Generation of AM signal

Types of AM modulator
• Amplitude modulators - AM wave generating circuits
Amplitude
Modulators

Nonlinear Linear

Square law Switching

Balanced

• Based on power level

Amplitude
Modulators

Low level High level

 Nonlinear modulator

• Uses non linear property of diode, BJT and FET

• Simple diode can be used as a nonlinear modulator

• Undesired frequency terms are filtered using BPF

• Square law modulator

• Balanced modulator
 Square law modulator

• Semiconductor diodes and transistors are commonly used

• Filtering done using single or double tuned filter (BPF)
 Square law modulator
• The input to the nonlinear device is given as
V1 (t )  Vm (t )  Vc (t )      (1)
 Square law modulator
• The input to the nonlinear device is given as
V1 (t )  Vm (t )  Vc (t )      (1)

V1 (t )  Vm cos mt  Vc cos c t      (2)

 Square law modulator
• The input to the nonlinear device is given as
V1 (t )  Vm (t )  Vc (t )      (1)

V1 (t )  Vm cos mt  Vc cos c t      (2)

• The input-output relation for a nonlinear device is given as

V2 (t )  aV1 (t )  bV12 (t )      (3)
 Square law modulator
• The input to the nonlinear device is given as
V1 (t )  Vm (t )  Vc (t )      (1)

V1 (t )  Vm cos mt  Vc cos c t      (2)

• The input-output relation for a nonlinear device is given as

V2 (t )  aV1 (t )  bV12 (t )      (3)

V2 (t )  a[Vm cos mt  Vc cos c t ]  b[Vm cos mt  Vc cos c t ]2    (4)

 Square law modulator
• The input to the nonlinear device is given as
V1 (t )  Vm (t )  Vc (t )      (1)

V1 (t )  Vm cos mt  Vc cos c t      (2)

• The input-output relation for a nonlinear device is given as

V2 (t )  aV1 (t )  bV12 (t )      (3)

V2 (t )  a[Vm cos mt  Vc cos c t ]  b[Vm cos mt  Vc cos c t ]2    (4)

V2 (t )  aVm cos mt  aVc cos c t  bV 2 m cos 2 mt  bV 2 c cos 2 c t

 2bVmVc cos mt cos c t      (5)
 Square law modulator

• The filter circuit is tuned to the frequency of fc and its bandwidth is

equal to 2fm
• Therefore it allows ωc, ωc+ωm, ωc-ωm
 Square law modulator

• The filter circuit is tuned to the frequency of fc and its bandwidth is

equal to 2fm
• Therefore it allows ωc, ωc+ωm, ωc-ωm
• The output of the BPF is given as
V0 (t )  aVc cos c t  bVmVc [cos(c  m )t  cos(c  m )t ]      (6)
 Balanced Modulator (BM)

• Two nonlinear devices are connected in balanced mode

• Two transistors are identical and the circuit is symmetrical
• Voltage across the windings of centre tap transformer is equal and
opposite in phase (V`c=-Vc)
 Balanced modulator
• The input voltage to the transistor T1 is expressed as
 Balanced modulator
• The input voltage to the transistor T1 is expressed as
Vbc  Vc (t )  Vm (t )      (1)

Vbc  Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt      (2)

• The input voltage to the transistor T2 is expressed as

 Balanced modulator
• The input voltage to the transistor T1 is expressed as
Vbc  Vc (t )  Vm (t )      (1)

Vbc  Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt      (2)

• The input voltage to the transistor T2 is expressed as

Vbc  Vc(t )  Vm (t )      (3)
Vbc  Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt      (4)
• Using nonlinearity property, the collector current can be expressed
as
 Balanced modulator
• The input voltage to the transistor T1 is expressed as
Vbc  Vc (t )  Vm (t )      (1)

Vbc  Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt      (2)

• The input voltage to the transistor T2 is expressed as

Vbc  Vc(t )  Vm (t )      (3)
Vbc  Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt      (4)
• Using nonlinearity property, the collector current can be expressed
as
i1  aVbc  bVbc      (5)
2

i1  aVbc  bVbc2      (6)

 Balanced modulator
• Sub Eq.(2) and Eq.(4) in Eq.(5) an Eq.(6), we get
i1  a[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]  b[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]2    (7)
 Balanced modulator
• Sub Eq.(2) and Eq.(4) in Eq.(5) an Eq.(6), we get
i1  a[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]  b[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]2    (7)

i1  a[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]  b[Vc2 cos 2 c t  Vm2 cos 2 mt

 2VcVm cos c t cos mt ]    (8)
 Balanced modulator
• Sub Eq.(2) and Eq.(4) in Eq.(5) an Eq.(6), we get
i1  a[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]  b[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]2    (7)

i1  a[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]  b[Vc2 cos 2 c t  Vm2 cos 2 mt

 2VcVm cos c t cos mt ]    (8)

i1  a[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]  b[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]2    (9)
 Balanced modulator
• Sub Eq.(2) and Eq.(4) in Eq.(5) an Eq.(6), we get
i1  a[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]  b[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]2    (7)

i1  a[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]  b[Vc2 cos 2 c t  Vm2 cos 2 mt

 2VcVm cos c t cos mt ]    (8)

i1  a[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]  b[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]2    (9)

i1  a[Vc cos c t  Vm cos mt ]  b[Vc2 cos 2 c t  Vm2 cos 2 mt
 2VcVm cos c t cos mt ]    (10)
 Balanced modulator
• The output AM voltage is given as
 Balanced modulator
• The output AM voltage is given as
V0  K (i1  i1)      (11)
• Sub Eq.(8) and Eq.(10) in Eq.(11)
 Balanced modulator
• The output AM voltage is given as
V0  K (i1  i1)      (11)
• Sub Eq.(8) and Eq.(10) in Eq.(11)
V0  2 KaVc cos c t  4 KbVcVm cos c t cos mt      (12)
 Balanced modulator
• The output AM voltage is given as
V0  K (i1  i1)      (11)
• Sub Eq.(8) and Eq.(10) in Eq.(11)
V0  2 KaVc cos c t  4 KbVcVm cos c t cos mt      (12)
 2bVm 
V0  2 KaVc cos c t 1  cos mt       (13)
 a 
 Balanced modulator
• The output AM voltage is given as
V0  K (i1  i1)      (11)
• Sub Eq.(8) and Eq.(10) in Eq.(11)
V0  2 KaVc cos c t  4 KbVcVm cos c t cos mt      (12)
 2bVm 
V0  2 KaVc cos c t 1  cos mt       (13)
 a 

V0  2 KaVc cos c t 1  m cos mt       (14)

2bVm
ModulationIndex, m 
a
 Advantages of BM

• In square law detector, the undesired terms are removed using

BPF

• Undesired terms are automatically balanced out

• Filter design is not required

• If the carrier and message signal feeding points of the BM circuit is

interchanged, we get the DSBSC-AM signal
 Switching modulator

• Simple diode can be used as an AM switching modulator

• Consider the diode is ideal and carrier is stronger than the
message signal
• Diode is forward biased – Positive half cycle of the carrier [c(t)>0]
• Diode is reverse biased – Negative half cycle of the carrier [c(t)<0]
 Switching modulator
• The transfer characteristic of the diode is approximated by a
piecewise linear time varying relationship

• The input voltage is given as

V1 (t )  Vc cos c t  m(t )      (1)

 Switching modulator
• The transfer characteristic of the diode is approximated by a
piecewise linear time varying relationship
• The input voltage is given as
V1 (t )  Vc cos c t  m(t )      (1)
• The resulting voltage is given as
V1 (t ); c(t )  0 
V2 (t )         (2)
 0; c(t )  0 
 Switching modulator
• The transfer characteristic of the diode is approximated by a
piecewise linear time varying relationship
• The input voltage is given as
V1 (t )  Vc cos c t  m(t )      (1)
• The resulting voltage is given as
V1 (t ); c(t )  0 
V2 (t )         (2)
 0; c(t )  0 
• Mathematically, Equation (2) is expressed as
V2 (t )  [Vc cos c t  m(t )]g p (t )      (3)
• Where gp(t) is a periodic pulse train
 Switching modulator
• Representing gp(t) by its Fourier series we have
1 2  (1) n 1
g p (t )    cos[2f c t (2n  1)]      (4)
2  n 1 2n  1
 Switching modulator
• Representing gp(t) by its Fourier series we have
1 2  (1) n 1
g p (t )    cos[2f c t (2n  1)]      (4)
2  n 1 2n  1
1 2 2
g p (t )   cos c t  cos 3c t  ....    (5)
2  3
 Switching modulator
• Representing gp(t) by its Fourier series we have
1 2  (1) n 1
g p (t )    cos[2f c t (2n  1)]      (4)
2  n 1 2n  1
1 2 2
g p (t )   cos c t  cos 3c t  ....    (5)
2  3
• Sub Eq.(5) in Eq.(3), the output of diode is given as
m(t ) Vc 2m(t ) 2Vc
V0 (t )   cos c t  cos c t  cos 2 c t
2 2  
2m(t ) 2Vc
 cos 3c t  cos c t cos 3c t      (6)
3 3
 Switching modulator
• The filter output equation is given as
Vc 4
VAM (t )  cos c t[1  m(t )]      (7)
2 Vc
4
Amplitude Sensitivity k
Vc
• The unwanted components are removed by the BPF with the mid-
band frequency fc and bandwidth 2W