructor.

4. Technical issues
Technical issues are inevitable in online learning, and according to research, it can have a negative
effect on important training outcomes. It also causes frustration and dissatisfaction with the
instructional experience.

Having patience is important when faced with technical difficulties to avoid frustration. Choosing an
online course that does not require you to use high-speed internet or huge internal memory can
help. This is because you can load and stream the online course without disruptions. You can also
choose an online course that will not require you to download documents or learning materials. It is
also helpful if you choose online courses with an FAQ section or customer service to help you if you
have encountered technical problems.
(Answer source- https://blog.skillsuccess.com/the-disadvantages-of-online-learning-and-how-you-
can-overcome-it/)

Q5. A case study of computers in Film Industry.

Filmmaking is a process of producing a film based on a storyline. Although many people say, a movie
is good if it has a successful plot, however, a movie needs also good production in order to be
classified as a good movie.
The history of filmmaking can be traced back to as early as the 17th century, where magic lanterns
were used. Back then, films were all made in shades of black and white only. Also, many of the
times, special effects are done manually by workers. For example, an explosion, many workers will
be needed to install those explosives and to clear up the scene. As time progressed, technology
improved the quality of films largely, thus producing coloured films. However, such improvements
do not halt there. Movie makers and producers worked endlessly to create films that leave people in
awe. Therefore, the creations of computer-generated imagery, animation and 3D have been
invented and improved. Such creations have moved the movie industry one step forward. Using the
same explosion example, compared to last time, with advance computer technologies, such a scene
will not require a whole lot of work from the workers. Instead, it can be easily done in the editing
room, where editors can easily add special effects into the movie, making it look realistic, but
without much hard work.
The main objective of this paper is to educate people about the movie making industry. Many
people may be awed when they see sophisticated scenes in movies. However, they only know that
those scenes are mostly done with the help of computers. But in reality, there are so many
computers technology that the people do not know about.
In the discussion in this paper, research will explain the computer technologies used in the movie
industry. Computer-generated imagery, animation and 3D will be explained as brief introduction to
technologies in the development of movie making. Also, the making of the movie sensation, ‘Avatar’
will also be revealed.
As videos are getting more attention amongst people nowadays, many people now search ways to
create their own videos. Therefore, to make this paper more users friendly, an introduction of
animation software, Pencil and moviemaking software, Windows Movie Maker will also be done.
COMPUTER-GENERATED IMAGERY (CGI)
Computer-generated imagery means computer graphics being applied into movie industry to create
special effects. Compared to other physical means, CGI is a cheaper alternative because it uses
computer software to create images instead of constructing real and physical settings.
The first ever movie that used computer-generated imagery was ‘Westworld’ in year 1973. It was a
science fiction that incorporate both robots and humans. Also, famous movies like ‘Star Wars’ and
‘Star Trek II’ were also able to produce effects like laser guns and robot motion. In the ‘Terminator’,
computer-generated imagery created digital scenes in the robot.
CGI, especially in two dimensions was greatly used in traditional animated films as it replaced the
role of manually illustrated cells. Since then, it became a significant technology used to create
special effects in the movie industry. This then promoted and encouraged the great usage of
animation and three dimensions (3D).
Usually, CGI for films are about 1.4 to 6 megapixels, where one frame is generally around 2 to 3
hours long which can multiple to ten times for more complex scenes.
Computer-generated imagery was also used in created the film ‘Star Wars’.
ANIMATION
Animation is a series of images in the form of two dimensional or three dimensional art work that
are display rapidly to produce an illusion of movement.
The earliest animation said to be found is the Palaeolithic cave paintings. In these paintings, objects
are drawn in superimposed positions that clearly try to convey the idea of motion. However, in year
1906, J. Stuart Blacktop, a newspaper cartoonist, released the first ever fully animated film,
‘Humorous Phases of Funny Faces’.
The Palaeolithic cave painting shows movement in an animation way.
There are many types of animations that can be used in making a movie. The traditional animation,
which is also known as cell animation or hand drawn animation, was broadly used in the 20th
century. This involves many individual frames first drawn on papers that differ a little from the
previous. These frames are then photocopied onto transparent sheets called cells, which can be
photographed by a rostrum camera to produce motion. Classic Disney animated films like ‘Snow
White’ and ‘Aladdin’ are produced using this technique.
Traditional animation is manual and is drawn in multiple frames.
As computer generated imagery (CGI) is used increasingly, animation can be done by using
computers. The first entirely computer-generated animated film is ‘Toy Story’, in year 1995.
Computer animation simply means creating moving objects by using programs or software designed
for computers. Consequently, this has caused the invention of two dimensional (2D) animations.
Figures are created and edited using two-dimensional bitmap graphics or two-dimensional vector
graphics. However, trained professionals are required to produce animations like this as it involves
techniques and skills.
Toy Story, the first fully computer-generated animated film.
THREE DIMENSIONAL (3D)
Three-dimension computer graphics are graphics which use three-dimensional representation data
geometrically. These graphics will then be stored to calculate and render two dimensional images.
These graphics often use many algorithms to generate images. A typical two-dimensional image
would only show height and width. However, a three-dimensional image could show height, width
and even depth. This gives the idea of realistic instead of virtual.
Animation can also be done in three dimensions. An animator can use the digital skeletal structure
to control the mesh. Besides that, mathematical functions can also be used to created three-
dimensional animation.
3D, or stereoscopic 3D uses the illusion of the depth perception to create realistic images. It can be
produced using few methods. In an anaglyph, two images are located at a superimposed position
with a light filtering two colours, red and cyan. By wearing the 3D glasses, the two images are
cancelled out to produce only one image. That is the earlier 3D images used in movie making.
An anaglyph image.
A pair of anaglyph 3D glasses.
In the polarization systems, similarly, two images are located at a superimposed position through
different polarizing filters. By wearing a pair of glasses that contain polarizing filters, each filter can
only pass through similar polarized light but blocks different polarized lights, causing each eye to see
different images.
A polarized 3D image.
Polarized 3D glasses.
HOW WAS AVATAR MADE?
The ‘Avatar’ has successfully created a sensation amongst movie lovers with its breath taking three-
dimension technology.
James Cameron, the director of the movie incorporated the technology as well as real human
footages into the movie. Computer-generated imagery was used extensively in the movie. He used a
technique called the ‘image-based facial performance capture’, which required actors and actresses
to put on special headgears called skull caps that were equipped with cameras. As the recording
went on, facial expressions and movies were transmitted from the camera to the virtual characters.
The movements caught on tape would be six times bigger, which created authenticity in the
characters. By using such technology, the facial expressions of the characters can be made to change
according to how the dialog was told.
The motion capture technique that animated the expressions of the actor and actresses.
To do that, a new software called the facial action coding system was created. This software can
trace the visualization of facial and muscle movements of the actors and actresses, which can then
be animated to created computer-generated images.
The incorporation of computer-generated images into live action footages.
3D was also made easier by motion capture because it allowed film-makers to add special effects as
well as direct the angle of camera in. The formats used were Real D 3D, Dolby 3D, Xan 3D and IMAX
3D. With the help of a pair of polarized 3D glasses, the movie created another sensation to be
viewers.
Wet Digital was the visual effects company that worked for the movie. They used Linux-based
software to created graphics that made the settings in the movie looked to realistic. The company
used one of the world’s largest Linux clusters as the operating system, which produced computer-
generated images using 64-bit for 3D modelling.
The filming camera that gives the 3D effects.
WINDOWS MOVIE MAKER
Windows Movie Maker is a software that allows user to create and edit videos, thus creating
homemade videos. The first ever version of Windows Movie Maker was available for Windows Me
back in year 2000, which then followed by Windows XP in year 2001. Its development was then
improved. Its so-called replacement was then named Windows Live Movie Maker, which is included
with the Windows Live Essentials. The new movie maker does not share the same features with the
older version. However, the 2.6 version is compatible for both Windows Vista as well as Windows 7.
Furthermore, this version is strongly recommended by many video editors as it is user friendly and
easy to use but at the same time, produces high quality movies and videos.
Windows Movie Maker has features like effects, titles or credits, timeline narration and auto movie.
New effects can also be modified using the existing ones by using XML code, thus allowing users to
create one of its kind videos. Besides that, an audio track editing is also available. Basic effects like
fading in or fading out can be added. And then, the tracks can be saved in a sound file instead of a
video file.
In the window, there is a storyboard that previews the timeline for video and audio. Video or images
can be imported into the timeline. When doing so, user can choose either to capture video directly
from webcam or import from collections of existing videos. Videos and audios that are
in .WMV/.ASF, .MPG (MPEG-1), .AVI (DV-AVI), .WMA, .WAV, and .MP3 formats are accepted.
However, other formats like MP4/3GP, FLV and MOV, MIDI, AIFF, AAC and SWF are not accepted.
A window showing the first page of the program.
A window showing the storyboard.
Video clips or images can be dragged into these boxes to create a continuous movie.
Editing videos and movies in Windows Movie Maker is a very rewarding process as it allows user to
create and design the videos and movies in any way they want. The auto movie feature in the
program contains premade editing styles which help users to create movies in a very quick period.
However, if users choose to edit themselves, a total of 60 transitions, 37 effects, 34 titles and 9
credit animations are available in the 2.x version.
The effects and transitions that user can choose to use in order to increase the attractiveness of the
movies.
There are also other features like adding titles or credits into the movie. All these features can be
found easily on the menu pane on the left of the window. Audio and sound effects can also be added
into the movie easily through options on the menu pane.
At the end, when the movie is all done editing, it is supposed to be saved. Then, it can be viewed
from the computer. Besides that, the movie can also be uploaded into pocket pc like smart phones
or PDA phones. It can also be uploaded back into a camera and DV recorder if the format is
supported. The movie can also be sent to a website for the view of the public.
PENCIL
Pencil is a software for animation and drawing, which is supported by Mac, Windows and Linux
operating system. It utilizes one of the most common animation methods, the traditional animation
which is done by drawing or sketching with a pencil. This program is great for amateur users because
it is easy to use and user friendly.
A screenshot of Pencil.
This free drawing program is not equipped with many advance tools, but with simple toolbox that
contain pencil, brush, eraser, and colouring tool. Although it seems to be simple, sophisticated 2D
animation can be produced by just using these few tools.
The toolbox that contains the tools for drawing.
There is a timeline feature, where users are able to add layers. By saying layer, it simply means
vector layer, audio layer as well as video layer. Besides that, it also allows users to use onion
skinning, which enables users to check the previous and next frames to trace the animation. The
default frame per second is set at 12, but this setting can be changed up to 50 FPS.
The timeline feature that enables users to create different layers altogether.
Besides drawing the animation in the program, sketches can be drawn on real paper and then
imported into the program. To do so, the sketches can first be saved in the computer, and then
imported onto the canvas, which then can be edited directly in the program itself. The camera layer
enables users to create different frames through the usage of a camera.
Audio can also be added into the animation, making it more interesting. As sounds and voices are
essentials to animation, it can easily add into the animation by exporting music files from the
computer. To do so, a sound layer is first created. The music files can be imported. The format that is
supported is only WAV format on Windows OS. However, Mac users can import any formats that is
readable by QuickTime. When the music file is imported, a triangular key appears, indicating where
the music starts to play. A sound layer will not play if it is deactivated, which can be easily controlled
by pressing the sound button in the timeline control.
The feature that allows adding of sound layer.
CONCLUSION
It is undeniable that computer technology plays an important role in producing a good movie. We
can see that as time progresses, computer technology also improves greatly. However, this does not
mean that continuous research on this subject matter should stop here. In fact, such an achievement
in this field simply means that producers and movie makers in the market should continue in
creating breakthroughs in the industry. This is especially true because people will not be contented
with what is in the market now if there is nothing new that appeals to them. The demand for more
and better is always increasing. Therefore, it is pivotal to continue achieving for more.
As for home users and non-professional users, there is actually much other software that allows
them to create their own home videos. The market now realizes that the public can also be very
good in creating home videos. Therefore, there is an increasing amount of movie making and
animation software for the use of the public. Much of this software actually varies in difficulty as well
as quality of products. However, it is confirmed that it allows users to create according to their
creativity and that is what makes the videos one of its own. If users are having problem, they can
easily obtain help from tutorials and forums that are available from the omnipotent Internet.
Based on the research done on this paper, hopefully doubts and questions of many can be clarified.
It is very crucial to educate people about the subject matter as it has blended into our lives and has
become a part so close to us.
“There are some movies I can watch over and over, never get sick of. I’ll put one of those on and be
puttering around the house. Then a certain scene will come on and I’ll just have to go over and
watch.” – David Fincher

(Answer source- https://www.ukessays.com/essays/film-studies/computer-technology-in-the-

movie-industry-film-studies-essay.php)

Q6. Computers in Employee Salary management

A manual payroll system might seem simple and straightforward for small businesses. Yet even if you
employ a small crew, going digital can help your business. Check out the advantages of a
computerized payroll system, and find out why you should go digital.
Simple Timekeeping
Keeping track of the hours your crew works doesn’t have to be hard. Using manual punch cards and
time clocks seems easy, but these processes add extra steps. After all, punch cards don’t transform
into pay checks. At the end of every pay period, you have to collect timecards and input the data by
hand.
With an electronic system, you can streamline the process. Instead of using paper cards, have your
crew sign in digitally. Whether you have them sign in on a computer or swipe a badge, you can track
time electronically.
When the pay period ends, the system sends the data to payroll automatically. You won’t have to
worry about losing information, making the whole process simpler.
Easy Calculations

Processing timecards and writing pay checks by hand isn’t as easy as it looks. Sorting all the data
takes time, and errors can result when you have a manual process. After all, your team is human,
and mistakes can happen.
With an electronic payroll system, you can forget about time and human error. Payroll software
takes your timekeeping data and calculates your crew’s time and pay checks automatically. Whether
you pay by the minute or by the quarter-hour, a digital system takes care of turning time into
money. This will also make it easier to write accurate construction bids on projects.
It doesn’t matter if you pay every day, every week, or every other week. An electronic system can do
payroll on your schedule. Choose the right timeframe for your company, and let the software do the
rest.
Automatic Processing

With most manual payroll processes, you have to print checks or write them by hand. If you’re used
to doing either, taking that additional step might not seem like much work. With a computerized
system, however, you can eliminate that extra work.
When you go digital, your system does the processing automatically. You can set your crew up for
direct deposit, and their pay checks will appear in their accounts every pay period. You can still print
paper checks with a digital system, but you can look forward to an automated process.
Accurate Deductions

If you have employees, you have to deduct amounts for a variety of purposes. From taxes and
retirement contributions to health care benefits and uniform fees, you might have a long list to
track.
When you go digital, the application you choose can calculate deductions for you. That means you
won’t have to stress about accuracy or errors. Instead, the software takes the input and applies
deductions automatically.
When tax season arrives, you won’t have to think twice about providing paperwork. Your payroll
software can easily calculate total deductions and create tax documents for your crew.
Reporting Options

When you do payroll by hand, you also have to create reports manually. That means generating
reports for pay periods or tax season can take hours or even days.
Digital applications make reporting much easier. Most programs produce a report every pay period
so that you can check the information before generating payments. During tax season, you can
generate almost any kind of report you need, too.
Over the course of a year, a digital system could help you save countless hours. That means more
time to focus on your business and fewer opportunities for error.
Expanded Storage
Take a look at your company’s filing cabinets. The amount of paperwork may seem small, but it adds
up quickly. You have to keep records of your crew’s time and payments for at least three years. So
how can you make better use of storage space?
With a digital system, you won’t have a need for paperwork. Instead, you can keep payroll records
on your computer or online. That means you won’t have to deal with endless stacks of paper or
cabinets full of documents.
An electronic system also offers more storage space. Your office may only have space for a few
thousand documents. However, you can save millions of records on most computers. That means
you’ll never have to worry about running out of storage space again.
Ultimately, key business processes become easier and more exact when you go digital. From payroll
to equipment rental, an electronic system makes every step simpler. Learning new software or an
advanced system may take some time. However, going digital can help your business do more with
less, allowing you to take your goals to the next level.
Source-Brainly.com

7. A small bank or a co-operative bank Computerization

Over the last decade, the banks across the country have consistently used technology to change
their operational landscape and presently the Indian Banking system is undergoing a crucial phase of
digitization, observes Priyanka Sharma of Elects News Network (ENN)
With the banking sector experimenting the most with technology, the core banking platforms have
rendered banks a strong launch pad to offer digital channel capabilities.
Almost all banks today are feverishly building their online and mobile channel offerings. New
technologies and functions are being added to the banking system to enhance customers’
experience.
Observing the success of private banks, the central government appears to be determined to ensure
the same even in smaller cooperative banks. It is being felt that digitalisation holds the potential to
take control of your customer-experience ecosystem by managing your entire business from
customers’ perspective and rethinking the legacy business model.
Sensing opportunities with the IT development in the banking sector, Bihar Chief Minister Nitish
Kumar has directed for digitising all Primary Agriculture Credit Societies and cooperative banks in the
state.
The directive was intended to make day-to-day banking system transparent so as to help in the
implementation of various schemes related to agriculture – the core economic sector in Bihar and
ensure that the farmers get fertilisers and seeds in a transparent manner.
E-banking
In India, the concept of e-banking is of recent origin. The traditional model for growth has been
through branch banking. Only in the early 1990s, there has been a start in the non-branch banking
services.
In the context of the cooperative banks, a large part of this sector has been computerised. Whether
it is the major loan accounts, the investment operations or the clearing systems, they all have been
computerised at the head office level.
The Cosmos Cooperative Bank, Pune, in Maharashtra and The Kerela State Cooperative Bank have
moved for core banking solution and many Urban Cooperative banks are in the process of shifting to
core banking.
The Cooperative Banks of all levels — State, District and Cooperative Urban banks — therefore have
to also ensure that technologies are at par with the private banks.
It wouldn’t be erroneous if one observes that slowly but steadily, India’s cooperative banks are
emerging out of technological dark ages.
Large parts of the sector now tick with a Core Banking System developed by the National Informatics
Centre (NIC), the government’s web services organisation, which has brought them into the
technology mainstream.
The software runs from a remote central server, which individual banks access for their purposes via
Internet. NIC hosts the service, besides providing implementation support.
For any core banking project, the major cost heads are application development, data centre,
disaster recovery site/ information security, data capture, hardware and helpdesk.
In Co-operative Core Banking Solution (CCBS), NIC takes care of all aspects, except hardware and
manpower. As the access is role-based, there are many security layers to make sure data is kept
safe. Role-based access is an approach by which system access is restricted to only authorised users.
Users are charged as per requirement during the implementation phase.
NIC had developed the system in 2004 for the Bihar State Cooperative Bank (SCB), which was looking
for total branch automation. Other cooperative banks started showing interest in 2010.
As of now, the CCBS is implemented at more than 100 cooperative banking locations across
Meghalaya and Chhattisgarh. The system operates at the levels of State Cooperative Banks, District
Cooperative Bank (DCB), Primary Agriculture Co-operative Society (PACS) land development bank
and Primary Agriculture Development Bank (PADB).
CCBS is operating at the Jala Shikari Kendrys Bank, a district cooperative bank, in Chhattisgarh. In
Meghalaya, 46 SCB branches have been brought under CCBS.
Pilot projects are underway at many more locations. Six thousand PACS in Rajasthan, 89 PADBs in
Punjab, one Chandigarh SCB, three branches of Delhi Financial Corporation and 315 locations of
Treasury Saving Banks in Kerala are using Co-operative Core Banking Solution.
The solution can be customised depending on local requirements. Meghalaya SCB still follows old
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) clearing guidelines but wanted similar features in their version.
Banks have records dating back decades, mostly handwritten. NIC had to make sure that every detail
of every account closed or operating was migrated to the servers. For this special training was
imparted to the employees.
Bihar’s Chief Minister Nitish Kumar has directed for the digitising of all Primary Agriculture Credit
Societies and Cooperative banks in the state.
During the implementation stage, training is given at three levels: nodal officers, PACS managers and
direct users. There are various checkpoints to ensure the data entered is correct and complete.
For the smooth functioning of the digitised banks, generators had to be installed in many places
which had little or no electricity supply. Since the software is web-based, Internet connection is also
essential.
Most rural areas have connectivity issues; so, the NIC either requests for a leased line from the
telecom operator or uses very small aperture terminal (VSAT) technology to connect to servers.
NIC is working on adding more features like Internet banking and asset liability management, and is
also working to integrate new schemes like Jan Dhan Yojana.
All this makes one understand that even the rural banking system is evolving in a big way.
Technology has helped the banks in impacting facilities to rural masses in getting the same facilities
which people are enjoying living in urban India in the present times.
IT Journey Into small Co-operative Banks
Zamudio Cooperative Bank, Nagpur
Taking the IT revolution ahead, Zamudio Cooperative Bank based in Maharashtra launched the
lender’s first ever Rupa Card. With India adopting its own bank card, it turned the world’s sixth
country to have its own card after China, Japan, and others
The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) in a short span facilitated the launch Rupa Card
and it has reached to small co-operative bank like Zamudio. The Government plans to make this co-
operative Bank a 100-crore venture.
Technology has helped the banks in impacting facilities to rural masses which people are enjoying
living in urban India.
Mahesh Co-operative Urban Bank, Hyderabad
Telangana’s AP Mahesh Co-operative Urban Bank based in Hyderabad has various techno-enabled
initiatives and services this year. It is the first co-operative urban bank in the cooperative sector in
South India that is extending tech-savvy services to its customers on a par with the private sector
banks. Presently the bank is functioning with a network of 42 branches covering four States viz.,
Telangana, Andhra, Maharashtra and Rajasthan. After seeing the IT based success in the bank, the
RBI has permitted the bank to extend its network to Gujarat State as well.
Amreli Jill Mahathat Shikari Bank
Taking the IT dream of Prime Minister Narendra Modi forward, Amreli Jill Mahathat Shikari Bank is
using information technology in the cooperative model to deliver goods to farmers and poor
sections of society. It is one of the foremost banks to introduce Kisan Credit Card.
Rajkot Nargiz Shikari Bank
The bank has ventured into mobile apps and has made an RNSB Gift application for distribution of
gifts to the shareholders of the bank. Through this app, close to three lakh members can take
appointment online for collecting gifts.
equipped with onsite ATMs.
Source-Brainly.com
9.Tourism development – Computerization

Tourism as a global phenomenon of the 21st century requires accurate, correct, complete, up-to-
date, and constant information. These are given to every individual in order for them to manage
perfectly in tourism, and information technology provides them. The development in every field
exerts a significant impact on how business activities and company orientation are shaped. Apart
from this, another thing exerts an impact on them – the technological development which initiates
changes in an environment, especially in communication media. The aim of this paper is to present
one thing. Specifically, information technology and its current development have all the
prerequisites to become a universal characteristic of tourism. Information technology has to
facilitate the process of conducting business for one company. On the other hand, it should show
the quality of some product. Also, it should support a company in its endeavors to fulfill the needs
and wishes of consumers. Furthermore, in the 21st century, a vast number of papers deal with the
issues of modern tourism and the efforts the employees put in in this industry. They do so to
establish a better interaction with increasingly demanding tourists. Therefore, we might conclude
that all business activities will be carried out differently. This is due to the new interactive media,
database, and technologies which have been adjusted to them. These technologies will become
essential if a company wants to keep operating. The prospect of tourism development under the
influence of information technology lies in interactive technology. Namely, it is highly likely that this
technology might become practical and change over time. Keywords: tourism, tourism supply, and
demand, information, information technology, interactive technology
Source-
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338712539_THE_IMPACT_OF_INFORMATION_TECHNOL
OGY_ON_THE_TOURISM_DEVELOPMENT
Name Mohit Sherkhane
Class 12 D
Roll Number 745